Slide_02_Chapter electrical circuit_6.pptx

Slide_02_Chapter electrical circuit_6.pptx

1. Electronic Devices and Circuits Chapter 6:Semiconductor Diode                                  Ref: Principles of Electronics: V. K. Mehta Instructor: Bulbul Ahmed Joy Lecturer(CSE),DIU BSc. In EEE(BUET)

2. Semiconductor Diode: A pn junction is known as a semi-conductor or crystal diode Diode conducts current in one direction only permits It can be used as a rectifier. the diode is forward or reverse biased forward bias: voltage of terminal p > voltage of terminal n Reverse bias: voltage of terminal p < voltage of terminal n Diode Allows the flow of current only from p to n junction . But It does not allow the follow of current from n to p. Thus why it is called unilateral device

3. Crystal Diode as a Rectifier During the positive half-cycle of a.c . input voltage, the diode is forward biased. Diode conducts current in the circuit and all the voltages drop across the load RL During the negative half-cycle of input a.c . voltage, the diode becomes reverse biased Therefore, diode does not conduct and no voltage appears across load RL . In this way, crystal diode has been able to do rectification i.e. change a.c . into d.c. It may be seen that output across RL is pulsating d.c.

4. Find Whether diodes are in forward bias or in reverse bias

5. Resistance of Crystal Diode d.c. forward resistance It is measured by the ratio of d.c. voltage across the diode to the resulting d.c. current through it. d.c. forward resistance, Rf =   Forward Resistance Dc Forward Resistance AC Forward Resistance Reverse resistance Resistance

6. a.c. forward resistance It is measured by the ratio of change in voltage across diode to the resulting change in current through a.c . forward resistance, Rf = a.c . forward resistance, Rf = =  

7. Reverse resistance the reverse resistance of a diode is infinite. However, in practice, the reverse resistance is not infinite because for any value of reverse bias, there does exist a small leakage current. Reverse resistance is very large compared to the forward resistance. In Germanium diodes, the ratio of reverse to forward resistance is 40000 : 1 For Silicon this ratio is 1000000 : 1.

8. Equivalent Circuit of Crystal Diode Ideal diode model: perfect conductor when forward biased perfect insulator when reverse biased. forward resistance Rf = 0 potential barrier V0 is considered negligible. ideal diode is never found in practice, yet diode circuit analysis is made on this basis

9. II. Simplified Equivalent circuit: the internal resistance Rf of the crystal diode can be ignored in comparison to other elements in the equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit then reduces to the one shown (ii).

10. III. Approximate Equivalent circuit: Diode starts to conduct when forward voltage overcome the barrier voltage The forward current( I_f ) flowing through the diode causes a voltage drop in its internal resistance Rf . the forward voltage VF applied across the actual diode has to overcome : potential barrier V (b) internal drop I f r f V F = V + I f r f

11. Crystal Diode Rectifiers For reasons associated with economics of generation and transmission, the electric power available is usually an a.c . supply. The supply voltage varies sinusoidally and has a frequency of 50 Hz. It is used for lighting, heating and electric motors. But there are many applications (e.g. electronic circuits) where d.c. supply is needed. a.c . supply is rectified by using crystal diodes. Rectifier Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier

12. Half-Wave Rectifier In half-wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during the positive half-cycles of input a.c . supply. The negative half-cycles of a.c . supply are suppressed i.e. during negative half-cycles No current is conducted and hence no voltage appears across the load. current always flows in one direction (i.e. d.c. ) through the load though after every half-cycle. Circuit Diagram: a single crystal diode acts as a half-wave rectifier. The a.c . supply to be rectified is applied in series with the diode and load resistance RL . The use of transformer permits two advantages. it allows us to step up or step down the a.c . input voltage as the situation demands. transformer isolates the rectifier circuit from power line and thus reduces the risk of electric shock.

13. Operation: The a.c . voltage across the secondary winding AB changes polarities after every half-cycle. During the positive half-cycle of input a.c . voltage, end A becomes positive w.r.t. end B. This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts current. During the negative half-cycle, end A is negative w.r.t. end B. Under this condition, the diode is reverse biased and it conducts no current. current flows through the diode during positive half-cycles of input a.c . voltage only ; it is blocked during the negative half-cycles In this way, current flows through load RL always in the same direction.

14. Graph: d.c. output is obtained across RL . It may be noted that output across the load is pulsating d.c. These pulsations in the output are further smoothened with the help of filter circuits Disadvantages : ( i ) The pulsating current in the load contains alternating component whose basic frequency is equal to the supply frequency. Therefore, an elaborate filtering is required to produce steady direct current. (ii) The a.c . supply delivers power only half the time. Therefore, the output is low

15. Output Frequency of Half-Wave Rectifier: when input a.c . completes one cycle, the output half-wave rectified wave also completes one cycle. the output frequency is equal to the input frequency i.e. fout = fin Efficiency of Half-Wave Rectifier Rectifier efficiency, η =  

16. D.C Power: The output current is pulsating direct current. Therefore, in order to find d.c. power, average current has to be found out.

17. a.c . power input :

18. Mathematical Problem: Example 6.12. The applied input a.c . power to a half-wave rectifier is 100 watts. The d.c. output power obtained is 40 watts. ( i ) What is the rectification efficiency ? (ii) What happens to remaining 60 watts ? Example 6.13. An a.c . supply of 230 V is applied to a half-wave rectifier circuit through a transformer of turn ratio 10 : 1. Find ( i ) the output d.c. voltage and (ii) the peak inverse voltage. Assume the diode to be ideal Example 6.14. A crystal diode having internal resistance rf = 20 Ω is used for half-wave rectification. If the applied voltage v = 50 sin ω t and load resistance RL = 800 Ω, find : ( i ) Im , Idc , Irms (ii) a.c . power input and d.c. power output (iii) d.c. output voltage (iv) efficiency of rectification. Example 6.15 A half-wave rectifier is used to supply 50V d.c. to a resistive load of 800 Ω. The diode has a resistance of 25 Ω. Calculate a.c . voltage required.