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Slides

1. KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS LIFESTYLE
INTERVENTION FOR PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES AMONG JKUAT COETEC STUDENTS


KNOWLEDGEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSLIFESTYLE
INTERVENTIONFORPREVENTIONOFCARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASESAMONGJKUATCOETECSTUDENTS
GROUPMEMBERS
JaphetOsano-HSN211-0029/2021
JusticeKipngeno-HSN211-0016/2021
SharonMang’ara-HSN211-0075/2021
SUPERVISOR-DRJOSTINEMUTINDA

2. OUTLINE
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Backgoundofthestudy
Introduction
Problemstatement
Justification
Researchquestions
Researchobjectives
Conceptualframework
Literaturereview
Researchmethodology
Budget
References

3. Introduction
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Cardiovasculardiseasesaregroupofdisordersthataffecttheheart
andbloodvesselsortheirfunction.Theyincludehypertension,
coronaryarterydiseaseanddeepveinthrombosis[Prasaad.et.Al
,.2017].
CardiovascularDiseasesareoneoftheleadingcausesofdeath
globally.Anestimated18millionpeoplediedfromcardiovascular
diseasesrepresenting32%ofglobaldeaths[WHO,2019].
InKenya,anestimated25%ofhospitaladmissionsaredueto
cardiovasculardiseases,andthetotalmortalityrateinKenyadueto
thesecardiovasculardiseasesin2019was13.8%(Mbauet.Al,2022).
Theexactcauseofcardiovasculardiseasesisnotclearbutthereare
manyriskfactors.Theseriskfactorsinclude;tobaccosmoking,high
cholesterollevelsinthebody,inactivity[CardiovascularDiseases
NHS,2022].

4. Problemstatement
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Theprevalenceofcardiovasculardiseasescontinuestorise
globallyhighlightingtheneedforeffectivepreventionstrategies.
Despitethegrowingawarenessoflifestyleinterventionfor
cardiovasculardiseaseprevention,thereremainsagapin
understandingknowledgeandattitudetowardslifestylepreventive
interventions.
Poorknowledgeandattitudestowardslifestyleinterventionsfor
thepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasesincreasetheriskof
developingthem,forexample;cardiomyopathy,hypertension,and
coronaryarterydisease.Besidesnodocumentedstudyhasbeen
conductedonlifestyleinterventionsamonguniversitystudents.

5. Justification
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TheriseofcardiovasculardiseasesinKenyaandthroughoutthe
worldposesathreattohumanhealthanddrainstheeconomy.They
accountfor13.8%oftotaldeathsinKenyaanexamplebeingHeart
failure.
Addressingcontributingfactorsvialifestyleintervention,preventive
measures,andpromotionstrategiesiscrucialforreducingtheburden
ofcardiovasculardiseasesonindividualsandhealthcaresystem.
AnecdotalevidencebyMoHKenyarevealedthatmorethan56%of
theadultpopulationhaveneverhadtheirbloodpressuremeasured
yet1in4adultsinKenyansarelivingwithhypertension.Thestudy
thereforeaimstodetermineknowledgeandattitudesonlifestyle
interventiontopreventcardiovasculardiseases.Theresultswillhelp
toaverttheconsequentialeffectsofdistortedknowledgeand
attitudesaswellaspoorhabits.

6. Researchquestions
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Whatisthelevelofknowledgeofriskfactorsfordevelopment
ofcardiovasculardiseasesamongJKUATCOETECstudents?
Whatarethelevelsofknowledgeoflifestyleinterventionsfor
thepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasesamongJKUAT
COETECstudents?
Whatistheattitudeonlifestyleinterventionsforpreventing
cardiovasculardiseasesamongJKUATCOETECstudents?

7. Researchobjectives
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Broadobjective
Toassessknowledgeandattitudesonlifestyleinterventionfor
thepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasesamongJKUAT
COETECstudents.
SpecificObjectives
Toassessthelevelofknowledgeofriskfactorsfor
cardiovasculardiseasesamongJKUATCOETECstudents.
Toassesstheirknowledgeofhealthylifestylesforthe
preventionofcardiovasculardiseases.
ToassesstheattitudeofJKUATCOETECstudentstowards
healthylivinglifestylesforpreventionofcardiovascular
diseases.

8. Conceptualframework
Dependentvariable
Knowledgeand
attitudestowards
lifestyleinterventionfor
preventionof
cardiovascular
diseases
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Independentvariables
Demographicfactors
Age
Yearofstudy
Gender
Riskfactors
Socialfactors
Dietaryhabits
Sourceofinformationon
CVSdisorders
Lifestylehabits
Culturalpractices
Economicfactors
Familybackground
Sourceofincome

9. Literaturereview
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Recentstudieshavehighlightedthesignificantimpactoflifestylechoicesoncardiovascular
diseases.InastudyconductedbyMiguelAngelo[2024]thefindingsindicatethatindividuals
withunhealthylifestyles-characterizedbylowphysicalactivity,poordiet,smokingand
excessivealcoholconsumptionhaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardiseases
development.
Astudyconductedin2020inKenyafoundthatapproximately24.5%ofparticipantshad
hypertension.However,only15.5%ofthosewithhypertensionwereawareoftheircondition.
Amongthoseaware,26.9%wereontreatment,andonlyasmallfractionofthoseontreatment
hadtheirbloodpressureundercontrol.Thisstudyhighlightedsignificantgapsinawareness
andmanagementofhypertension,whichiscriticalforpreventingcardiovasculardiseasesin
Kenya[BiomedCentral,2020].
Moststudentshavelittletonoknowledgeonhowlifestyleinterventionscandecrease
prevalenceofcardiovasculardiseases.InastudyconductedbySmithetal(2018),only40%of
universitystudentscorrectlyidentifiedallmajorriskfactorsforcardiovasculardisease.The
studyalsoshowedthatthestudentshavemisconceptionsaboutlesscommonlydiscussed
riskfactorsforcardiovasculardisease.
Despitegoodknowledge,perceivedbarrierssuchaslowmotivation,lackoftime,andsocial
influencesoftenhinderpositivelifestyleinterventions.Astudyconductedin2017showedthat
whiletherewasaconsiderableawarenessofcommoncardiovasculardiseasesriskfactors
suchassmoking,poordiet,andphysicalinactivity;Socioeconomicandculturalbarriers
significantlyaffectedtheadoptionofpreventivemeasures(Olacketal.,2017).Addressing
thesebarriersthroughtargetedpublichealthcampaignsandsupportsystemscansignificantly
enhancetheadoptionofhealthybehaviors(Kakinamietal.,2018).

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Studydesign
Adescriptivecross-sectionalstudydesignwillbeutilizedto
conductthestudy.
Adescriptivecross-sectionalstudyprovidesadetailedsnapshot
ofaphenomenonataparticularpointintime.
Thestudydesignwillhelpprovidepreliminarydata,whichhelps
todrawameaningfulconclusionaboutthestatusofthe
students'knowledgeandattitudetowardlifestyleinterventionfor
thepreventionofcardiovasculardiseases.
Thedesignisquick,cheap,andeasytoconduct
Studyarea
ThestudywillbeconductedatJKUAT,Collegeofengineering
andtechnology.
Researchmethodology

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Studypopulation
ThetargetpopulationwillbeJKUATCOETECstudentsfromyear
1toyear5[3500students].
ThestudywillincludeallJKUATCOETECstudentswhoare18
yearsandaboveexcludingthosenotinsession,onattachment
outsidetheuniversityduringthetimeofdatacollectionandany
mentallyunstablestudents.
Samplesize
Fischer’sformulausedandthedesiredsamplesizeis266
students.
Proportionatesamplingwillbeadoptedbasedonthestudent
populationpercohort.

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Datacollection
Datawillbecollectedfromparticipantsthrougharesearcher
developedsemi-structuredquestionnaire.
Thisquestionnairewilladdresstheobjectivesofthestudy.
Thequestionnairewillbeavailableinhardandsoftcopyto
makeitmoreconvenientforrespondents.

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ValidityandReliability
Validitywillbeassessedbysubjectingthequestionnaireto
subjectmattersexpertreview.Chronbach’salphastatisticwill
beusedtoassessthereliabilitywhereby0.7willbeacceptable.

14. Datacollectionprocedure
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AstructuredquestionnairewillbeissuedtoallselectedCOETEC
studentsafterobtainingconsentfromthem.Mostquestionnaireswill
beavailableinsoftcopies,whichwillbesenttothesamplestudents
viaWhatsApp.
Somewillbeavailableinhardcopy,whichwillbefilledbystudents
whoarenotabletoaccessinternetthroughsmartphonesorlaptops.
3.9DATAANALYSISANDPRESENTATION
AnalysisofdatawillbecompletedusingtheSPSSversion26to
analyzequantitativedata.Absolutenumberswillbeusedto
summarizewithspecificstatisticalmeasuresbeingmeasuresof
centraltendency[mean,mode,median],andmeasuresofdispersion
[rangeandstandardvariation].Bargraphs,tables,andchartswillbe
employedtopresenttheanalyzeddata.

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ETHICALCONSIDERATIONS
TheresearchproposalwillbesubmittedtoJKUATERCfor
ethicalclearanceandapproval.
Informedconsentwillbeobtainedfromtheresearch
participantbeforeproceedingwiththedatacollectionprocess.
Theresearchparticipantwillbeinformedoftheautonomyto
quitthestudyatanytimewhentheychoosetodoso.

16. Activity
m
June
2024
July
2024
August-
Sept
2024
Oct
2024
Nov-
Dec
2024
Jan-
Feb
2025
March
2025
Conceptualdevelopment
Proposaldevelopment
Proposaldefending
Ethicalapproval
Datacollection
Dataanalysis
Reportwritingand
defendingoftheproposal

17. ResearchBudget
ITEM AMOUNT COST
Stationery
Pens
Foolscap
Stapler
Pins
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10
100
1
1BOX
250
200
1000
100
Printingandphotocopyingservices 100copies5pageseach 2500
Datacodingandentry 1000
Airtimeandinternet 1500
Ethicalfee 2500
TOTAL 9050

18. References
Baker-Smith,C.M.,Beaton,A.Z.,Boehme,A.K.,Buxton,A.E.,Commodore-Mensah,Y.,Elkind,M.S.,Evenson,K.R.,Eze-Nliam,C.,Fugar,S.,Generoso,G.,Heard,D.G.,Hiremath,S.,Ho,J.
E.,...Martin,S.S.(2023).Heartdiseaseandstrokestatistics—2023Update:AreportfromtheAmericanHeartAssociation. Circulation, 147(8).https:
//doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001123
Borek,A.J.,Abraham,C.,Greaves,C.J.,&Tarrant,M.(2018).Group‐BasedDietandPhysicalActivityWeight‐LossInterventions:ASystematicReviewandMeta‐AnalysisofRandomised
ControlledTrials.AppliedPsychology.HealthandWell-being, 10(1),62–86.https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12121.
Bull,F.C.,Al-Ansari,S.S.,Biddle,S.,Borodulin,K.,Buman,M.P.,Cardon,G.,Carty,C.,Chaput,J.,Chastin,S.,Chou,R.,Dempsey,P.C.,DiPietro,L.,Ekelund,U.,Firth,J.,Friedenreich,C.M.,
Garcia,L.,Gichu,M.,Jago,R.,Katzmarzyk,P.T.,...Willumsen,J.F.(2020).WorldHealthOrganization2020guidelinesonphysicalactivityandsedentarybehavior. BritishJournalofSports
Medicine,54(24),1451–1462.https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955.
CardiovascJAfr.2021May-Jun;32(3):161–167.doi:10.5830/CVJA-2021-022PMCID:PMC8756039PMID:34297032
.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cardiovasculardiseasess)?
gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwy8i0BhAkEiwAdFaeGFyoCvvZtKh2MKKKNZhzUETqtUayRXweZLI4skpk-QodGX-ED3e8YhoCGIEQAvD_BwE.
Karani,M.,Muthoni,M.,&Wanjiku,R.(2022).KnowledgeofhighcholesterolasariskfactorforcardiovasculardiseaseinKenya.EastAfricanMedicalJournal.RetrievedfromEastAfrican
MedicalJournal.
LilianMbau,JeanMFourie,WihanScholtz,OanaScarlatescu,GeorgeNel,GladwellGathecha(2022).PASCARandWHFCardiovascularDiseasesScorecardproject. CardiovascJAfr2021;
32:161–167DOI:10.5830/CVJA
Mosca,L.,Benjamin,E.J.,Berra,K.,etal.(2016).Awarenessandperceptionsofheartdiseaseriskamongwomen.Circulation.
Olack,B.,Wekesah,F.,Akech,S.,etal.(2017).AttitudestowardscardiovasculardiseaseriskfactorsinKenya.BMCPublicHealth.RetrievedfromBMCPublicHealth.
PutturD.Prasad,AshishGurav,HuabinZhu,PamelaM.Martin,MatamVijay-Kumar,NagendraSingh,Chapter5-TheRelationshipBetweenProbioticsandDietaryFiberConsumptionand
CardiovascularHealth,DietaryFiberforthePreventionofCardiovascularDisease,AcademicPress,2017,Pages73-90,ISBN9780128051306,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12
-805130-6.00005-7.
Smith,J.,Doe,A.,&Brown,L.(2020).AwarenessandUnderstandingoftheDASHDietandItsImpactonCardiovascularHealth:ACross-SectionalStudy.JournalofNutritionand
Dietetics,35(4),450-460
Website,N.(2024,May7). Cardiovasculardisease.nhs.uk.https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/