SLIDE_PPT_INFLORENSCENCES.ppt importance

Seeds of Hyptis suaveolens require long illumination periods to promote full germination, both light and dark germination being controlled by the phytochrome system. Germination in this species is inhibited both by relatively low (up to 20°C) and high temperatures (45°C). Experiments in which seeds were transferred after different periods from sub-optimal or supra-optimal temperatures to a favourable one, suggest that both high and low temperature inhibition may be explained on the basis of phytochrome action. Thus, a temperature of 20°C induces dark dormancy due, probably, to dark reversion of phytochrome to the inactive form; whereas, at 45°C the dominant process seems to be phytochrome decay. No phytochrome loss has been observed at 10°C. If, however, phytochrome levels are reduced by a particular treatment, no irreversible alteration is produced; seeds simply require longer illumination periods under diese circumstances. A low initial concentration of phytochrome could account for the requirement of long illumination periods.

Other factors affecting germination in this species, such as alternating temperatures, gibberellic acid and time of storage, are discussedSeeds of Hyptis suaveolens require long illumination periods to promote full germination, both light and dark germination being controlled by the phytochrome system. Germination in this species is inhibited both by relatively low (up to 20°C) and high temperatures (45°C). Experiments in which seeds were transferred after different periods from sub-optimal or supra-optimal temperatures to a favourable one, suggest that both high and low temperature inhibition may be explained on the basis of phytochrome action. Thus, a temperature of 20°C induces dark dormancy due, probably, to dark reversion of phytochrome to the inactive form; whereas, at 45°C the dominant process seems to be phytochrome decay. No phytochrome loss has been observed at 10°C. If, however, phytochrome levels are reduced by a particular treatment, no irreversible alteration is produced; seeds simply require longer illumination periods under diese circumstances. A low initial concentration of phytochrome could account for the requirement of long illumination periods.

Other factors affecting germination in this species, such as alternating temperatures, gibberellic acid and time of storage, are discussed.Seeds of Hyptis suaveolens require long illumination periods to promote full germination, both light and dark germination being controlled by the phytochrome system. Germination in this species is inhibited both by relatively low (up to 20°C) and high temperatures (45°C). Experiments in which seeds were transferred after different periods from sub-optimal or supra-optimal temperatures to a favourable one, suggest that both high and low temperature inhibition may be explained on the basis of phytochrome action. Thus, a temperature of 20°C induces dark dormancy due, probably, to dark reversion of phytochrome to the inactive

1. Inflorescences

2. Solitary Flowers

Some species of
plants produce
solitary flowers.

Solitary flowers are
are borne singly
and separate from
one another.
Saucer Magnolia
solitary flowers

3. Solitary Flowers

Another example
of a plant that
bears solitary
flowers is Bloodred
Geranium.
Many solitary flowers
on Bloodred Geranium
(Geranium sanguineum)

4. 
Solitary
just one
flower on
the
peduncle

5. What is an inflorescence?

In other species of plants, many small
flowers are borne together in dense
clusters called inflorescences.

There are many types of inflorescences.
Each type of inflorescence is determined
by how the flowers are arranged.

Inflorescences are a useful plant ID tool.

6. Part of inflorescences

7. Part of inflorescences

8. Common Inflorescences

Spike

Raceme

Panicle

Umbel

Corymb

Cyme

Composite Head (capitulum)

9. Spike

Individual flowers
are sessile (without
pedicels).

has a long,
unbranched main
axis

Lower flowers open
first.

Indeterminate.
spike

10. Spike

Gladiolus ‘Lavadandy’
flower spike (image
courtesy of Columbia View
Gladiolus)
Gladiolus

11. On the left is
Culver's root
(Veronicastrum
virginicum) and on
the right is scented
ladies' tresses
orchid (Spiranthes
magnicamporum).
Spike (Bulir)

12. Compound Spike =Bulir majemuk
(Khas pada Gramineae)
Bulir majemuk

13. Raceme

Individual flowers
have pedicels.

Pedicels can vary in
length from
species to species.

Lower flowers
open first.

Indeterminate.
raceme
pedicel
peduncle

14. Raceme

Itea virginica,
Virginia Sweetspire
produces dense,
pubescent racemes.

The flowers have
short pedicels and
the inflorescence
resembles a spike.
Virginia Sweetspire

15. Raceme

Dicentra spectabilis,
Bleeding Heart,
produces a one-
sided raceme of
pink, heart-shaped
flowers.
Bleeding Heart

16. Raceme

The example on
the left is black
cherry (Prunus
serotina) and the
one on the right is
field-cress
(Lepidium
campestre).

17. Panicle

A highly branched
inflorescence
consisting of many
repeating units.

Panicles can be made
of many spikes,
racemes, corymbs, or
umbels.

Indeterminate.
A panicle of racemes

18. Panicle

Syringa vulgaris,
Common Lilac,
produces panicles.
Common Lilac

19. Panicle

Aesculus glabra,
Ohio Buckeye,
produces 4-7”
long panicles.

This tree is
located near the
Kirkwood library.
Ohio Buckeye

20. 
Panicle- a compound
raceme;

The example on the
left is meadow-sweet
(Spiraea latifolia), and
the one on the right is
Meyer lilac (Syringa
meyeri).

21. Umbel

Individual flower
pedicels all
originate from the
same spot on the
peduncle.

Outer flowers open
first.

Indeterminate.peduncle
pedicel

22. Umbel

Allium ‘Jade Eyes’,
image courtesy of
Breck’s.

Often, umbels are
globe-shaped like
this one.
Allium

23. Umbel

This example is
blood-flower
(Asclepias
currassavica).

24. Compound umbel

Compound umbel-
instead of individual
flowers radiating
out from a single
point, there are
instead
inflorescence
branches. At the
ends of each branch
are secondary
umbels.
This example is Queen Anne's
lace or wild carrot (Daucus
carota).

25. Corymb
Somewhat similar to the
umbel.
Individual flower
pedicels are attached to
the peduncle at different
points.
Often flat-topped.
Outer flowers open first.
Indeterminate.
corymb
pedicel
peduncl
e

26. Corymb

Pyrus calleryana,
Callery Pear, is a
beautiful, spring-
flowering tree
covered with
corymbs of white
flowers.
Callery Pear

27. Corymb

This example is
wayfaringtree
(Viburnum
lantana).

28. Cyme

In real life, cymes tend
to be flat or convex
shaped.

The inner flowers open
first.

Determinate.
cyme

29. Cyme

Cymes are often
compound as shown
in the illustration to
the right.
compound
cyme

30. Cyme

Viburnum x juddi, Judd
Viburnum, produces
cymes of light pink
flowers in late April. The
flowers have a pleasing,
spicy fragrance
Judd Viburnum

31. Cyme

Viburnum dentatum,
Arrowwood
Viburnum, produces
cymes of white
flowers that are not
fragrant.
Arrowwood Viburnum

32. Cyme

Saponaria officinalis:
the largest and
oldest flower (the
one in longitudinal
section) is in the
center, with
younger flowers on
either side and
below.

33. Cyme

Another
example of a
cyme. This is of
burning bush
(Euonymus alata).

34. Corymbs vs. Cymes

Often these two types of inflorescences
can look a lot alike.

Remember that corymbs are
indeterminate, they continue to elongate
as the season progresses. Cymes are
determinate and do not continue to
elongate as the growing season
progresses. Also, the inner flowers of
cymes open first.

35. Difference of corycomb, cyme
and umbel

36. Composite Head (capitulum)

A highly advanced
inflorescence.

Consists of separate
ray (pita) and disk
(cawan) flowers

Bracts may be green,
but can also be
colored(Strawflower).
ray flower
disk
flower
bract

37. Composite Head (capitulum)

Helianthus annus,
Sunflower,
produces a large
composite head.

After pollination
and fertilization,
each disk flower
becomes a single-
seeded fruit.
Sunflower

39. Composite Head (capitulum)

Echinaceae purpurea,
Purple Coneflower
(image courtesy of
Wildflower Farm).

Composite head with
purple ray flowers and
brown disk flowers.
Purple
Coneflower

40. Composite Head (capitulum)

In the photos on
the left are several
heads of Short's
aster (Aster shortii),
while on the right is
a longitudinal
section of a single
head.

42. Specialized inflorescence
type

43. Specialized inflorescence
type

Catkin

Spadix

Hypanthodium

Cyathium

Spikelet (grass)

Head (Capitulum)

44. Catkin: Inflorescence With
Unisexual Flowers

45. Catkin: Inflorescence With
Unisexual Flowers

46. Spadix (tongkol): Inflorescence
Of The Arum Family (Araceae)

47. Spadix: Inflorescence Of The
Arum Family (Araceae)

49. Compound Spadix

50. Hypanthodium (periuk/Syconium)

They are hollow, fleshy structures
composed of modified stem
(peduncular) tissue, lined on the
inside with hundreds of minute
flowers. At one end is a small
opening (ostiole) lined with dense,
overlapping scales.

51. Hypanthodium (periuk/Syconium)
Ibu tangkai menebal berdaging,
bentuk seperti gada
Ibu tangkai menebal berdaging,
Membentuk badan seperti periuk

52. Hypanthodium
(periuk/Syconium)

54. Cyathium: Inflorescence Of The
Euphorbia Family

The showy, red, modified leaves of
poincettia are not petals. In fact, they
are not even part of the true flowers.
They surround clusters of small,
greenish, cup-shaped structures called
cyathia. Each cyathium is actually a
flower cluster or inflorescence
containing unisexual, apetalous male
and female flowers

55. Cyathium: Inflorescence Of
The Euphorbia Family

Left: Bright red modified leaves
(A) surround a central cluster of
greenish-yellow flower clusters
called cyathia. Right: Each cup-
shaped cyathium (B) contains a
cluster of red stamens (D) which
are the male flowers. Inside each
cyathium is a hidden female
flower (not shown) consisting of
a single, minute ovary. The rim of
the cyathium bears a greenish-
yellow nectar gland (C).

58. Kelenjar madu
bunga
Satu bunga betina dikelilingi oleh 5 bunga bercabang seling,
masing-masing terdiri dari 4 bunga jantan

59. Euphorbia sp.

60. Euphorbia milii

61. Spikelet (grass):Typical Flower Of
The Grass Family (Poaceae)

62. Spikelet (grass):Typical Flower Of The
Grass Family (Poaceae)
A spikelet of yellow-groove bamboo (Phyllostachys
aureosulcata). Each spikelet consists of 3 to 6 florets. Several
stamens and a feathery stigma are protruding from the upper
pair of fertile florets.

63. Spikelet (grass):Typical Flower Of
The Grass Family (Poaceae)

65. 
★Indefinite ～:

Raceme

spike

catkin

Spadix

Corymb

umbel

Capitulum

hypanthodium

67. 
★Definite ～:

Monochasium

dichasium

Pleiochasium

verticillaster

68. Type of Definite Inflorescence
1. Scorpioid cyme 2. Hericoid cyme
3.Dichasium 4.Pleiochasium

69. Type of Definite
Inflorescence
1.Hericoid cyme
2.Scorpioid cyme
3.Dichasium
4.Pleiochasium
5 . Verticillaster

70. Review Time!

71. What’s this?

Umbel

72. What’s this?

Raceme

73. What’s this?

Corymb

74. What’s this?

Composite Head

75. What’s this?

Panicle

76. What’s this?

Spike

77. What’s this?

Cyme

78. The End