Slidepack_1.pdf biomass pdf from Professor Rajnish from IIT M

Biomass from IIT M

1. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
CH 5018
Biomass Conversion Processes
and Analysis
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2. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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Waste, wet and dry;
manure, municipal solid
waste
Residues from
agriculture (stalks,
husks, etc.) and
forestry (bark,
sawdust, etc.)
Oil and fats: crops
(rapeseed, sunflower,
palm, soy, jatropha,
etc.), waste oils,
animal fats
Micro/macro
Algae
Wood: logs and stumps extracted
from plantations or forests (primary
and secondary)
Sugar and starch
crops: sugarcane,
sugar beet, corn, etc.

3. 3
World Energy Outlook, IEA (2022)
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

4. 4
Total Energy Supply in the Net Zero Energy (NZE) Scenario
Total Consumption by Source in the NZE Scenario
World Energy Outlook, IEA (2022)
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Predicted World Energy Scenario
https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/shell-scenario-sky.html
In a net-zero emissions world in 2070, SOLAR,
BIOENERGY and WIND dominate renewables supply
whilst OIL remains the largest fossil energy source
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

8. The specific problems in the Indian context
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Municipal solid
wastes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2010-11
2012-13
2014-15
2016-17
2018-19
2020-21
2022-23
Indian Basket -Crude Oil FOB Price
($/bbl)
101.4
62.2
119
227
196.5
212.2
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
Import quantity (MMT)Import Bill ($ Bn)
www.ppac.gov.in
Generation category wise installed capacity as on Feb. 2025
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

9. The specific problems in the Indian context
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Generation category wise installed capacity as on Feb. 2025
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

10. 10
Sustainable Economy is Bio-based, Low carbon & Circular !
Bioeconomy
Circular
Economy
Low-Carbon
Economy
Circular
bioeconomy
Low-carbon
bioeconomy
Low-carbon
circular economy
Sustainable
economy
Net-Zero Pathway (1.5
o
C case) needs major strategy interventions
Decarbonizing processes –Achieving net-zero
emissions considering full product life cycle
Reducing dependency on fossils by switching to
renewable energy & power
Waste handling by CCUS
Shift to circular economy & reduce primary
materials demand, i.e. increase circularity per
capita!
Adopting nature-based regenerative & resilient
solutions for restoring ecosystem and its services
Enhancing individual responsibility
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Outline of a Circular Economy
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Production and consumption systems are designed in such a way that the products and waste are
essentially reused and recycled within the system in symbiosis mode
Can the waste-derived bioeconomya potential solution to fossil-based linear economy?
Regenerative,
Cradle-to-Cradle
Approach
Need for Circular Economy
Unlike the Take-Make-Use-Dispose-Pollute activities involved in a linear economy model, the circular
economy model involves Make-Use-Reuse-Refurbish/Remanufacture-Recycle-Minimize/Eliminate
Waste
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
www.shell.com/DecarbonisingAviation (2021
);
www.iata.org/flynetzero
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

14. 14
Biomass closes CO
2
cycle
Biofuel
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
https://www.tes.com/lessons/hxzdnj8lY1Gs2g/fossil-fuels-terze-valmorea-binago
The Genesis of Coal/Petroleum

16. Conversion Processes
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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

17. Conversion Processes
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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Novel BiorefineryConcept with Integrated Processing
Bridgwater, A. V. Biomass Bioenergy2012, 38, 68-94.
Sugarcane Biorefinery
Mohan et al. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 7 (2019) 100277
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

19. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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First Generation Biofuels
-Ethanol from sugar / starch
-Biodiesel from vegetable oil via transesterification
Oilseed cropsOil content (%)
Canola 40 –45
Peanut 45 –50
Sunflower 35 –45
Coconut 65 –68
Palm 45 –50
Milling of grains
Hydrolysis of
starch
Innoculationwith
yeast and
distillation
Corn starch α-amylase
Glucose
Ethanol
Distiller’s dried grain
and solubles(DDGS)
FAME (C16-20)

20. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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Second generation biofuels
Wood
Crop residues
Wood residues
Energy crops
Municipal solid
waste (MSW)
Algae
Transportation fuels
Chemicals
Power
Heat
Thermochemical
Enzymatic / microbial
Algal
Aqueous reforming
Processes

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India is the third highest producer of agro-residues in the world with surplus potential of 235 million tons/year (34%
gross)*
Top agro-residues in India: Rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane tops and leaves, maize straw, maize
cobs, wheat straw, soybean straw
Open field burning of rice straw results in loss of nutrients –3.85 million tons of organic carbon, 59,000 tons of
nitrogen, 20,000 tons of phosphorous and 34,000 tons of potassium
About 78% of rice straw is disposed via burning, which is 20 million tons in a period of 2 weeks!
Renewables & Waste Conversion in India
Burning of rice straw remains in the field, Punjab
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-a-wake-up-call-for-world-on-air-pollution-Unicef/articleshow/55384187.cms, http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/lets-not-only-blame-punjabs-
farmers-lighting, https://propelsteps.wordpress.com/2014/05/27/know-the-most-hated-tree-in-the-world/, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/municipal-solid-waste-stream-us-2012-jaime-gomez
(Accessed on 1 July 2017), *Hiloidhari, M.; Das, D.; Baruah, D.C. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 2014, 32, 504-512.
Gen. 1
Gen. 2
Gen. 3
Gen. 4 ??
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Cellulose
(35-55%)
Arabinoxylan
Homoxylan
Lignin
(10-35%)
Hemicellulose
(20-35%)
Lignin carbohydrate
complex
LignocellulosicBiomass
Components of biomass
Cellulose (35-55 wt.%) –highly crystalline fibers that provide strength; linear polymer
of repeating glucose units
Hemicellulose(20 –35 wt.%) –mixture of pentose and hexosesugars with branches
Lignin (10 –35 wt.%) –amorphous and crosslinkedresin with no exact structure; acts
as a binder for agglomeration of cellulosic components; shields against microbial and
fungal attack

23. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Representation of Lignin Carbohydrate Complex
Clark and Deswarte, Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, Wiley (2015)
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24. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Hierarchical structure of wood: timber to cellulose
Clark and Deswarte, Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, Wiley (2015)
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25. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Projection of a wood cell
(Lumen –void)
Primary wall (0.1-0.2μm)
Middle lamella (0.2-1μm)
0.1 μm
0.2-0.3 μm
1-5 μm
Secondary wall
containing only
cellulose
Cellulose,
hemicellulose,
lignin, pectin and
proteins
Clark and Deswarte, Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, Wiley (2015)
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26. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structure of cellulose
No. of repeating glucose units or degree of polymerization (DP)
= <140 to 10,000
Consists of intrachain, interchainand intersheetH-bonding
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27. Molecular Structure of Cellulose
Reducing end
Non-reducing end
Cellulose Iα:
•Parallel arrangement
•Triclinic crystal lattice
•Scattering angle: 22.6°
Cellulose Iβ:
•Parallel arrangement
•Monoclinic crystal lattice
•Scattering angle: ~ 22.8°
Source: http://glyco3d.cermav.cnrs.fr/search.php?type=polysaccharide
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28. Molecular Structure of Cellulose
Cellulose Iβ:
•Parallel arrangement
•Monoclinic crystal lattice
•Scattering angle: ~ 22.8°
Cellulose II:
•Anti-parallel arrangement
•Monoclinic crystal lattice
•Scattering angles: 20.0°and 21.9°
Source: http://glyco3d.cermav.cnrs.fr/search.php?type=polysaccharide
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29. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Building Blocks of Hemicellulose
Average DP = 200 (for hardwood) and 100 (for softwood)
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30. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structure of major hemicellulosepolysaccharides
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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31. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structure of major hemicellulosepolysaccharides
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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32. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Building Blocks of Lignin
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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33. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Plants
p-Coumaryl
alcohol (%)
Coniferyl
alcohol (%)
Sinapyl
alcohol (%)
Examples
Coniferous softwood<5 >95 - Pine, spruce
Eudocotyledonous
hardwood
0 –8 25 –50 46 –75 Birch, beech,
maple, poplar
Monocotyledonous
grass
5 –3333–80 20 –54 Switchgrass,
cornstover
Composition of lignin monomers in different plants
Wood Chemistry and Wood Biotechnology 2009, de GruyterGmbH 33

34. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Seven major linkages in lignin
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35. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Abundance of major linkages in lignin
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36. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Linear chain
Short branches
(Faravelliet al., Biomass Bioenergy2010, 34, 290)
5–O–4
β–β
β–O–4
5–5
α–O–4
β–5
Typical structure of softwood lignin
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37. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structural model of spruce lignin
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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38. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structure of lignin from poplar wood
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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39. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Structural model of lignin from poplar saw dust
Zhou, X.; Broadbelt, L.J.; Vinu, R. Mechanistic understanding of thermochemicalconversion of polymers and lignocellulosicbiomass. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical
Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol. 49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002, pp 1-104.
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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Value of Phenolics
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras