SLUMS.pptx

ASIM PT

1. ASIM PT MSc. GEOGRAPHY KANANUR UNIVERSITY SLUMS

2. Introduction A Slum is predominantly an overcrowded area which is in an advanced stage of decay where dwelling are unfit for human habitation. It is like an area where the basic amenities like water supply, drainage, for standard living are lacking, insanitary conditions prevail, and diseases flourish. It is a poverty stricken area, where there is a high rate of birth, infant mortality, illegitimacy, juvenile crime, delinquency and death, thus representing a state of hell on the surface of earth.

3. slum Slum is a menace to health, safety, mortality and general welfare of inhabitants. Slum life " means a bad dream life , life of man as non - human being , and the final deprivation from fundamental constitutional rights - it is proved from the description of this paper The areas characterized by sub standard housing conditions with in the city or someplace outside the city are known as the slums. Slum is a British slang word from the east end of London meaning "room", which evolved to "back slum" around 1845 meaning 'back alley, street of poor people.

4. Causes of slum Poverty Absence of proper housing facilities Migration Rapid raise of urban populations Carless and neglect of house owners High rental rate in the city Lack of cheap transport system Unplanned growth of cities The attraction of the city Negligence of govt. and municipality.

5. Decentralization - Rich and middle class people move out of the extended portions of the town Poor people are left unattended in the overcrowded central area of the town Economic conditions - Unemployment, growth of population. poverty Education - Easily dragged into social evil without any attention to improvement of the living condition Improper use of land - If the lands fit for particular use are utilized for industries or vice versa the slums are formed. Industrialization - No proper planning of houses of labor CAUSES OF SLUM

6. Lack of zoning - If the town is not divided into the suitable zones and development is allowed to take place at random, the slums may be created. Migrants - The persons migrating from the surrounding areas may occupy, usually illegally, the vacant or empty places in or out the city. Powers of local authorities - If the local authority concerned does not possess adequate powers to control the development of town, the slums may be formed. Lack of Repair and maintenance - If cheap houses constructed by the land owner for the purpose of collecting rents are not properly maintained, then the slums may forms.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS Appearance The universal mark of the slum is its unpleasant appearance. The structures appear to be deteriorated and to be over aged. Fire hazards The slums area are often exposed to fire accidents and consequent damages one stick of matches may prove to sufficient to reduce the whole slum to ashes in no time. Health and sanitation The slum is characterized by low standard of sanitation and is often neglected most by the public service for sanitation. Refers an area of high sickness and Death rates

8. Overcrowding The slum is over crowded with buildings or the building are overcrowded with people Moral The socially disorganized slum may prove to be an area of criminal behavior. Income criteria Poverty area and it is occupied by people of the lowest group of the society. Social isolation The slum area is of the lowest social status and it is usually linked up with the rest of the community through its labor force.

9. EFFECTS OF SLUMS The effect of slums are summarized as below: Absence of amenities : the surrounding area of slums is lacking in essential amenities in required proportion because of over- crowding. Health: the persons residing in slums are easily attacked by various types of diseases. The climate of slums is such that it easily leads to unhealthy conditions. Surrounding locality: the working of institution like library, schools, hospitals, etc located nearby slums, is seriously affected.

10. Undesirable spots The slums are such on a city plan forms undesirable spots and in a sense, disturbs the appearance of a city plan. Working Conditions It is not possible to work peacefully in slums because the whole area is full of noise, traffic congestion, smoke, dust and darkness. In short a slum as such forms a black spot and spoils the healthy environment of the city as a whole

11. Notified Slum : All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’ Recognized Slum: All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act TYPES OF SLUMS

12. Identified Slum: A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities (Identified) A view of Soweto and Lindi, suburbs of Nairobi belonging to Kibera, the largest urban slum in Africa.

13. WORLD'S FIVE BIGGEST SLUMS Khayelitsha , Cape Town , ( SOUTH AFRICA ) Population : 4,00,000 Area : 14.95 ( square mile ) Density : 26,000 square mile Caste / Origin : 99 % Black Sanitation : 20,000 people who share just 380 toilets Income : 1800 US dollars per household per years 2.Kibera , Nairobi , ( KEYNIA ) Population : 7,00,000 Area : 6.6 kilometers from Nairobi’s city centre high rates of unemployment, extreme poverty with residents earning less than a dollar a day, and insecurity. Caste / Origin : black African .

14. 3. Dharavi , Mumbai , ( INDIA ) Population : 1 million Area : 200 hectares Density : 869,565 people per square mile Sanitation : One toilet for 1440 persons Income : 500 to 2000 $ per year . 4. Ciudad Neza , Mexico city ( MAXICO ) Population : 1.2 million 5. Orangi Town , Karachi , ( PAKISTAN ) Population :2.4 million

15. 5 Major ingredients of the slum areas ( improvement and clearance ) act , 1956 To facilitate inclusive growth and slum - free cities . To provide assured security of tenure , basic amenities and affordable housing for slum dwellers . To assign a " legal document of entitlement " to every landless person in a slum area entitled to a dwelling space . To give mortgageable rights to allottees of dwelling space . however , tradability of dwelling space limited to the Government or the slum collectives . To provide compensation for acquisition of land . necessary . in the form of concessional wherever building . THE SLUM AREAS ( IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE ) ACT , 1956

16. Slum Clearance - Improving the existing conditions of slums Objectives : To bring down the disparity in living standards of the people of various people classes . To prevent the occurrence of epidemics in the town or city To provide the absolute basic minimum standards of healthy amenities for the living To remove the ugly spots or slums from the map of town or city

17. SLUM CLEARANCE METHODS Complete Removal Method Improvement Method

18. 1 ) Complete Removal Method In this method the ill constructed houses are demolished and only those which are really good are retained . The open spaces left are used for widening of roads . providing recreation grounds or building new houses of approved standards . Transit Camps in the form of temporary buildings near the slum areas should be constructed to accommodate those displaced in the process of slum clearance . For the selection of the slums areas for clearance as against improvement , the following two important factors should be considered a) The degree of public health hazards involved b ) The economic potential of the land

19. One method of not aggravating the housing shortage is to take up slum - improvement scheme . As the slums are developed due to poor drainage system and unhealthy conditions .Hence the drainage arrangement is modified and improved Public utility services like water , drainage , electricity , gas may be provided in the affected area . Low portions of the old slums like ditches , or swamps may be filled up and then the existing roads may be widened . With proper planning and improvement works it is possible to make the slums slightly more habitable at the minimum cost 2 ) Improvement Method

20. Prevention Of Slum The formation of slum is a very slow process and extreme care should be exercised by the authority to prevent the springing up of new slums in the town . Some of the important measures which can be taken to effectively prevent the slum formation Cheap housing - Sufficient no of cheap housing should be made available to the poor people Compulsion to employers The employer of a good number of laborers may be compelled or forced to provide housing accommodation for their staff . Construction of buildings Certain rules and regulations may be framed and strictly enforced to restrict the coming up of buildings of subnormal standards

21. Maintenance And Repair The responsibility of maintenance and carrying out repair should be fixed and defined in housing codes or acts . It then becomes the duty of landlord or tenant to keep existing building in a good condition . Rent Restriction If provisions is made to restrict the increase of rent , tenentants will be protected Social Education It is possible to check the growth of slums by carrying out effective social education of the slum dwellers , the social education makes the slum dweller conscious of the evils of the slum , and a great improvement in the living standard of slum dwellers could be achieved .

22. Unauthorized Construction It is absolute necessary to arrest immediately the unauthorized construction in the form of huts and temporary structures on vacant piece of land . The authorities concerned should take drastic action in demolishing and removing such unauthorized construction .

23. Slum Area in Indian Cities It is a sad state of affair that some of the worst slum the world can be found in major Indian cities like Mumbai , Calcutta , Ahmadabad , Surat , Chennai and Delhi . The slums are spreading very rapidly due to lack of proper and effective town and country planning . The Critical nature of the problem is demonstrated by the fact that 42 to 67 % of homes do not have tap water , 26 to 50 % homes do not have toilets . From recent study it is reflected that nearly 74.20 % of slum exists in 222 big towns and cities . With the limited resource available , the government and semi government bodies will have to plan out intelligently slum clearance programmes to grant adequate and decent housing to every human being

24. Slum Area in Indian Cities Dharavi Slum Mumbai Nochikuppam Slum Chennai Basanti Slum Kolkata Rajendra Nagar Slum Bangalore Indiramma Nagar Hyderabad Saroj Nagar Slum Nagpur Mehbullahpur Slum Lucknow Parivartan Slum Ahmadabad : Approximately 440000 people live in slums within the city . Ahmadabad is home to a large population of poor peoples living on the river banks . River side slums in Ahmadabad are about 40 yrs old .

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