SLM1. - PowerPointPresentation.phys.pptx

Physical Science- Astronomy

1. GOOD MORNING STUDENTS! PREPARED BY: WILIEMAR P. DELOS REYES

2. Classroom Rules: Respect the Teacher in front. Do not do unnecessary things during class hours. Using cellphones during class hours is prohibited. A teacher’s permission is needed for certain activities. If you have a question, just raise your hand.

3. EARTHOLOGICAL ORDER Review Time ----------->

4. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM

5. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM Atmosphere: Troposphere  Stratosphere  Mesosphere  Thermosphere  Exosphere

6. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM Geosphere Crust  Mantle  Outer core  Inner core

7. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM Biosphere Sunlight  Producer  Primary Consumer  Secondary Consumer  Tertiary Consumer  Decomposer

8. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM Hydrosphere Evaporation  Condensation  Precipitation  Collection  Recycle

9. Activity 1 PHIL SOPHERS? WHO

10. Activity 1 + + =

11. + + = EUDOXUS Yu Dough Sauce Activity 1

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13. Activity 1 + = Aries Turtle ARISTOTLE

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15. Activity 1 + + = Two Lee Me PTOLEMY

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17. Activity 1 + + = + Ar Rest Star Cows ARISTARCHUS

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19. Activity 1 + + = Copper Neck Cos COPERNICUS

20. Aristotle Ptolemy Aristarchus Copernicus Eudoxus

21. Activity 2 DIFFERENTIATED ENVELOPE

22. THE COMPETING MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE

23. WHAT WERE THE COMPETING MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE? Over time, the Greeks developed models of the universe based on their output with their naked eye, with the use of instruments, and with the implications of the data they gathered

24. WHAT WERE THE COMPETING MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE? Over time, the Greeks developed models of the universe based on their output with their naked eye, with the use of instruments, and with the implications of the data they gathered. There were two competing models of the universe: the GEOCENTRIC MODEL, and the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL. Eudoxus’, Aristotelian, and Ptolemaic models supported the geocentric, while Aristarchus’ and Copernican models supported the heliocentric

25. EUDOXUS’S MODEL Eudoxus (480 - 355 BCE) is regarded to have created the first model of Geocentric universe using the idea of celestial spheres and Plato’s notion of uniform and circular motion of celestial bodies. His model is homocentric, which means that the celestial spheres share one common center - Earth. It features 27 spheres.

26. ARISTOTELIAN MODEL Aristotle considered Eudoxus’s model but was not totally convinced. The Aristotelian model has 56 spheres that guide the motion of the sun, the moon, and the five well-known planets He also proposed the concept of Prime mover, which drives the motion of the planets Aristotle also proposed the ideas about both terrestrial and celestial motion.

27. ARISTOTLE’S TYPES OF MOTION Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist, categorized TERRESTRIAL MOTION into three- natural, violent, and alteration. Natural motion is determined by the nature of an object’s composition. Every object which may be composed of any of the four terrestrial elements (earth, water, fire, and air), tends to go back to its natural place.

28. ARISTOTLE’S TYPES OF MOTION Violent motion happens when an object is acted upon by any external force. The Greek believed that once arrow is no longer in physical contact with the bow, a turbulent motion of air is created and pushes the arrow forward. Air resistance opposes this turbulent motion of air, slowing down the arrow until it stops.

29. ARISTOTLE’S TYPES OF MOTION Alteration refers to a type of motion that describes qualitative change. As an example, liquid water can be turned into ice by “”removing”” heat from the liquid water (its cause). Liquid water can also be changed into steam by application of fire

30. ARISTOTLE’S TYPES OF MOTION While for the CELESTIAL MOTION, Aristotle categorized it into which includes diurnal and annual motion Diurnal motion refers to the daily rising and setting of the sun. It specifically pertains to the apparent westward motion of celestial bodies because of Earth’s eastward rotation on its axis It was not until after many centuries that astronomers found out the correct explanation for this motion.

31. ARISTOTLE’S TYPES OF MOTION Annual motion refers to the apparent shift in location of the stars. The Greeks noticed that the stars moved in an annual cycle, slightly shifting toward the west after each day, and returning to their positions after a year. Today annual motion is attributed to a single full revolution of Earth around the sun

32. BONUS ACTIVITY! Earth takes 365.25 days to completely revolve around the Sun. Convert the full revolution of Earth around the Sun into hours.

33. BONUS ACTIVITY! Earth takes 365.25 days to completely revolve around the Sun. Convert the full revolution of Earth around the Sun into hours. ANSWER: 365.25 days x 24hours = 8,766 hours 1 day

34. Around 140 CE, Claudius Ptolemy proposed a refinement of the geocentric model of the universe. He provided an accurate explanation for the motion of heavenly bodies and explained the epicycle and deferent of the planetary spheres. The deferent refers to a circular path in which the planet moves around Earth, while the epicycle pertains to a smaller circle along which a planet moves PTOLEMAIC MODEL

35. Ptolemaic model summarized the theory of planetary motion He adopted the concept of uniform circular motion. His ideas on the apparent speeding up or slowing down of planets were based on three concepts: epicycle eccentric - putting the observers out of the center equant - the point with the same distance as that of Earth to the center. PTOLEMAIC MODEL

36. ARISTARCHUS’S MODEL Ahead of Nicolaus Copernicus, Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE) hypothesized that the sun lay at the center of the universe, around which planets revolve. He also proposed that the universe is much wider and larger than what the other philosophers believed. In his work On the Sized and the Distances of the Sun and the Moon, he claimed that the sun was much larger than Earth by relying on his geometrical analysis of Earth’s shadow during a lunar eclipse. However, Aristarchus had doubts about presenting his ideas because the general consensus of his time lay on the geocentric model

37. COPERNICAN MODEL In 1543, the revolutionary idea opposing the geocentric view of the universe had another chance. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) argued that the sun is the center of the universe, and that the retrograde motion of the planets naturally occurs because of the combined motion of Earth and other planets around the sun.

38. COPERNICAN MODEL THE COPERNICAN MODEL SUGGESTED THE FOLLOWING Celestial motions are uniform, infinite, and circular, or a compound of numerous circles (epicycles) The planets, including the fixed stars, revolve around the sun, which is considered the center of the universe and the nearest star to the Earth Earth’s motion explains the retrograde motion of other planets. Earth spins on a tilted axis, which accounts for the seasons.

39. EARTH IS SPHERICAL

40. EARTH IS SPHERICAL In Mesopotamian mythology, Earth was believed to be a flat disk floating on the ocean and bounded by a spherical sky. The Greeks sought to prove the sphericity of Earth. Two Greek philosophers, Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE) and Aristotle provided physical and observational evidence supporting this hypothesis.

41. EARTH MODEL IN MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY

42. For Anaximander, the Earth is cylindrical circled by air and then fire “’like a bark of a tree’’ which separated off at an early stage. We still see echoes of the early cosmologies, but an attempt is made to explain the scheme in purely physical EARTH IS SPHERICAL

43. ANAXIMANDER’S EARTH MODEL

44. Anaximenes of Miletus refined the flat-earth idea, suggesting that all things are produced thru a process of gradual condensation and ‘’ rarification ’’ He theorized that the earth and heavenly bodies are flat and loft on infinite air like a leaf. EARTH IS SPHERICAL

45. ANAXIMENES’ EARTH MOEL

46. Activity 4 QUESTIONS --FOR-- REALIZATION

47. 1. If you were one of the individuals who lived during the time of those Ancient Greek Philosophers, whose theory of the Earth’s model would make you believe? And which theory would make you oppose the most? 2. How did their ideas influence future scientific discoveries? 3. Do you think that the inaccuracy of their models for today’s concept about the Earth have makes no contribution? Why?

48. QUIZ NA TA!

49. 1. Which of the following motion refers to a ball falling down because it seeks to its natural place-the ground? a. Natural Motion b. Violent Motion c. Alteration d. Celestial Motion

50. 2. What is the key idea behind Eudoxus' homocentric model? a. The planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun b. The Earth is the center of the universe. c. The stars and planets move in straight lines through space. d. The Sun is at the center, and planets revolve around it.

51. 3. Which ancient Greek philosopher refined the Geocentric model of the universe? a. Eudoxus b. Aristotle c. Ptolemy d. Aristarchus

52. 4. He was the ancient Greek philosopher who first hypothesized the Heliocentric model of the universe. a. Eudoxus b. Aristotle c. Copernicus d. Aristarchus

53. 5. What is the importance of the Copernican model to our daily lives today? a. It helped develop modern technology like GPS and satellite systems by improving our understanding of planetary motion. b. It had no real impact on daily life and is only important for historians and astronomers. c. It proved that the Earth is the center of the universe, reinforcing traditional beliefs. d. It was an interesting idea but has been completely replaced by modern scientific theories.

54. Advanced study about Brahe's innovations and Kepler's discovery of his laws of planetary motion. 1. How did Tycho Brahe’s astronomical innovations contribute to Kepler’s discovery of the laws of planetary motion? 2.What was the key difference between Brahe’s geocentric-heliocentric model and Kepler’s heliocentric model? 3.How did Kepler use Brahe’s precise observational data to formulate his three laws of planetary motion?

55. THANK YOU! Thank you for joining this journey into the world of astronomical observations! The universe is vast, and there’s so much more to discover. Keep looking up at the sky—you never know what amazing things you’ll find next!