Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar Malik
tulipsirencq
7 views
87 slides
May 18, 2025
Slide 1 of 87
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
About This Presentation
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar Malik
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar Malik
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar Malik
Slide Content
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And
Application Praveen Kumar Malik download
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-
design-and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-38292950
Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com
Application Praveen Kumar Malik download
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-
design-and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-38292950
Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com
Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42260368
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42059268
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42080788
Smart Antennas Electromagnetic Interference And Microwave Antennas For
Wireless Communications Kannadhasan
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-electromagnetic-
interference-and-microwave-antennas-for-wireless-communications-
kannadhasan-46509102
interested in. You can click the link to download.
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42260368
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42059268
Smart Antennas Latest Trends In Design And Application Praveen Kumar
Malik
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-latest-trends-in-design-
and-application-praveen-kumar-malik-42080788
Smart Antennas Electromagnetic Interference And Microwave Antennas For
Wireless Communications Kannadhasan
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-electromagnetic-
interference-and-microwave-antennas-for-wireless-communications-
kannadhasan-46509102
Smart Antennas Electrical Engineering Applied Signal Processing Series
1st Edition Lal Chand Godara
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-electrical-engineering-
applied-signal-processing-series-1st-edition-lal-chand-godara-2613910
Smart Antennas Recent Trends In Design And Applications Praveen Kumar
Malik Pradeep Kumar Sachin Kumar Dushyant Kumar Singh
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-recent-trends-in-design-
and-applications-praveen-kumar-malik-pradeep-kumar-sachin-kumar-
dushyant-kumar-singh-34116486
Smart Antennas With Matlab 2nd Edition Frank Gross
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-with-matlab-2nd-edition-
frank-gross-5036366
Smart Antennas T K Sarkar Michael C Wicks M Salazarpalma
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-t-k-sarkar-michael-c-
wicks-m-salazarpalma-1134122
Smart Antennas For Wireless Communications With Matlab Frank Gross
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-for-wireless-
communications-with-matlab-frank-gross-1267736
1st Edition Lal Chand Godara
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-electrical-engineering-
applied-signal-processing-series-1st-edition-lal-chand-godara-2613910
Smart Antennas Recent Trends In Design And Applications Praveen Kumar
Malik Pradeep Kumar Sachin Kumar Dushyant Kumar Singh
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-recent-trends-in-design-
and-applications-praveen-kumar-malik-pradeep-kumar-sachin-kumar-
dushyant-kumar-singh-34116486
Smart Antennas With Matlab 2nd Edition Frank Gross
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-with-matlab-2nd-edition-
frank-gross-5036366
Smart Antennas T K Sarkar Michael C Wicks M Salazarpalma
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-t-k-sarkar-michael-c-
wicks-m-salazarpalma-1134122
Smart Antennas For Wireless Communications With Matlab Frank Gross
https://ebookbell.com/product/smart-antennas-for-wireless-
communications-with-matlab-frank-gross-1267736
Smart Antennas
Praveen Kumar Malik
Joan Lu
B T P Madhav
Geeta Kalkhambkar
Swetha Amit Editors
Latest Trends in Design and Application
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
Praveen Kumar Malik
Joan Lu
B T P Madhav
Geeta Kalkhambkar
Swetha Amit Editors
Latest Trends in Design and Application
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
and Computing
Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological
driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies
that play a key role in this process.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing
engineering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communication;
design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy
management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks; computation;
cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general smart living, smart
cities, Internet of Things and more. The series publishes a combination of expanded
papers selected from hosted and sponsored European Alliance for Innovation (EAI)
conferences that present cutting edge, global research as well as provide new
perspectives on traditional related engineering elds. This content, complemented
with open calls for contribution of book titles and individual chapters, together
maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of academic excellence. The audience
for the books consists of researchers, industry professionals, advanced level students
as well as practitioners in related elds of activity include information and
communication specialists, security experts, economists, urban planners, doctors,
and in general representatives in all those walks of life affected ad contributing to
the information revolution.
Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.
About EAI
EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation between
businesses, public, private and government organizations to address the global
challenges of Europe’s future competitiveness and link the European Research
community with its counterparts around the globe. EAI reaches out to hundreds of
thousands of individual subscribers on all continents and collaborates with an
institutional member base including Fortune 500 companies, government
organizations, and educational institutions, provide a free research and innovation
platform.
Through its open free membership model EAI promotes a new research and
innovation culture based on collaboration, connectivity and recognition of excellence
by community.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological
driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies
that play a key role in this process.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing
engineering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communication;
design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy
management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks; computation;
cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general smart living, smart
cities, Internet of Things and more. The series publishes a combination of expanded
papers selected from hosted and sponsored European Alliance for Innovation (EAI)
conferences that present cutting edge, global research as well as provide new
perspectives on traditional related engineering elds. This content, complemented
with open calls for contribution of book titles and individual chapters, together
maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of academic excellence. The audience
for the books consists of researchers, industry professionals, advanced level students
as well as practitioners in related elds of activity include information and
communication specialists, security experts, economists, urban planners, doctors,
and in general representatives in all those walks of life affected ad contributing to
the information revolution.
Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.
About EAI
EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation between
businesses, public, private and government organizations to address the global
challenges of Europe’s future competitiveness and link the European Research
community with its counterparts around the globe. EAI reaches out to hundreds of
thousands of individual subscribers on all continents and collaborates with an
institutional member base including Fortune 500 companies, government
organizations, and educational institutions, provide a free research and innovation
platform.
Through its open free membership model EAI promotes a new research and
innovation culture based on collaboration, connectivity and recognition of excellence
by community.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427
Praveen Kumar Malik • Joan Lu
B T P Madhav • Geeta Kalkhambkar
Swetha Amit
Editors
Smart Antennas
Latest Trends in Design and Application
B T P Madhav • Geeta Kalkhambkar
Swetha Amit
Editors
Smart Antennas
Latest Trends in Design and Application
ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-76635-1 ISBN 978-3-030-76636-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editors
Praveen Kumar Malik
School of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India
B T P Madhav
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
K L Deemed to be University
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Swetha Amit
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Joan Lu
School of Computing and Engineering
University of Hudderseld
Hudderseld, United Kingdom
Geeta Kalkhambkar
Electronics and Telecommunication
Department
Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of
Engineering
Kolhapur, India
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-76635-1 ISBN 978-3-030-76636-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editors
Praveen Kumar Malik
School of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India
B T P Madhav
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
K L Deemed to be University
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Swetha Amit
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Joan Lu
School of Computing and Engineering
University of Hudderseld
Hudderseld, United Kingdom
Geeta Kalkhambkar
Electronics and Telecommunication
Department
Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of
Engineering
Kolhapur, India
This book is dedicated to my late father, who
taught me to be an independent and
determined person, without whom I would
never be able to achieve my objectives and
succeed in life.
Late (Sr.) Dharamveer Singh
taught me to be an independent and
determined person, without whom I would
never be able to achieve my objectives and
succeed in life.
Late (Sr.) Dharamveer Singh
vii
Preface
This edited book aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers,
and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results
on all aspects of planer and printed antenna design. The book primarily focuses on
the latest trends in the eld of patch and printed antenna design and their application
in various elds of wireless communication, mobile communication, vehicular
communication, and wearable applications. Students from different branches of
electronics, communication, and electrical engineering, researchers, and industry
persons will benet from this book. This book provides the literature students and
researchers can use to design antennas for the above-mentioned applications. It also
provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners, and edu-
cators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as
well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the eld of planer
antenna design.
Phagwara, Punjab, India Praveen Kumar Malik
Hudderseld, UK Joan Lu
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India B. T. P. Madhav
Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Geeta Kalkhambkar
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Swetha Amit
Preface
This edited book aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers,
and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results
on all aspects of planer and printed antenna design. The book primarily focuses on
the latest trends in the eld of patch and printed antenna design and their application
in various elds of wireless communication, mobile communication, vehicular
communication, and wearable applications. Students from different branches of
electronics, communication, and electrical engineering, researchers, and industry
persons will benet from this book. This book provides the literature students and
researchers can use to design antennas for the above-mentioned applications. It also
provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners, and edu-
cators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as
well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the eld of planer
antenna design.
Phagwara, Punjab, India Praveen Kumar Malik
Hudderseld, UK Joan Lu
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India B. T. P. Madhav
Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Geeta Kalkhambkar
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Swetha Amit
ix
Contents
Part I Overview and Introduction of Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter���������� 3
Hirendra Das, Mridusmita Sharma, and Qiang Xu
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna
for Wireless Communication Application������������������������������������������������������ 15
Alpesh Vala, Amit V. Patel, Rashmi Vaghela, Keyur Mahant,
Hiren Mewada, Esraa Ali, and Biren Patel
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications������������������ 23
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
Effect of Encapsulating Materials on Monopole Antenna
Performance for Underwater Communication�������������������������������������������� 35
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
Parasitic Antennas for Current and Future Wireless Communication
Systems: Trends, Challenges, and Emerging Aspects���������������������������������� 43
Roktim Konch, Sivaranjan Goswami, Kumaresh Sarmah,
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma, and Nikos Mastorakia
Multiband Laptop Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth
for WLAN/WiMAX/GPS Wireless Applications������������������������������������������ 55
Trushit Upadhyaya, Killol Pandya, Arpan Desai, Upesh Patel,
Rajat Pandey, and Merih Palandoken
Part II Performance Analysis of Micro-strip Antenna
Antenna Optimization Using Taguchi’s Method������������������������������������������ 69
Archana Tiwari and A. A. Khurshid
Contents
Part I Overview and Introduction of Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter���������� 3
Hirendra Das, Mridusmita Sharma, and Qiang Xu
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna
for Wireless Communication Application������������������������������������������������������ 15
Alpesh Vala, Amit V. Patel, Rashmi Vaghela, Keyur Mahant,
Hiren Mewada, Esraa Ali, and Biren Patel
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications������������������ 23
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
Effect of Encapsulating Materials on Monopole Antenna
Performance for Underwater Communication�������������������������������������������� 35
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
Parasitic Antennas for Current and Future Wireless Communication
Systems: Trends, Challenges, and Emerging Aspects���������������������������������� 43
Roktim Konch, Sivaranjan Goswami, Kumaresh Sarmah,
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma, and Nikos Mastorakia
Multiband Laptop Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth
for WLAN/WiMAX/GPS Wireless Applications������������������������������������������ 55
Trushit Upadhyaya, Killol Pandya, Arpan Desai, Upesh Patel,
Rajat Pandey, and Merih Palandoken
Part II Performance Analysis of Micro-strip Antenna
Antenna Optimization Using Taguchi’s Method������������������������������������������ 69
Archana Tiwari and A. A. Khurshid
x
A Novel Compact Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable
Slot Antenna Using PIN Diodes for Cognitive Radio Applications������������ 85
V. N. Lakshmana Kumar, M. Satyanarayana, Sohanpal Singh,
and Dac-Nhuong Le
Mathematical Analysis and Optimization of a Remodeled Circular
Patch for 5G Communication������������������������������������������������������������������������ 97
Ribhu Abhusan Panda and Debasis Mishra
Study of Various Beamformers and Smart Antenna
Adaptive Algorithms for Mobile Communication���������������������������������������� 111
Elizabeth Caroline Britto, Sathish Kumar Danasegaran,
Susan Christina Xavier, A. Sridevi, and Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha
Microstrip Patch Antennas: Past and Present State of the Art������������������ 131
Manish Sharma
Part III Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Design and Uses
Planar Design, Analysis, and Characterization of
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna���������������������������������������������������� 149
Manish Sharma
Design of Smooth Curved Hexagonal- Shaped Four-Element
MIMO Antenna for WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and 5G Applications�������������������������� 163
S. Rekha, G. Shine Let, and Madam Singh
A Quad-Port Orthogonal Wideband MIMO Antenna Employing Artificial
Magnetic Conductor for 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave Applications���������������� 179
G. Viswanadh Raviteja
5G Massive MIMO-OFDM System Model: Existing
Channel Estimation Algorithms and Its Review������������������������������������������ 193
Nilofer Shaik and Praveen Kumar Malik
Part IV Fractal and Defected Ground Structure Microstrip Antenna
Dual-Band Compact Transparent Fractal Antenna
for Smart WLAN Applications���������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Minesh Thaker, Ashwin Patani, Arpan Desai, and Trushit Upadhyaya
A Tapered Circular CPW-Fed Wideband Fractal Patch Antenna
for IoT Applications���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 223
Geeta Kalkhambkar, Rajashri Khanai, Pradeep Chindhi,
and Pradeep Kumar
A Novel Ultra-Wideband Monopole Antenna with Defected
Ground Structure for X-Band and WiMAX Applications�������������������������� 233
T. Poornima and Korhan Cengiz
Contents
A Novel Compact Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable
Slot Antenna Using PIN Diodes for Cognitive Radio Applications������������ 85
V. N. Lakshmana Kumar, M. Satyanarayana, Sohanpal Singh,
and Dac-Nhuong Le
Mathematical Analysis and Optimization of a Remodeled Circular
Patch for 5G Communication������������������������������������������������������������������������ 97
Ribhu Abhusan Panda and Debasis Mishra
Study of Various Beamformers and Smart Antenna
Adaptive Algorithms for Mobile Communication���������������������������������������� 111
Elizabeth Caroline Britto, Sathish Kumar Danasegaran,
Susan Christina Xavier, A. Sridevi, and Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha
Microstrip Patch Antennas: Past and Present State of the Art������������������ 131
Manish Sharma
Part III Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Design and Uses
Planar Design, Analysis, and Characterization of
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna���������������������������������������������������� 149
Manish Sharma
Design of Smooth Curved Hexagonal- Shaped Four-Element
MIMO Antenna for WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and 5G Applications�������������������������� 163
S. Rekha, G. Shine Let, and Madam Singh
A Quad-Port Orthogonal Wideband MIMO Antenna Employing Artificial
Magnetic Conductor for 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave Applications���������������� 179
G. Viswanadh Raviteja
5G Massive MIMO-OFDM System Model: Existing
Channel Estimation Algorithms and Its Review������������������������������������������ 193
Nilofer Shaik and Praveen Kumar Malik
Part IV Fractal and Defected Ground Structure Microstrip Antenna
Dual-Band Compact Transparent Fractal Antenna
for Smart WLAN Applications���������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Minesh Thaker, Ashwin Patani, Arpan Desai, and Trushit Upadhyaya
A Tapered Circular CPW-Fed Wideband Fractal Patch Antenna
for IoT Applications���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 223
Geeta Kalkhambkar, Rajashri Khanai, Pradeep Chindhi,
and Pradeep Kumar
A Novel Ultra-Wideband Monopole Antenna with Defected
Ground Structure for X-Band and WiMAX Applications�������������������������� 233
T. Poornima and Korhan Cengiz
Contents
xi
Design and Analysis of DGS-Based Fractal Antenna
for Metrological Satellite�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 247
Vimlesh Singh, Amit Kumar, and Mahesh Kumar Aghwariya
Part V Importance and Uses of Microstrip Antenna in IoT
Applications of Microstrip Antenna in IoT�������������������������������������������������� 259
Amit Kumar, Mahesh Kumar Agwariya, and Vimlesh Singh
Design of High Gain and Low Side Lobe Smart Antenna Array
for IoT Applications on Human Monitoring������������������������������������������������ 267
Mihir Narayan Mohanty, Shaktijeet Mahapatra, Sarmistha Satrusallya,
and Amit Kant Pandit
Planar Multiband Smart Antenna for Wireless
Communication Applications�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 285
B. Elizabeth Caroline, B. Neeththi Aadithiya, J. Jeyarani,
and Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha
Part VI Ultra-Wide-Band Antenna Design for Wearable Applications
A Low-Profile Compact EBG Integrated Circular Monopole
Antenna for Wearable Medical Application�������������������������������������������������� 301
Prasad Jones Christydass Sam, U. Surendar, Unwana M. Ekpe,
M. Saravanan, and P. Satheesh Kumar
Slot-Based Miniaturized Textile Antenna for Wearable Application���������� 315
Pranita Manish Potey, Kushal Tuckley, and Anjali Thakare
Terahertz Antenna Technology for Detection
of Explosives and Weapons: A Concise Review�������������������������������������������� 331
A. Praveena, V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli, and G. Umamaheswari
Part VII Microstrip Antenna Design for Various
and Miscellaneous Applications
Determination of Moisture Content from Microstrip
Moisture Sensor with Minimum Mean Relative Error�������������������������������� 345
Sweety Jain
Configurable OPFET-Based Photodetector
for 5G Smart Antenna Applications�������������������������������������������������������������� 359
Jaya V. Gaitonde and Rajesh B. Lohani
Bandwidth Optimization of a Novel Slotted Fractal Antenna
Using Modified Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization���������������� 379
Rohit Anand and Paras Chawla
Contents
Design and Analysis of DGS-Based Fractal Antenna
for Metrological Satellite�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 247
Vimlesh Singh, Amit Kumar, and Mahesh Kumar Aghwariya
Part V Importance and Uses of Microstrip Antenna in IoT
Applications of Microstrip Antenna in IoT�������������������������������������������������� 259
Amit Kumar, Mahesh Kumar Agwariya, and Vimlesh Singh
Design of High Gain and Low Side Lobe Smart Antenna Array
for IoT Applications on Human Monitoring������������������������������������������������ 267
Mihir Narayan Mohanty, Shaktijeet Mahapatra, Sarmistha Satrusallya,
and Amit Kant Pandit
Planar Multiband Smart Antenna for Wireless
Communication Applications�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 285
B. Elizabeth Caroline, B. Neeththi Aadithiya, J. Jeyarani,
and Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha
Part VI Ultra-Wide-Band Antenna Design for Wearable Applications
A Low-Profile Compact EBG Integrated Circular Monopole
Antenna for Wearable Medical Application�������������������������������������������������� 301
Prasad Jones Christydass Sam, U. Surendar, Unwana M. Ekpe,
M. Saravanan, and P. Satheesh Kumar
Slot-Based Miniaturized Textile Antenna for Wearable Application���������� 315
Pranita Manish Potey, Kushal Tuckley, and Anjali Thakare
Terahertz Antenna Technology for Detection
of Explosives and Weapons: A Concise Review�������������������������������������������� 331
A. Praveena, V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli, and G. Umamaheswari
Part VII Microstrip Antenna Design for Various
and Miscellaneous Applications
Determination of Moisture Content from Microstrip
Moisture Sensor with Minimum Mean Relative Error�������������������������������� 345
Sweety Jain
Configurable OPFET-Based Photodetector
for 5G Smart Antenna Applications�������������������������������������������������������������� 359
Jaya V. Gaitonde and Rajesh B. Lohani
Bandwidth Optimization of a Novel Slotted Fractal Antenna
Using Modified Lightning Attachment Procedure Optimization���������������� 379
Rohit Anand and Paras Chawla
Contents
xii
Design and Fabrication of Axially Corrugated Gaussian
Profiled Horn Antenna������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 393
Prashant D. Sachaniya, Jagdishkumar M. Rathod, and Utkal Mehta
Antipodal Vivaldi Antennas Arranged in Circular Array for RADAR������ 405
Sasmita Mohapatra
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 415
Contents
Design and Fabrication of Axially Corrugated Gaussian
Profiled Horn Antenna������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 393
Prashant D. Sachaniya, Jagdishkumar M. Rathod, and Utkal Mehta
Antipodal Vivaldi Antennas Arranged in Circular Array for RADAR������ 405
Sasmita Mohapatra
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 415
Contents
xiii
About the Editor
Praveen Kumar Malik is a professor in the School of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. He received
his B.Tech. in 2000, M.Tech. (Honors) in 2010, and Ph.D. in 2015 with specializa-
tion in wireless communication and antenna design. He has authored or coauthored
more than 40 technical research papers published in leading journals and confer-
ences by the IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley. Some of his research ndings are
published in top cited journals. He has also published three edited/authored books
with international publishers. Dr. Malik has guided several M.E./M.Tech. and
Ph.D. students. He is associate editor of different journals. His current interest
includes micro-strip antenna design, MIMO, vehicular communication, and IoT. He
has been as guest editor/editorial board member of many international journals,
invited keynote speaker at many international conferences in Asia, and invited pro-
gram chair, publications chair, publicity chair, and session chair at many interna-
tional conferences. Dr. Malik has been granted two design patents, and few more are
in the pipeline.
Joan Lu
is in the Department of Computer Science and is the research group
leader of Information and System Engineering (ISE) at the Centre for High
Intelligent Computing (CHIC), having previously been team leader in the IT depart-
ment of Charlesworth Group publishing company. She successfully led and com-
pleted two research projects in the area of XML database systems and document
processing in collaboration with Beijing University. Both systems were deployed as
part of company commercial productions. Professor Lu has published seven aca-
demic books and more than 200 peer-reviewed academic papers. Her research pub-
lications have 1388 reads and 185 citations by international colleagues, according
to incomplete statistics from the research gate. Professor Lu has acted as the founder
and a program chair for the International XML Technology Workshop for 11 years
and serves as chair of various international conferences. She is the founder and
editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Information Retrieval Research and
serves as a BCS examiner of Database and Advanced Database Management
Systems, and is an FHEA. She has been the UOH principle investigator for four
About the Editor
Praveen Kumar Malik is a professor in the School of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. He received
his B.Tech. in 2000, M.Tech. (Honors) in 2010, and Ph.D. in 2015 with specializa-
tion in wireless communication and antenna design. He has authored or coauthored
more than 40 technical research papers published in leading journals and confer-
ences by the IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley. Some of his research ndings are
published in top cited journals. He has also published three edited/authored books
with international publishers. Dr. Malik has guided several M.E./M.Tech. and
Ph.D. students. He is associate editor of different journals. His current interest
includes micro-strip antenna design, MIMO, vehicular communication, and IoT. He
has been as guest editor/editorial board member of many international journals,
invited keynote speaker at many international conferences in Asia, and invited pro-
gram chair, publications chair, publicity chair, and session chair at many interna-
tional conferences. Dr. Malik has been granted two design patents, and few more are
in the pipeline.
Joan Lu
is in the Department of Computer Science and is the research group
leader of Information and System Engineering (ISE) at the Centre for High
Intelligent Computing (CHIC), having previously been team leader in the IT depart-
ment of Charlesworth Group publishing company. She successfully led and com-
pleted two research projects in the area of XML database systems and document
processing in collaboration with Beijing University. Both systems were deployed as
part of company commercial productions. Professor Lu has published seven aca-
demic books and more than 200 peer-reviewed academic papers. Her research pub-
lications have 1388 reads and 185 citations by international colleagues, according
to incomplete statistics from the research gate. Professor Lu has acted as the founder
and a program chair for the International XML Technology Workshop for 11 years
and serves as chair of various international conferences. She is the founder and
editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Information Retrieval Research and
serves as a BCS examiner of Database and Advanced Database Management
Systems, and is an FHEA. She has been the UOH principle investigator for four
xiv
recent EU interdisciplinary (computer science and psychology) projects: Edumecca
(student responses system) (143545-LLP-NO-KA3-KA3MP), DO-IT (multilingual
student response system) used by more than 15 EU countries (2009-1-NO1-
LEO05-01046), and DONE-IT (mobile exam system) (511485-LLP-1-2010-NO-
KA3-KA3MP), HRLAW2016 - 3090 / 001 - 001.
B. T. P. Madhav
was born in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1981. He received his
B.Sc., M.Sc., MBA, and M.Tech. degrees from Nagarjuna University, A.P, India, in
2001, 2003, 2007, and 2009, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in the eld of
antennas from KLEF. Currently he is working as professor and associate dean at
KLEF. He has published more than 496 papers in international and national journals
and conferences. He has a Scopus and SCI publications of 336 with H-Index of 32
and total citations are more than 3842. Madhav is reviewer for several international
journals by IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor and Francis and has served
as reviewer for several international conferences. His research interests include
antennas, liquid crystals applications, and wireless communications. He is a mem-
ber of IEEE and life member of ISTE, IACSIT, IRACST, IAENG, and UACEE, and
fellow of IAEME. Madhav has received several awards, such as record holder in the
Indian Book of Records and Asian Book of Records, outstanding reviewer award
from Elsevier, and best researcher and distinguished researcher awards from K L
University. He has received best teacher award from KLU for 2011, 2012, 2013,
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019; excellent citation award from IJIES; and
outstanding faculty award from Venus International; and many more. Madhav is the
editorial board member for 46 journals. He has authored 15 books and published 12
patents. He has guided three Ph.D. scholars for awards, three of his Ph.D. scholars
submitted their theses, and six scholars are pursuing Ph.D.
Swetha Amit
received her Ph.D. in electronics engineering from Jain University,
Bangalore, in 2018; M.Tech. in communication systems from R. V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, securing gold medal in 2009; and B.E. from AIT,
Chikmagalur, in 2005. She is presently working as assistant professor in the
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, M S Ramaiah
Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Her research work is on antenna design, wear-
able and textile antenna, SAR analysis and reduction of radiation in human body,
liquid antennas, and metamaterials. Dr. Amit was awarded rst place jointly with a
startup company Avgarde Systems Pvt Ltd for winning Defense India Startup
Challenge (DISC 4) 2021. She has published over 35 articles in journals and confer-
ences, has patents to her credit, and written book chapters, in addition to guest lec-
tures. She has two ongoing government-funded projects with AICTE MODROBS
and VGST K_FIST Level 2 for 50 Lakhs. Dr. Amit has several consultancy projects
and a YouTube Channel “Antenna’s Enclave.”
About the Editor
recent EU interdisciplinary (computer science and psychology) projects: Edumecca
(student responses system) (143545-LLP-NO-KA3-KA3MP), DO-IT (multilingual
student response system) used by more than 15 EU countries (2009-1-NO1-
LEO05-01046), and DONE-IT (mobile exam system) (511485-LLP-1-2010-NO-
KA3-KA3MP), HRLAW2016 - 3090 / 001 - 001.
B. T. P. Madhav
was born in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1981. He received his
B.Sc., M.Sc., MBA, and M.Tech. degrees from Nagarjuna University, A.P, India, in
2001, 2003, 2007, and 2009, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in the eld of
antennas from KLEF. Currently he is working as professor and associate dean at
KLEF. He has published more than 496 papers in international and national journals
and conferences. He has a Scopus and SCI publications of 336 with H-Index of 32
and total citations are more than 3842. Madhav is reviewer for several international
journals by IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor and Francis and has served
as reviewer for several international conferences. His research interests include
antennas, liquid crystals applications, and wireless communications. He is a mem-
ber of IEEE and life member of ISTE, IACSIT, IRACST, IAENG, and UACEE, and
fellow of IAEME. Madhav has received several awards, such as record holder in the
Indian Book of Records and Asian Book of Records, outstanding reviewer award
from Elsevier, and best researcher and distinguished researcher awards from K L
University. He has received best teacher award from KLU for 2011, 2012, 2013,
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019; excellent citation award from IJIES; and
outstanding faculty award from Venus International; and many more. Madhav is the
editorial board member for 46 journals. He has authored 15 books and published 12
patents. He has guided three Ph.D. scholars for awards, three of his Ph.D. scholars
submitted their theses, and six scholars are pursuing Ph.D.
Swetha Amit
received her Ph.D. in electronics engineering from Jain University,
Bangalore, in 2018; M.Tech. in communication systems from R. V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, securing gold medal in 2009; and B.E. from AIT,
Chikmagalur, in 2005. She is presently working as assistant professor in the
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, M S Ramaiah
Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Her research work is on antenna design, wear-
able and textile antenna, SAR analysis and reduction of radiation in human body,
liquid antennas, and metamaterials. Dr. Amit was awarded rst place jointly with a
startup company Avgarde Systems Pvt Ltd for winning Defense India Startup
Challenge (DISC 4) 2021. She has published over 35 articles in journals and confer-
ences, has patents to her credit, and written book chapters, in addition to guest lec-
tures. She has two ongoing government-funded projects with AICTE MODROBS
and VGST K_FIST Level 2 for 50 Lakhs. Dr. Amit has several consultancy projects
and a YouTube Channel “Antenna’s Enclave.”
About the Editor
xv
Geeta Kalkhambkar is working as a Ph.D. scholar in the Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication at KLE Dr. MSSCET, Belagavi, India, and
research and development head at Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering,
Mahagaon, Maharashtra. Her research interest includes studies on multifrequency,
ultra-wideband antennas computational electronics, fractal and slotted antennas,
and miniaturized antennas for Internet of Things applications. She has contributed
over eight research papers and published two books.
About the Editor
Geeta Kalkhambkar is working as a Ph.D. scholar in the Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication at KLE Dr. MSSCET, Belagavi, India, and
research and development head at Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering,
Mahagaon, Maharashtra. Her research interest includes studies on multifrequency,
ultra-wideband antennas computational electronics, fractal and slotted antennas,
and miniaturized antennas for Internet of Things applications. She has contributed
over eight research papers and published two books.
About the Editor
Part I
Overview and Introduction of Microstrip
Antenna
Overview and Introduction of Microstrip
Antenna
3© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_1
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its
Performance Parameter
Hirendra Das, Mridusmita Sharma, and Qiang Xu
1 Introduction
Antennas are the most critical components in modern age for wireless communica-
tions. The rst wireless electromagnetic system was demonstrated in 1886 [1], and
in 1901, Marconi succeeded in sending signals over long distances from England to
Newfoundland, Canada. In 1950, the idea of microstrip antenna was rst introduced
[2]; however, it took almost 20 years for researchers to practically realize the con-
cept, thanks to the development of printed circuit board (PCB) in the 1970s [3]. The
necessity for having antennas with low pro le, low weight, low cost, easy integra-
tion into arrays and microwave-integrated circuits, or polarization diversity, encour-
aged the researchers to develop microstrip antennas [4, 5]. The compatibility of
microstrip antennas with integrated electronics is very evident and is a great impe-
tus to antenna designers particularly so, now that a large variety of new substrate
materials are commercially available in the market. Unlike other antennas, microstrip
patch antennas can be con gured with either the transmitting or receiving modes of
operations. The limitations of the original microstrip antennas such as narrow
bandwidth, poor polarization purity, spurious feed radiation, limited
H. Das (*)
Department of Electronics and Communication Technology, Gauhati University,
Guwahati, Assam, India
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Sharma
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gauhati University,
Guwahati, Assam, India
Q. Xu
Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Hudders eld, Hudders eld, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_1
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its
Performance Parameter
Hirendra Das, Mridusmita Sharma, and Qiang Xu
1 Introduction
Antennas are the most critical components in modern age for wireless communica-
tions. The rst wireless electromagnetic system was demonstrated in 1886 [1], and
in 1901, Marconi succeeded in sending signals over long distances from England to
Newfoundland, Canada. In 1950, the idea of microstrip antenna was rst introduced
[2]; however, it took almost 20 years for researchers to practically realize the con-
cept, thanks to the development of printed circuit board (PCB) in the 1970s [3]. The
necessity for having antennas with low pro le, low weight, low cost, easy integra-
tion into arrays and microwave-integrated circuits, or polarization diversity, encour-
aged the researchers to develop microstrip antennas [4, 5]. The compatibility of
microstrip antennas with integrated electronics is very evident and is a great impe-
tus to antenna designers particularly so, now that a large variety of new substrate
materials are commercially available in the market. Unlike other antennas, microstrip
patch antennas can be con gured with either the transmitting or receiving modes of
operations. The limitations of the original microstrip antennas such as narrow
bandwidth, poor polarization purity, spurious feed radiation, limited
H. Das (*)
Department of Electronics and Communication Technology, Gauhati University,
Guwahati, Assam, India
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Sharma
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gauhati University,
Guwahati, Assam, India
Q. Xu
Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Hudders eld, Hudders eld, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
4
power-handling capacity, and tolerance problems have been overcome by continu-
ous research, design developments, and performance optimizations. This leads to
the design of novel microstrip antenna con gurations with accurate and versatile
analytical models for the understanding of inherent limitation of microstrip anten-
nas to satisfy increasingly stringent system requirements [6, 7]. The three main
fundamental disadvantages of microstrip antenna are narrow bandwidth, low gain,
and relatively large size. Among these three, narrow bandwidth is the most signi -
cant one and can be directly improved by increasing the substrate thickness.
However, with increasing thickness of the substrate, the radiation power decreases
[8]. Different ways are proposed by the researchers to improve the bandwidth of the
antenna without compromising the radiation power, including impedance matching
networks using stub [9, 10]; novel designs [11, 12]; using different shapes and sizes
of shots on the patch or in the ground plane such as U, step U, half step U, and
L-shaped rectangular microstrip antenna [13]; W-shaped patch antenna [14]; M-slot
folded patch antenna [15]; microstrip antennas using magneto-dielectric substrate
[16]; complementary rhombus resonator [17]; nanomaterial-based microstrip
antenna [18]; etc. The low- gain problem can be solved by using cavity backing,
which eliminates the bidirectional radiation to provide higher gain compared to
conventional microstrip antenna [19]. The large size of the microstrip antenna par -
ticularly at lower microwave frequencies is another limitation which could be
addressed by inductive or capacitive loading techniques [20] to fabricate electrically
small microstrip antenna. In some other studies, works are also reported on different
composite metamaterial resonators and magneto-dielectric substrate-based
microstrip antennas for size reduction.
It is evident from the above discussion that continuous improvements and perfor-
mance enhancement of microstrip antenna are ongoing to meet the demands of
compact, highly ef cient, lightweight, and low-cost devices. Lately, the demand of
compact wireless designs has necessitated the importance of continuously size-
decreasing con gurations. Emerging novel nanomaterials could also play an impor-
tant part in the development of next-generation microstrip patch antennas. However,
it is important to have a balance among bandwidth, gain, and size of microstrip
antenna. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic theory and different design and
performance parameters of microstrip antennas followed by a state-of-the-art review
of the recent trends in this area.
2 Design and Performance Parameters of Microstrip
Antenna: An Overview
Due to features like compact design, ef ciency, high performance, lightweight, low
cost, etc., microstrip patch antennas (MPA) have become common elements in mod-
ern transmit-receive systems. The microstrip antennas are often termed as microstrip
patch antenna (MPA). The radiating elements and feed lines are usually photo
etched on the dielectric substrate. The basic structure of a rectangular microstrip
patch antenna is shown in Fig. 1a. Depending on the shape of the patch, the antenna H. Das et al.
power-handling capacity, and tolerance problems have been overcome by continu-
ous research, design developments, and performance optimizations. This leads to
the design of novel microstrip antenna con gurations with accurate and versatile
analytical models for the understanding of inherent limitation of microstrip anten-
nas to satisfy increasingly stringent system requirements [6, 7]. The three main
fundamental disadvantages of microstrip antenna are narrow bandwidth, low gain,
and relatively large size. Among these three, narrow bandwidth is the most signi -
cant one and can be directly improved by increasing the substrate thickness.
However, with increasing thickness of the substrate, the radiation power decreases
[8]. Different ways are proposed by the researchers to improve the bandwidth of the
antenna without compromising the radiation power, including impedance matching
networks using stub [9, 10]; novel designs [11, 12]; using different shapes and sizes
of shots on the patch or in the ground plane such as U, step U, half step U, and
L-shaped rectangular microstrip antenna [13]; W-shaped patch antenna [14]; M-slot
folded patch antenna [15]; microstrip antennas using magneto-dielectric substrate
[16]; complementary rhombus resonator [17]; nanomaterial-based microstrip
antenna [18]; etc. The low- gain problem can be solved by using cavity backing,
which eliminates the bidirectional radiation to provide higher gain compared to
conventional microstrip antenna [19]. The large size of the microstrip antenna par -
ticularly at lower microwave frequencies is another limitation which could be
addressed by inductive or capacitive loading techniques [20] to fabricate electrically
small microstrip antenna. In some other studies, works are also reported on different
composite metamaterial resonators and magneto-dielectric substrate-based
microstrip antennas for size reduction.
It is evident from the above discussion that continuous improvements and perfor-
mance enhancement of microstrip antenna are ongoing to meet the demands of
compact, highly ef cient, lightweight, and low-cost devices. Lately, the demand of
compact wireless designs has necessitated the importance of continuously size-
decreasing con gurations. Emerging novel nanomaterials could also play an impor-
tant part in the development of next-generation microstrip patch antennas. However,
it is important to have a balance among bandwidth, gain, and size of microstrip
antenna. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic theory and different design and
performance parameters of microstrip antennas followed by a state-of-the-art review
of the recent trends in this area.
2 Design and Performance Parameters of Microstrip
Antenna: An Overview
Due to features like compact design, ef ciency, high performance, lightweight, low
cost, etc., microstrip patch antennas (MPA) have become common elements in mod-
ern transmit-receive systems. The microstrip antennas are often termed as microstrip
patch antenna (MPA). The radiating elements and feed lines are usually photo
etched on the dielectric substrate. The basic structure of a rectangular microstrip
patch antenna is shown in Fig. 1a. Depending on the shape of the patch, the antenna H. Das et al.
5
may be square, rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular, or any
other conguration as shown in Fig. 1b. The length ?L? de nes the resonant fre-
quency of the antenna, and width “W” determines the radiation which in turn deter-
mines the bandwidth and gain of the antenna. There are many feeding methods
which can be used in microstrip antennas. The traditional microstrip antennas have
the impedance bandwidth of only a few percent and radiation pattern with omnidi-
rection, which obviously does not meet the requirements of various wireless appli-
cations. To solve this problem, a variety of different design topologies have been
used with different microstrip antenna element structures and different microstrip
array arrangements to meet the requirements of ultra-wideband (UWB), high-gain,
multi-polarized, and compact design.
2.1 Feeding Techniques
Feeding techniques are one of the most important things to be considered while
designing a microstrip antenna because many potential good designs have been
rejected because of their bad feeding quality. The four most commonly used feeding
techniques are microstrip line feed, coaxial feed, aperture coupling, and proximity
coupling. The schematic diagram of the four types of feeding techniques is given
in Fig. 2.
Microstrip line feeding is the most widely used technique because of its simplic-
ity in design and easy manufacturing process [21–23]. Figure 2a shows a patch with
microstrip line feed from the side of the patch. This type of feeding is used in both
single- and multi-patch (array) antennas. Coaxial feed which is also known as co-
planner feed is one of the cheapest and simplest ways to couple power to the patch
antenna through a probe. The N-coaxial connector is coupled to the ground plane,
and the center connector of the cable is soldered to the patch as shown in Fig. 2b.
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (b) Shapes of microstrip
patch element
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
may be square, rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular, or any
other conguration as shown in Fig. 1b. The length ?L? de nes the resonant fre-
quency of the antenna, and width “W” determines the radiation which in turn deter-
mines the bandwidth and gain of the antenna. There are many feeding methods
which can be used in microstrip antennas. The traditional microstrip antennas have
the impedance bandwidth of only a few percent and radiation pattern with omnidi-
rection, which obviously does not meet the requirements of various wireless appli-
cations. To solve this problem, a variety of different design topologies have been
used with different microstrip antenna element structures and different microstrip
array arrangements to meet the requirements of ultra-wideband (UWB), high-gain,
multi-polarized, and compact design.
2.1 Feeding Techniques
Feeding techniques are one of the most important things to be considered while
designing a microstrip antenna because many potential good designs have been
rejected because of their bad feeding quality. The four most commonly used feeding
techniques are microstrip line feed, coaxial feed, aperture coupling, and proximity
coupling. The schematic diagram of the four types of feeding techniques is given
in Fig. 2.
Microstrip line feeding is the most widely used technique because of its simplic-
ity in design and easy manufacturing process [21–23]. Figure 2a shows a patch with
microstrip line feed from the side of the patch. This type of feeding is used in both
single- and multi-patch (array) antennas. Coaxial feed which is also known as co-
planner feed is one of the cheapest and simplest ways to couple power to the patch
antenna through a probe. The N-coaxial connector is coupled to the ground plane,
and the center connector of the cable is soldered to the patch as shown in Fig. 2b.
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (b) Shapes of microstrip
patch element
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
6
The coaxial feed connected at exactly 50 ohm does not require any external match-
ing network for impedance matching.
Proximity coupled, which is also known as electromagnetically coupled,
microstrip feed is shown in Fig. 2c. Two different substrates with different dielectric
constants are used at the top and bottom of this structure as ground plane. The patch
is at the top, and the microstrip line is connected to the power source lying between
the two substrates. The working principle is based on the capacitive behavior of the
patch and the feed strip line which can be used for impedance matching of the
antenna. This design is relatively complicated compared to the earlier two tech-
niques. Figure 2d shows the aperture coupling mechanism used for microstrip
antenna. A circular or rectangular aperture at the ground plane separates the upper
substrate ε
r1 with the patch on it and the lower substrate ε
r2 which contains the
microstrip feed line under it. A wider bandwidth can be achieved using this feeding
technique with improved polarization purity.
All the feeding techniques have their advantages and disadvantages and are used
based on the requirements. A comparison between different parameters of the four
feeding techniques can be seen in Fig. 3. From the pie chart, a comparison among
return loss, bandwidth, and impedance of the four feeding techniques could be
obtained. Microstrip feed provides balanced characteristics among the four, except
the bandwidth. Aperture feed provides the best bandwidth, whereas return loss is
maximum for coaxial feeding technique. The discussion and comparison of feeding
techniques are very important as they affect important parameters of the microstrip
antenna such as the bandwidth, patch size, VSWR, and return loss up to a great
extent. Table 1 shows an overall comparison among the parameters of different
feeding techniques.
Fig. 2 A schematic representation of different feeding techniques used in microstrip antennaH. Das et al.
The coaxial feed connected at exactly 50 ohm does not require any external match-
ing network for impedance matching.
Proximity coupled, which is also known as electromagnetically coupled,
microstrip feed is shown in Fig. 2c. Two different substrates with different dielectric
constants are used at the top and bottom of this structure as ground plane. The patch
is at the top, and the microstrip line is connected to the power source lying between
the two substrates. The working principle is based on the capacitive behavior of the
patch and the feed strip line which can be used for impedance matching of the
antenna. This design is relatively complicated compared to the earlier two tech-
niques. Figure 2d shows the aperture coupling mechanism used for microstrip
antenna. A circular or rectangular aperture at the ground plane separates the upper
substrate ε
r1 with the patch on it and the lower substrate ε
r2 which contains the
microstrip feed line under it. A wider bandwidth can be achieved using this feeding
technique with improved polarization purity.
All the feeding techniques have their advantages and disadvantages and are used
based on the requirements. A comparison between different parameters of the four
feeding techniques can be seen in Fig. 3. From the pie chart, a comparison among
return loss, bandwidth, and impedance of the four feeding techniques could be
obtained. Microstrip feed provides balanced characteristics among the four, except
the bandwidth. Aperture feed provides the best bandwidth, whereas return loss is
maximum for coaxial feeding technique. The discussion and comparison of feeding
techniques are very important as they affect important parameters of the microstrip
antenna such as the bandwidth, patch size, VSWR, and return loss up to a great
extent. Table 1 shows an overall comparison among the parameters of different
feeding techniques.
Fig. 2 A schematic representation of different feeding techniques used in microstrip antennaH. Das et al.
7
2.2 Performance Parameters
2.2.1 Directivity and Gain
The directivity of an antenna is de ned as the ratio of the radiation intensity U in a
given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all
directions.
Mathematically it can be represented as:
DirectivityD
P
rd
()=
4
πU
(1)
Here, P
rd is antenna input power.
Gain can be de ned as the directivity reduced by losses on the antenna structure.
Losses are represented by radiation ef ciency e
r (0 ≤ e
r ≤ 1). Mathematically:
GainGeD
r()=
(2)
Continuous works are being reported by the researchers to enhance the directiv-
ity and gain of the MPA. A narrow bandwidth (BW) and unidirectional dual-layer
Fig. 3 Comparison of return loss, bandwidth, and impedance parameters of different feeding
techniques
Table 1 Parameters of different feeding techniques: a comparison
Characteristic Microstrip feedAperture feedCoaxial feedProximity feed
Bandwidth 2–5% 21% 2–5% 13%
Return loss Less Less More More
Impedance matchingEasy Easy Easy Easy
Reliability Better Good Poor Good
Resonant frequencyMore Least Less Highest
VSWR < 1.5 ~ 2 1.4–1.8 < 1.23
Polarization Poor Excellent Poor Poor
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
2.2 Performance Parameters
2.2.1 Directivity and Gain
The directivity of an antenna is de ned as the ratio of the radiation intensity U in a
given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all
directions.
Mathematically it can be represented as:
DirectivityD
P
rd
()=
4
πU
(1)
Here, P
rd is antenna input power.
Gain can be de ned as the directivity reduced by losses on the antenna structure.
Losses are represented by radiation ef ciency e
r (0 ≤ e
r ≤ 1). Mathematically:
GainGeD
r()=
(2)
Continuous works are being reported by the researchers to enhance the directiv-
ity and gain of the MPA. A narrow bandwidth (BW) and unidirectional dual-layer
Fig. 3 Comparison of return loss, bandwidth, and impedance parameters of different feeding
techniques
Table 1 Parameters of different feeding techniques: a comparison
Characteristic Microstrip feedAperture feedCoaxial feedProximity feed
Bandwidth 2–5% 21% 2–5% 13%
Return loss Less Less More More
Impedance matchingEasy Easy Easy Easy
Reliability Better Good Poor Good
Resonant frequencyMore Least Less Highest
VSWR < 1.5 ~ 2 1.4–1.8 < 1.23
Polarization Poor Excellent Poor Poor
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
8
microstrip patch antenna with small-sized design for speci c use in security and
military systems were designed in 2014 [24], where they have achieved a gain of
5.2 dB with directivity 7.6 dB by using a dual substrate layer of FR-4 of thickness
of 1.6 mm. Another report proposed two MPA arrays with enhanced gains of 12.41
and 10.11 dB as compared to 5.06 dB of conventional microstrip antenna array [25].
In a recent study, enhancement of gain up to 5.54 dB was reported using proximity
coupled MPA operating in 7.067GHz–7.40 GHz frequency range [26].
2.2.2 Return Loss
The return loss of MPA can be given by the measure of how properly the devices or
lines are matched. For a mismatched load, the whole input power is not delivered to
the load, and a fraction of the power is returned, which is termed as return loss.
Mathematically it can be given by:
RdB
P
P
L
in
rd()=10
10
log
(3)
where R
L → return loss in dB
P
in → incident radiation
P
rd →)re=ected power.
From Eq. 3, return loss can also be de ned as the logarithmic ratio of the antenna
input power from the transmission line to the antenna?s reected power.
R
SWR
SWR
L
=
−
20
1
10
log
(4)
Here, SWR is the standing wave ratio. Return loss is an important parameter to
describe the quality of the MPA, and several studies can be found in this area
[27–29].
2.2.3 Radiating Pattern and(Ef)ciency
It is de ned as the ratio of radiating power to the incident power of the antenna. The
value of radiating efciency lies between 0 and 1, and ?d? is measured in terms of=
percentage (%). Mathematically it is given by:
e
P
P
r
rd
in
=
(5)
Here, e
r → radiating power. It is less than 100% due to the losses in the antenna.H. Das et al.
microstrip patch antenna with small-sized design for speci c use in security and
military systems were designed in 2014 [24], where they have achieved a gain of
5.2 dB with directivity 7.6 dB by using a dual substrate layer of FR-4 of thickness
of 1.6 mm. Another report proposed two MPA arrays with enhanced gains of 12.41
and 10.11 dB as compared to 5.06 dB of conventional microstrip antenna array [25].
In a recent study, enhancement of gain up to 5.54 dB was reported using proximity
coupled MPA operating in 7.067GHz–7.40 GHz frequency range [26].
2.2.2 Return Loss
The return loss of MPA can be given by the measure of how properly the devices or
lines are matched. For a mismatched load, the whole input power is not delivered to
the load, and a fraction of the power is returned, which is termed as return loss.
Mathematically it can be given by:
RdB
P
P
L
in
rd()=10
10
log
(3)
where R
L → return loss in dB
P
in → incident radiation
P
rd →)re=ected power.
From Eq. 3, return loss can also be de ned as the logarithmic ratio of the antenna
input power from the transmission line to the antenna?s reected power.
R
SWR
SWR
L
=
−
20
1
10
log
(4)
Here, SWR is the standing wave ratio. Return loss is an important parameter to
describe the quality of the MPA, and several studies can be found in this area
[27–29].
2.2.3 Radiating Pattern and(Ef)ciency
It is de ned as the ratio of radiating power to the incident power of the antenna. The
value of radiating efciency lies between 0 and 1, and ?d? is measured in terms of=
percentage (%). Mathematically it is given by:
e
P
P
r
rd
in
=
(5)
Here, e
r → radiating power. It is less than 100% due to the losses in the antenna.H. Das et al.
9
Antenna ef ciency is given by the radiation ef ciency multiplied by the imped-
ance mismatch, which is always less than the radiating ef ciency. Researchers are
continuously working to enhance the ef ciency of MPA using different designs and
other techniques, which can be found in various reports [30–33]. The 3D simulated
radiation pattern and ef ciency of a novel microstrip patch antenna designed at
1.84 GHz is shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. From the radiation pattern, it can
be observed that the maximum gain for the microstrip antenna is 2.86 dB.
2.3 Microstrip Antenna Topologies: A Review of Literature
A wide variety of MPA design topologies, along with different microstrip antenna
element structures and array arrangements, have been investigated throughout the
years by the researchers to achieve high gain and ultra-wideband operations. The
lowest frequency for which microstrip antenna is designed and fabricated is
450 MHz, published in 2017 [34]. The highest-frequency microstrip antenna pub-
lished till date is 60 GHz antenna reported in 2019 [35]. They measured a band-
width of 4.92 GHz for this antenna that covers channels 2 and 3 of 60 GHz WLAN/
WPAN applications. A novel wideband quasi-Yagi microstrip antenna design with
operating frequency in the range of 4.4–9.6 GHz and gain higher than 5 dB at most
frequency band was reported [36]. Works are being reported on the design of a
wideband planar microstrip-fed quasi-Yagi antenna using two rows of directors to
achieve a higher gain [37]. This proposed structure results a frequency range of
1.84–4.59 GHz and a gain of about 4.5–9.3 dB.
The current emerging wireless systems and radar applications require wide fre-
quency bands, which encourages the researchers to design wideband antennas. In a
recent study, researchers have proposed a compact high-gain quasi-Yagi antenna
array using split-ring resonator (SRR) at an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz [38].
The SSR antenna could be used to suppress mutual coupling with possible high
gain. Ground-plane slot microstrip antennas have the advantages of large bandwidth
and good impedance matching [39]. Works are also being proposed by researchers
Fig. 4 (a) 3D Radiation pattern and (b) ef ciency vs. frequency graph of a microstrip antenna
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
Antenna ef ciency is given by the radiation ef ciency multiplied by the imped-
ance mismatch, which is always less than the radiating ef ciency. Researchers are
continuously working to enhance the ef ciency of MPA using different designs and
other techniques, which can be found in various reports [30–33]. The 3D simulated
radiation pattern and ef ciency of a novel microstrip patch antenna designed at
1.84 GHz is shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. From the radiation pattern, it can
be observed that the maximum gain for the microstrip antenna is 2.86 dB.
2.3 Microstrip Antenna Topologies: A Review of Literature
A wide variety of MPA design topologies, along with different microstrip antenna
element structures and array arrangements, have been investigated throughout the
years by the researchers to achieve high gain and ultra-wideband operations. The
lowest frequency for which microstrip antenna is designed and fabricated is
450 MHz, published in 2017 [34]. The highest-frequency microstrip antenna pub-
lished till date is 60 GHz antenna reported in 2019 [35]. They measured a band-
width of 4.92 GHz for this antenna that covers channels 2 and 3 of 60 GHz WLAN/
WPAN applications. A novel wideband quasi-Yagi microstrip antenna design with
operating frequency in the range of 4.4–9.6 GHz and gain higher than 5 dB at most
frequency band was reported [36]. Works are being reported on the design of a
wideband planar microstrip-fed quasi-Yagi antenna using two rows of directors to
achieve a higher gain [37]. This proposed structure results a frequency range of
1.84–4.59 GHz and a gain of about 4.5–9.3 dB.
The current emerging wireless systems and radar applications require wide fre-
quency bands, which encourages the researchers to design wideband antennas. In a
recent study, researchers have proposed a compact high-gain quasi-Yagi antenna
array using split-ring resonator (SRR) at an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz [38].
The SSR antenna could be used to suppress mutual coupling with possible high
gain. Ground-plane slot microstrip antennas have the advantages of large bandwidth
and good impedance matching [39]. Works are also being proposed by researchers
Fig. 4 (a) 3D Radiation pattern and (b) ef ciency vs. frequency graph of a microstrip antenna
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
10
on combining different types of MPA and frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) to
enhance certain antenna characteristics [40, 41]. Researchers have also used FSS
superstrate layer to increase the impedance bandwidth as well as the gain of an
aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna [42]. Other signi cant works and recent
developments are also being reported on the use of microstrip antennas for broad-
band applications [43, 44], mobile and satellite 5G communication [45, 46], radio-
frequency identi cation [47], WLAN/WiMAX applications [48], automobile
application [49], and so on.
In recent times, researchers are also exploring the idea of nanomaterial and low-
dimensional structure-based ef cient microstrip antenna for a wide range of appli-
cations. Tools like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) can be used to deposit the required amount of conductive patch material on
the dielectric substrate instead of the conventional lithographic process or removing
the unwanted metal from a dielectric substrate. Nano-thin lms as radiating patch
used to fabricate aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna (ACMPA) by research-
ers were reported in 2012 [50]. A nanotechnology-based proximity coupled patch
antenna in the X band frequencies was reported in 2013 [51]. They have discussed
the effect of nano-thin lms as radiating patch on the antenna resonant frequency
and bandwidth. Nano- llers such as fumed silica and aluminum oxide were used
with RT/duroid 5880 to fabricate antenna substrates with compact dimensions [52].
Silver nanoparticles are used to fabricate exible microstrip antenna using a poly-
mer substrate [53]. An inkjet printer was used to print the antenna using the silver
nanoparticles. The said antenna is exible and weighs only 0.208 g, which makes it
suitable for applications in wearable electronic devices. Works are also reported on
the use of carbon nanotube-based patch for microstrip antenna design to enhance
the gain of the system [54]. The reported multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-
based microstrip patch antenna was fabricated using spin coating technique operat-
ing in the frequency range of 8.5–11 GHz, which exhibits an increased impedance
bandwidth of 20%. In a recent study, researchers have reported investigation of
graphene-based microstrip radiating structure for possible use in L- and S-band
applications [55]. They obtained a multiband and tunable frequency response by
changing the reection coefcient by varying the chemical potential of graphene.
The designed antenna showed the highest gain of 9.42 dB at a resonance frequency
of 3.25 GHz.
3 Design Parameters of Microstrip Antenna
The performance of MPA depends on different design parameters. One major design
parameter is the choice of the substrate. Substrate dielectric constant and thickness
are two major parameters for the selection of substrate. A few popular substrates for
MPA with the most pertinent parameters, such as substrate name, thickness, dielec-
tric constant, frequency range, and loss tangent, are given in Table 2.H. Das et al.
on combining different types of MPA and frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) to
enhance certain antenna characteristics [40, 41]. Researchers have also used FSS
superstrate layer to increase the impedance bandwidth as well as the gain of an
aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna [42]. Other signi cant works and recent
developments are also being reported on the use of microstrip antennas for broad-
band applications [43, 44], mobile and satellite 5G communication [45, 46], radio-
frequency identi cation [47], WLAN/WiMAX applications [48], automobile
application [49], and so on.
In recent times, researchers are also exploring the idea of nanomaterial and low-
dimensional structure-based ef cient microstrip antenna for a wide range of appli-
cations. Tools like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) can be used to deposit the required amount of conductive patch material on
the dielectric substrate instead of the conventional lithographic process or removing
the unwanted metal from a dielectric substrate. Nano-thin lms as radiating patch
used to fabricate aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna (ACMPA) by research-
ers were reported in 2012 [50]. A nanotechnology-based proximity coupled patch
antenna in the X band frequencies was reported in 2013 [51]. They have discussed
the effect of nano-thin lms as radiating patch on the antenna resonant frequency
and bandwidth. Nano- llers such as fumed silica and aluminum oxide were used
with RT/duroid 5880 to fabricate antenna substrates with compact dimensions [52].
Silver nanoparticles are used to fabricate exible microstrip antenna using a poly-
mer substrate [53]. An inkjet printer was used to print the antenna using the silver
nanoparticles. The said antenna is exible and weighs only 0.208 g, which makes it
suitable for applications in wearable electronic devices. Works are also reported on
the use of carbon nanotube-based patch for microstrip antenna design to enhance
the gain of the system [54]. The reported multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-
based microstrip patch antenna was fabricated using spin coating technique operat-
ing in the frequency range of 8.5–11 GHz, which exhibits an increased impedance
bandwidth of 20%. In a recent study, researchers have reported investigation of
graphene-based microstrip radiating structure for possible use in L- and S-band
applications [55]. They obtained a multiband and tunable frequency response by
changing the reection coefcient by varying the chemical potential of graphene.
The designed antenna showed the highest gain of 9.42 dB at a resonance frequency
of 3.25 GHz.
3 Design Parameters of Microstrip Antenna
The performance of MPA depends on different design parameters. One major design
parameter is the choice of the substrate. Substrate dielectric constant and thickness
are two major parameters for the selection of substrate. A few popular substrates for
MPA with the most pertinent parameters, such as substrate name, thickness, dielec-
tric constant, frequency range, and loss tangent, are given in Table 2.H. Das et al.
11
Apart from the abovementioned substrates, many others are also present in the
market. From the above, RO series along with FR4 is very popular for microstrip
antenna design. The bandwidth of the antenna related to the material substrate is
given by the following equation:
BW
r
r
r
≅
+
96
2417
0
μ
ελ
μεt
r
(6)
where “t” is the thickness of the substrate and “λ
0” is resonance frequency wave-
length. The term
με
rr
is known as miniaturization factor or refractive index,
which determines the size of the antenna.
The dimensions of the patch (length and width) are also vital for antenna perfor-
mance. “W” is always related to the radiation edge, whereas “L” is always related
to the non-radiating edge. The width for an efεcient radiator is given by:
W
r
r
=
+
−
c
f2
1
2
1
2
ε
(7)
where c → velocity of light
f
r → antenna operating frequency
ε
r → dielectric constant.
The length of the patch is given by:
Ll
re
=− ∆
c
f2
2
ε
(8)
Table 2 Different substrates with most pertinent parameters
SubstrateThickness (mm)Dielectric constant (ε r)Frequency (GHz)Loss tangent (tanδ)
Duroid 58800.127 2.20 0–40 0.0009
RO 3003 1.575 3.00 0–40 0.0010
RO 3010 3.175 10.2 0–10 0.0022
RO 4350 0.168 3.48 0–10 0.0037
HK 04 J 0.025 3.50 0.001 0.0050
IS 410 0.05–3.2 0.10 5.40 0.0350
FR4 0.05–100 4.70 0.001 –
DiClad 8700.091 2.33 0–10 0.0013
RF-60A 0.102 6.15 0–10 0.0038
NH 9320 3.175 3.20 0–10 0.0024
Polyguide0.102 2.32 0–10 0.0005
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
Apart from the abovementioned substrates, many others are also present in the
market. From the above, RO series along with FR4 is very popular for microstrip
antenna design. The bandwidth of the antenna related to the material substrate is
given by the following equation:
BW
r
r
r
≅
+
96
2417
0
μ
ελ
μεt
r
(6)
where “t” is the thickness of the substrate and “λ
0” is resonance frequency wave-
length. The term
με
rr
is known as miniaturization factor or refractive index,
which determines the size of the antenna.
The dimensions of the patch (length and width) are also vital for antenna perfor-
mance. “W” is always related to the radiation edge, whereas “L” is always related
to the non-radiating edge. The width for an efεcient radiator is given by:
W
r
r
=
+
−
c
f2
1
2
1
2
ε
(7)
where c → velocity of light
f
r → antenna operating frequency
ε
r → dielectric constant.
The length of the patch is given by:
Ll
re
=− ∆
c
f2
2
ε
(8)
Table 2 Different substrates with most pertinent parameters
SubstrateThickness (mm)Dielectric constant (ε r)Frequency (GHz)Loss tangent (tanδ)
Duroid 58800.127 2.20 0–40 0.0009
RO 3003 1.575 3.00 0–40 0.0010
RO 3010 3.175 10.2 0–10 0.0022
RO 4350 0.168 3.48 0–10 0.0037
HK 04 J 0.025 3.50 0.001 0.0050
IS 410 0.05–3.2 0.10 5.40 0.0350
FR4 0.05–100 4.70 0.001 –
DiClad 8700.091 2.33 0–10 0.0013
RF-60A 0.102 6.15 0–10 0.0038
NH 9320 3.175 3.20 0–10 0.0024
Polyguide0.102 2.32 0–10 0.0005
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
12
Here, ε
e is the effective dielectric constant, and Δl represents the line extension
at the ends given by Hammerstad as:
∆=
+() +()
−() +()
lh
wt
wt
e
e
0412
03 0264
0258 08
.
./ .
./ .
ε
ε
(9)
where “t” is the substrate thickness.
4 Conclusions
A brief overview of microstrip antenna with different performance and design
parameters is provided in this chapter. From the above discussion, it can be observed
that using different substrates and feeding techniques and controlling the perfor-
mance parameters, MPAs can be designed with different topologies and structures
to meet the modern-day requirements such as high →exibility, high gain and band-
width, compact, lightweight, and low cost. A state-of-the-art literature review is also
included in the chapter to outline the continuous research development works in this
λeld and future prospects for these structures. It is also observed from the study that
extensive works are ongoing nanomaterial-based microstrip antennas, which are
showing promising improvements in recent years. These new classes of materials
could be a game changer for developments of next-generation microstrip antennas.
References
1. Hertz, H.R.: Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen. Ann. Phys. 267(7), 421–448 (1887)
2. Deschamps, G.A.: Microstrip microwave antennas. In: Proceedings of the 3rd USAF
Symposium on Antennas (1953)
3. Byron, E.V.: A new →ush-mounted antenna element for phased array application. In:
Proceedings of the Phased Array Antenna Symposium-1970, pp. 187–192 (1970)
4. Carver, K.R., Mink, J.W.: Microstrip antenna technology. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1(1),
2–24 (1981)
5. Pozar, D.M.: Microstrip antennas. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 79–91 (1992)
6. Balanis, C.A.: Antenna theory: a review. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 7–23 (1992)
7. Ranjan, P.: A new approach for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna. In:
2nd International Conference on Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
pp. 122–125 (2018)
8. Pozar, D.M.: Microstrip antennas. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 79–91 (1992)
9. Pozar, D.M., Kaufman, B.: Increasing the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna by proximity
coupling. Electron. Lett. 23(8), 368–369 (1987)
10. Pues, H.F., Van de Capelle, A.R.: Impedance-matching technique for increasing the bandwidth
of microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 37(11), 1345–1354 (1989)
11. Kamakshi, K., Singh, A., Aneesh, M., Ansari, J.A.: Novel design of microstrip antenna with
improved bandwidth. Int. J. Microw. Sci. Technol. 2014, 659592, 7 pages (2014)H. Das et al.
Here, ε
e is the effective dielectric constant, and Δl represents the line extension
at the ends given by Hammerstad as:
∆=
+() +()
−() +()
lh
wt
wt
e
e
0412
03 0264
0258 08
.
./ .
./ .
ε
ε
(9)
where “t” is the substrate thickness.
4 Conclusions
A brief overview of microstrip antenna with different performance and design
parameters is provided in this chapter. From the above discussion, it can be observed
that using different substrates and feeding techniques and controlling the perfor-
mance parameters, MPAs can be designed with different topologies and structures
to meet the modern-day requirements such as high →exibility, high gain and band-
width, compact, lightweight, and low cost. A state-of-the-art literature review is also
included in the chapter to outline the continuous research development works in this
λeld and future prospects for these structures. It is also observed from the study that
extensive works are ongoing nanomaterial-based microstrip antennas, which are
showing promising improvements in recent years. These new classes of materials
could be a game changer for developments of next-generation microstrip antennas.
References
1. Hertz, H.R.: Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen. Ann. Phys. 267(7), 421–448 (1887)
2. Deschamps, G.A.: Microstrip microwave antennas. In: Proceedings of the 3rd USAF
Symposium on Antennas (1953)
3. Byron, E.V.: A new →ush-mounted antenna element for phased array application. In:
Proceedings of the Phased Array Antenna Symposium-1970, pp. 187–192 (1970)
4. Carver, K.R., Mink, J.W.: Microstrip antenna technology. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1(1),
2–24 (1981)
5. Pozar, D.M.: Microstrip antennas. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 79–91 (1992)
6. Balanis, C.A.: Antenna theory: a review. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 7–23 (1992)
7. Ranjan, P.: A new approach for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna. In:
2nd International Conference on Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
pp. 122–125 (2018)
8. Pozar, D.M.: Microstrip antennas. Proc. IEEE. 80(1), 79–91 (1992)
9. Pozar, D.M., Kaufman, B.: Increasing the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna by proximity
coupling. Electron. Lett. 23(8), 368–369 (1987)
10. Pues, H.F., Van de Capelle, A.R.: Impedance-matching technique for increasing the bandwidth
of microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 37(11), 1345–1354 (1989)
11. Kamakshi, K., Singh, A., Aneesh, M., Ansari, J.A.: Novel design of microstrip antenna with
improved bandwidth. Int. J. Microw. Sci. Technol. 2014, 659592, 7 pages (2014)H. Das et al.
13
12. Keskin, U., Döken, B., Kartal, M.: Bandwidth improvement in microstrip patch antenna. In:
8th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul,
pp. 215–219 (2017)
13. Deshmukh, A.A., Kumar, G.: Compact broadband U-slot-loaded rectangular microstrip anten-
nas. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 46(6), 556–559 (2005)
14. Joshi, N.K., Upadhye, P.A.: Microstrip patch antenna with W-shape slot using dual dielec-
tric substrates. In: 2019 2nd International Conference on Communication Engineering and
Technology (ICCET), Nagoya, Japan, pp. 121–124 (2019)
15. Jolani, F., Dadgarpour, A.M., Hassani, H.R.: Compact M-slot folded patch antenna for
WLAN. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 3, 35–42 (2008)
16. Zaid, J., Farahani, M., Denidni, T.A.: Magneto-dielectric substrate-based microstrip antenna
for RFID applications. IET Microw. Antenna Propag. 11(10), 1389–1392 (2017)
17. Tao, L., Xu, J., Li, H., Hao, Y., Huang, S., Lei, M., Bi, K.: Bandwidth enhancement of
microstrip patch antenna using complementary Rhombus resonator. Wirel. Commun. Mob.
Comput. 2018, 6352181, 8 pages (2018)
18. Mahesh, C.P., Shaikh, M.M., Sharon, M., Sharon, M.: Zinc nanoparticles loaded rectangular
microstrip antenna for multiband operation. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. 6(5), 261–264 (2018)
19. Yuan, Y., Si, L.-M., Liu, Y., Lv, X.: Integrated log periodic antenna for Terahertz applications.
In: International Conference on Microwave Technology and Computational Electromagnetics,
pp. 276–279 (2009)
20. Azadegan, R., Sarabandi, K.: A novel approach for miniaturization of slot antennas. IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag. 51(3), 421–429 (2003)
21. Wang, H., Huang, X.B., Fang, D.G., Han, G.B.: A microstrip antenna array formed by microstrip
line fed tooth-like-slot patches. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55, 1210–1214 (2007)
22. Sung, Y.: A printed wide-slot antenna with a modi ed L-shaped microstrip line for wideband
applications. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 59, 3918–3923 (2011)
23. Sung, Y.: Bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip line-fed printed wide-slot antenna with a
parasitic center patch. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60, 1712–1217 (2012)
24. Mekki, A.S., Hamidon, M.N., Ismail, A., Alhawari, A.R.H.: Gain enhancement of a microstrip
Patch antenna using a reecting layer. Int. J. Antenna Propag. 2015, 975263, 7 pages, (2015)
25. Prahlada Rao, K., Vani, R.M., Hunagund, P.V.: Planar microstrip patch antenna array with gain
enhancement. Procedia Comput. Sci. 143, 48–57 (2018)
26. Saxena, S., Saxena, N.: Proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna for gain enhancement.
In: 2020 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication & Materials
(ICACCM), Dehradun, India, pp. 423–426 (2020)
27. Mohanna, S., Farahbakhsh, A., Tavakoli, S., Ghassemi, N.: Reduction of mutual coupling and
return loss in microstrip array antennas using concave rectangular patches. Int. J. Microw. Sci.
Technol. 2010, 297519, 5 pages (2010)
28. Khinda, J.S., Tripathy, M.R., Gambhir, D.: Improvement in depth of return loss of microstrip
antenna for S-band applications. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 27(4), 1850058 (2018)
29. Nazari, M.E., Huang, W., Alavizadeh, Z.: Return loss-bandwidth evaluation for electrically
small microstrip antennas. J. Electromag. Waves Appl. 34(16), 2220–2235 (2020)
30. Kim, Y., Lee, G.-Y., Nam, S.: Ef ciency enhancement of microstrip antenna by elevating radi-
ating edges of patch. Electron. Lett. 39(19), 1363 (2003)
31. Arya, A.K., Kartikeyan, M.V., Patnaik, A.: Ef ciency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna
with defected ground structure. In: 2008 International Conference on Recent Advances in
Microwave Theory and Applications (2008)
32. Nahas, M.M., Nahas, M.: Bandwidth and ef ciency Enhancement of rectangular patch antenna
for SHF applications. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 9(6), 4962–4967 (2019)
33. Kamakshi, K., Singh, A., Aneesh, M., Ansari, J.A.: Novel design of microstrip antenna with
improved bandwidth. Int. J. Microw. Sci. Technol. 2014, 659592, 7 pages, (2014)
34. Ahmed, Z., Yang, K., Evoy, P.M., Ammann, M.J.: Study of mm-wave microstrip patch array on
curved substrate. In: Loughborough Antenna and Propagation Conference 2017 (LAPC ‘17),
Loughborough, United Kingdom, November 13–14, 2017.
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
12. Keskin, U., Döken, B., Kartal, M.: Bandwidth improvement in microstrip patch antenna. In:
8th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul,
pp. 215–219 (2017)
13. Deshmukh, A.A., Kumar, G.: Compact broadband U-slot-loaded rectangular microstrip anten-
nas. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 46(6), 556–559 (2005)
14. Joshi, N.K., Upadhye, P.A.: Microstrip patch antenna with W-shape slot using dual dielec-
tric substrates. In: 2019 2nd International Conference on Communication Engineering and
Technology (ICCET), Nagoya, Japan, pp. 121–124 (2019)
15. Jolani, F., Dadgarpour, A.M., Hassani, H.R.: Compact M-slot folded patch antenna for
WLAN. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 3, 35–42 (2008)
16. Zaid, J., Farahani, M., Denidni, T.A.: Magneto-dielectric substrate-based microstrip antenna
for RFID applications. IET Microw. Antenna Propag. 11(10), 1389–1392 (2017)
17. Tao, L., Xu, J., Li, H., Hao, Y., Huang, S., Lei, M., Bi, K.: Bandwidth enhancement of
microstrip patch antenna using complementary Rhombus resonator. Wirel. Commun. Mob.
Comput. 2018, 6352181, 8 pages (2018)
18. Mahesh, C.P., Shaikh, M.M., Sharon, M., Sharon, M.: Zinc nanoparticles loaded rectangular
microstrip antenna for multiband operation. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. 6(5), 261–264 (2018)
19. Yuan, Y., Si, L.-M., Liu, Y., Lv, X.: Integrated log periodic antenna for Terahertz applications.
In: International Conference on Microwave Technology and Computational Electromagnetics,
pp. 276–279 (2009)
20. Azadegan, R., Sarabandi, K.: A novel approach for miniaturization of slot antennas. IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag. 51(3), 421–429 (2003)
21. Wang, H., Huang, X.B., Fang, D.G., Han, G.B.: A microstrip antenna array formed by microstrip
line fed tooth-like-slot patches. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55, 1210–1214 (2007)
22. Sung, Y.: A printed wide-slot antenna with a modi ed L-shaped microstrip line for wideband
applications. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 59, 3918–3923 (2011)
23. Sung, Y.: Bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip line-fed printed wide-slot antenna with a
parasitic center patch. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60, 1712–1217 (2012)
24. Mekki, A.S., Hamidon, M.N., Ismail, A., Alhawari, A.R.H.: Gain enhancement of a microstrip
Patch antenna using a reecting layer. Int. J. Antenna Propag. 2015, 975263, 7 pages, (2015)
25. Prahlada Rao, K., Vani, R.M., Hunagund, P.V.: Planar microstrip patch antenna array with gain
enhancement. Procedia Comput. Sci. 143, 48–57 (2018)
26. Saxena, S., Saxena, N.: Proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna for gain enhancement.
In: 2020 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication & Materials
(ICACCM), Dehradun, India, pp. 423–426 (2020)
27. Mohanna, S., Farahbakhsh, A., Tavakoli, S., Ghassemi, N.: Reduction of mutual coupling and
return loss in microstrip array antennas using concave rectangular patches. Int. J. Microw. Sci.
Technol. 2010, 297519, 5 pages (2010)
28. Khinda, J.S., Tripathy, M.R., Gambhir, D.: Improvement in depth of return loss of microstrip
antenna for S-band applications. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 27(4), 1850058 (2018)
29. Nazari, M.E., Huang, W., Alavizadeh, Z.: Return loss-bandwidth evaluation for electrically
small microstrip antennas. J. Electromag. Waves Appl. 34(16), 2220–2235 (2020)
30. Kim, Y., Lee, G.-Y., Nam, S.: Ef ciency enhancement of microstrip antenna by elevating radi-
ating edges of patch. Electron. Lett. 39(19), 1363 (2003)
31. Arya, A.K., Kartikeyan, M.V., Patnaik, A.: Ef ciency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna
with defected ground structure. In: 2008 International Conference on Recent Advances in
Microwave Theory and Applications (2008)
32. Nahas, M.M., Nahas, M.: Bandwidth and ef ciency Enhancement of rectangular patch antenna
for SHF applications. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 9(6), 4962–4967 (2019)
33. Kamakshi, K., Singh, A., Aneesh, M., Ansari, J.A.: Novel design of microstrip antenna with
improved bandwidth. Int. J. Microw. Sci. Technol. 2014, 659592, 7 pages, (2014)
34. Ahmed, Z., Yang, K., Evoy, P.M., Ammann, M.J.: Study of mm-wave microstrip patch array on
curved substrate. In: Loughborough Antenna and Propagation Conference 2017 (LAPC ‘17),
Loughborough, United Kingdom, November 13–14, 2017.
Microstrip Antenna: An Overview and Its Performance Parameter
14
35. Hock, G.C., Tho, N.T.N., Charabarty, C.K., Kiong, T.S.: Design of patch antennas array at low
frequency application by using unknown FR4 material. J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 11(7),
510–524 (2019)
36. Jiang, K., Guo, Q.G., Huang, K.M.: Design of a wideband quasi-Yagi microstrip antenna with
bowtie active elements. In: 2010 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology, Chengdu, pp. 1122–1124 (2010)
37. Wang, H., Liu, S.-F., Li, W.-T., Shi, X.-W.: Design of a wideband planar microstrip-Fed Quasi-
Yagi antenna. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 46, 19–24 (2014)
38. Zhou, W., Lu, M.: Miniaturization of Quasi-Yagi antenna array with high gain using split-ring
resonators. Int. J. Antenna Propag. 2020, 4915848, 12 pages, (2020)
39. Le, T.T., Tran, H.H., Park, H.C.: Simple-structured dual-slot broadband circularly polarized
antenna. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17(3), 476–479 (2018)
40. Kurra, L., Abegaonkar, M.P., Basu, A., Koul, S.K.: fss properties of a uniplanar ebg and its
application in directivity enhancement of a microstrip antenna. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag.
Lett. 15(1), 1606–1609 (2016)
41. Abadi, S.M.A.M.H., Behdad, N.: Wideband linear-to-circular polarization converters based
on miniaturized-element frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 64(2),
525–534 (2016)
42. Pirhadi, A., Bahrami, H., Nasri, J.: Wideband high directive aperture coupled microstrip
antenna design by using a FSS superstrate layer. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 60(4),
2101–2106 (2012)
43. Godaymi, W.’i.A., Shaaban, R.M., Al-Tumah, Tahirand, A.S., Ahmed, Z.A.: Multi-forked
microstrip patch antenna for broadband application. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1294, 022020 (2019)
44. Ali, Z.J.: A printed microstrip patch antenna Design for ultra wideband applications. Int. J. Sci.
Res. 3(4), 422–424 (2014)
45. Rashmitha, R., Niran, N., Jugale, A.A., Ahmed, M.R.: Microstrip patch antenna design for
xed mobile and satellite 5G communications. Procedia Comput. Sci. 171, 2073–2079 (2020)
46. Tiwari, R., Sharma, R., Dubey, R.: Microstrip patch antenna array design analysis for 5G com-
munication applications. Smart Moves J. Ijosci. 6(5), 1–5 (2020)
47. Deif, S., Olokede, S.S., Nosrati, M., Daneshmand, M.: Stepped-impedance slotted microstrip-
fed patch antenna for on-metal radio frequency identi cation applications. Microw. Opt.
Technol. Lett. 62(10), 3324–3332 (2020)
48. Sanskriti, T., Sakshi, K., Kumar, C.P.: Micro strip patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX appli-
cations: a review. In: International Conference of Advance Research & Innovation (ICARI),
January 19, 2020, 5 pages (2020)
49. Sumana, L., Florence, S.E.: Pattern recon gurable microstrip patch antenna based on
shape memory alloys for automobile applications. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 6598–6610
(September 2020)
50. Urbani, F., Stollberg, D.W., Verma, A.: Experimental characterization of nano lm microstrip
antennas. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 11(2), 406–411 (November 2011)
51. Patil, R.R., Vani, R.M., Hunagund, P.V.: Design and simulation of nanotechnology based
proximity coupled patch antenna at X-band. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng. 2(9),
3344–3348 (2013)
52. Thabet, A., El Dein, A.Z., Hassan, A.: Design of compact microstrip antenna by using new
nano-composite materials. In: The 4th IEEE International Nano Electronics Conference,
pp. 1–2 (2011)
53. Matyas, J., Slobodian, P., Munster, L., Olejnik, R., Urbanek, P.: Microstrip antenna from silver
nanoparticles printed on a exible polymer substrate. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 5030–5038 (2017)
54. Chaya Devi, K.S., Angadi, B., Mahesh, H.M.: Multiwalled carbon nanotube-based patch
antenna for bandwidth enhancement. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 224, 56–60 (2017)
55. Dhasarathan, V., Bilakhiya, N., Parmar, J., Ladumor, M., Patel, S.K.: Numerical investiga-
tion of graphene-based metamaterial microstrip radiating structure. Mater. Res. Express. 7,
016203 (2020)H. Das et al.
35. Hock, G.C., Tho, N.T.N., Charabarty, C.K., Kiong, T.S.: Design of patch antennas array at low
frequency application by using unknown FR4 material. J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 11(7),
510–524 (2019)
36. Jiang, K., Guo, Q.G., Huang, K.M.: Design of a wideband quasi-Yagi microstrip antenna with
bowtie active elements. In: 2010 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology, Chengdu, pp. 1122–1124 (2010)
37. Wang, H., Liu, S.-F., Li, W.-T., Shi, X.-W.: Design of a wideband planar microstrip-Fed Quasi-
Yagi antenna. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 46, 19–24 (2014)
38. Zhou, W., Lu, M.: Miniaturization of Quasi-Yagi antenna array with high gain using split-ring
resonators. Int. J. Antenna Propag. 2020, 4915848, 12 pages, (2020)
39. Le, T.T., Tran, H.H., Park, H.C.: Simple-structured dual-slot broadband circularly polarized
antenna. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17(3), 476–479 (2018)
40. Kurra, L., Abegaonkar, M.P., Basu, A., Koul, S.K.: fss properties of a uniplanar ebg and its
application in directivity enhancement of a microstrip antenna. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag.
Lett. 15(1), 1606–1609 (2016)
41. Abadi, S.M.A.M.H., Behdad, N.: Wideband linear-to-circular polarization converters based
on miniaturized-element frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 64(2),
525–534 (2016)
42. Pirhadi, A., Bahrami, H., Nasri, J.: Wideband high directive aperture coupled microstrip
antenna design by using a FSS superstrate layer. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag. 60(4),
2101–2106 (2012)
43. Godaymi, W.’i.A., Shaaban, R.M., Al-Tumah, Tahirand, A.S., Ahmed, Z.A.: Multi-forked
microstrip patch antenna for broadband application. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1294, 022020 (2019)
44. Ali, Z.J.: A printed microstrip patch antenna Design for ultra wideband applications. Int. J. Sci.
Res. 3(4), 422–424 (2014)
45. Rashmitha, R., Niran, N., Jugale, A.A., Ahmed, M.R.: Microstrip patch antenna design for
xed mobile and satellite 5G communications. Procedia Comput. Sci. 171, 2073–2079 (2020)
46. Tiwari, R., Sharma, R., Dubey, R.: Microstrip patch antenna array design analysis for 5G com-
munication applications. Smart Moves J. Ijosci. 6(5), 1–5 (2020)
47. Deif, S., Olokede, S.S., Nosrati, M., Daneshmand, M.: Stepped-impedance slotted microstrip-
fed patch antenna for on-metal radio frequency identi cation applications. Microw. Opt.
Technol. Lett. 62(10), 3324–3332 (2020)
48. Sanskriti, T., Sakshi, K., Kumar, C.P.: Micro strip patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX appli-
cations: a review. In: International Conference of Advance Research & Innovation (ICARI),
January 19, 2020, 5 pages (2020)
49. Sumana, L., Florence, S.E.: Pattern recon gurable microstrip patch antenna based on
shape memory alloys for automobile applications. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 6598–6610
(September 2020)
50. Urbani, F., Stollberg, D.W., Verma, A.: Experimental characterization of nano lm microstrip
antennas. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 11(2), 406–411 (November 2011)
51. Patil, R.R., Vani, R.M., Hunagund, P.V.: Design and simulation of nanotechnology based
proximity coupled patch antenna at X-band. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng. 2(9),
3344–3348 (2013)
52. Thabet, A., El Dein, A.Z., Hassan, A.: Design of compact microstrip antenna by using new
nano-composite materials. In: The 4th IEEE International Nano Electronics Conference,
pp. 1–2 (2011)
53. Matyas, J., Slobodian, P., Munster, L., Olejnik, R., Urbanek, P.: Microstrip antenna from silver
nanoparticles printed on a exible polymer substrate. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 5030–5038 (2017)
54. Chaya Devi, K.S., Angadi, B., Mahesh, H.M.: Multiwalled carbon nanotube-based patch
antenna for bandwidth enhancement. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 224, 56–60 (2017)
55. Dhasarathan, V., Bilakhiya, N., Parmar, J., Ladumor, M., Patel, S.K.: Numerical investiga-
tion of graphene-based metamaterial microstrip radiating structure. Mater. Res. Express. 7,
016203 (2020)H. Das et al.
15© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_2
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing
Antenna for Wireless Communication
Application
Alpesh Vala, Amit V. Patel, Rashmi Vaghela, Keyur Mahant, Hiren Mewada,
Esraa Ali, and Biren Patel
1 Introduction
Modern wireless communication system requires a multi-band antenna system with
better performance in terms of gain, size, and isolation among the frequency band
[1, 2]. The wireless device operated at different frequencies requires the dual-band
antenna with high isolation between ports. To reduce the requirement of the diplexer,
the idea of self-diplexing antenna is used nowadays. By reducing the required com-
ponent, it results in a less-dense RF front-end as well as a lower cost.
Various efforts are put by the researcher for the development of diplexer and
triplexer antennas. A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based self-triplexer
antenna is proposed in [1]. Cavity-backed slot antenna concept is used for the real-
ization of the antenna. A self-diplexer antenna concept using half-mode SIW
(HMSIW) is proposed in [2]. A tunable self-diplexing patch antenna is proposed by
[3], in which two U-shapes are etched on the radiating patch and fed by two ports.
A. Vala · A. V. Patel (*) · R. Vaghela · K. Mahant
Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology
(CHARUSAT University), Anand, Gujarat, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; keyurmahant.ec@
charusat.ac.in
H. Mewada
Electrical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Ali
Aviation Science Faculty, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan
B. Patel
General Dynamics Mission System, Fairfax, VA, USA
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_2
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing
Antenna for Wireless Communication
Application
Alpesh Vala, Amit V. Patel, Rashmi Vaghela, Keyur Mahant, Hiren Mewada,
Esraa Ali, and Biren Patel
1 Introduction
Modern wireless communication system requires a multi-band antenna system with
better performance in terms of gain, size, and isolation among the frequency band
[1, 2]. The wireless device operated at different frequencies requires the dual-band
antenna with high isolation between ports. To reduce the requirement of the diplexer,
the idea of self-diplexing antenna is used nowadays. By reducing the required com-
ponent, it results in a less-dense RF front-end as well as a lower cost.
Various efforts are put by the researcher for the development of diplexer and
triplexer antennas. A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based self-triplexer
antenna is proposed in [1]. Cavity-backed slot antenna concept is used for the real-
ization of the antenna. A self-diplexer antenna concept using half-mode SIW
(HMSIW) is proposed in [2]. A tunable self-diplexing patch antenna is proposed by
[3], in which two U-shapes are etched on the radiating patch and fed by two ports.
A. Vala · A. V. Patel (*) · R. Vaghela · K. Mahant
Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology
(CHARUSAT University), Anand, Gujarat, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; keyurmahant.ec@
charusat.ac.in
H. Mewada
Electrical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Ali
Aviation Science Faculty, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan
B. Patel
General Dynamics Mission System, Fairfax, VA, USA
16
A multilayer patch antenna with additional ltering techniques to improve the port?s
isolation is given in [4, 5]. A nonplanar self-diplexing antenna is proposed in [6, 7].
A self-diplexing patch antenna design based on slot antenna concept is proposed
in this paper. A circular patch is divided into two parts, with the slot on the top
plane. Rectangular and tilted shape slots are created on top of the patch, excited by
two separate feed lines to resonate at two different frequencies in S-band 2.4 GHz
(2–4 GHz) and C-band 4.3 GHz (4–8 GHz). A high return loss and better isolation
between two input ports are achieved by properly optimizing the antenna dimensions.
2 Realization of Self-Diplexing Antenna
To realize the self-diplexing antenna, initially, a circular patch antenna is designed
for the cutoff frequency of 2.4 GHz. Equation 1 is used to calculate the diameter of
the patch. Inset type of feeding is used in a proposed antenna. Figure 1a shows the
patch antenna design with its associate dimension. Simulation is carried out with the
high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software which used the nite element
method. Simulation result of the structure for return loss is shown in Fig. 1b. It pro-
vides resonance at 2.4 GHz of frequency.
a
F
h
F
F
h
F
f
=
+
+
=
×
1
2
2
17726
879110
1
2
9
πε
ϒ
ln .
.
π
r rr
ε
(1)
Here in Eq. 1, a is the patch’s radius, ε
r is the dielectric constant, f
r is the reso-
nance frequency, and h is the height of the substrate. Fr4 is used as a substrate mate-
rial having a dielectric constant of 4.4.
For the realization of the self-diplexing antenna, the above structure is divided
into two parts, as shown in Fig. 2. Dimensions of Fig. 2 are tabulated in Table 1.
Separate excitation is provided to both positions, as shown in Fig. 2. For the realiza-
tion of the antennas, two rectangle type slots are provided in the rst part. In the
second part of the antenna, the tilted type of slots is introduced. A detailed dimen-
sion of the proposed antenna is tabulated in Table 1.
A simulated S-parameter result of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 3. It
shows that it provides the resonance at 2.4 GHz of frequency when the excitation is
provided at port 1 and resonates at 4.3 GHz of frequency while the excitation is at
the port 2. Isolation among the port is near 20 dB, as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 indicates the simulation result of the radiation pattern and gain at the
required frequency of operation. It provides 3.26 dBi gain at 2.4 GHz of frequency
and 3.72 dBi at 4.3 GHz of frequency. A 3D polar plot for the same is shown in Fig. 3.A. Vala et al.
A multilayer patch antenna with additional ltering techniques to improve the port?s
isolation is given in [4, 5]. A nonplanar self-diplexing antenna is proposed in [6, 7].
A self-diplexing patch antenna design based on slot antenna concept is proposed
in this paper. A circular patch is divided into two parts, with the slot on the top
plane. Rectangular and tilted shape slots are created on top of the patch, excited by
two separate feed lines to resonate at two different frequencies in S-band 2.4 GHz
(2–4 GHz) and C-band 4.3 GHz (4–8 GHz). A high return loss and better isolation
between two input ports are achieved by properly optimizing the antenna dimensions.
2 Realization of Self-Diplexing Antenna
To realize the self-diplexing antenna, initially, a circular patch antenna is designed
for the cutoff frequency of 2.4 GHz. Equation 1 is used to calculate the diameter of
the patch. Inset type of feeding is used in a proposed antenna. Figure 1a shows the
patch antenna design with its associate dimension. Simulation is carried out with the
high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software which used the nite element
method. Simulation result of the structure for return loss is shown in Fig. 1b. It pro-
vides resonance at 2.4 GHz of frequency.
a
F
h
F
F
h
F
f
=
+
+
=
×
1
2
2
17726
879110
1
2
9
πε
ϒ
ln .
.
π
r rr
ε
(1)
Here in Eq. 1, a is the patch’s radius, ε
r is the dielectric constant, f
r is the reso-
nance frequency, and h is the height of the substrate. Fr4 is used as a substrate mate-
rial having a dielectric constant of 4.4.
For the realization of the self-diplexing antenna, the above structure is divided
into two parts, as shown in Fig. 2. Dimensions of Fig. 2 are tabulated in Table 1.
Separate excitation is provided to both positions, as shown in Fig. 2. For the realiza-
tion of the antennas, two rectangle type slots are provided in the rst part. In the
second part of the antenna, the tilted type of slots is introduced. A detailed dimen-
sion of the proposed antenna is tabulated in Table 1.
A simulated S-parameter result of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 3. It
shows that it provides the resonance at 2.4 GHz of frequency when the excitation is
provided at port 1 and resonates at 4.3 GHz of frequency while the excitation is at
the port 2. Isolation among the port is near 20 dB, as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 indicates the simulation result of the radiation pattern and gain at the
required frequency of operation. It provides 3.26 dBi gain at 2.4 GHz of frequency
and 3.72 dBi at 4.3 GHz of frequency. A 3D polar plot for the same is shown in Fig. 3.A. Vala et al.
17
3 Hardware Realization
For the proof of concept, the proposed structure is fabricated and tested. Figure 5a
shows the realized hardware of the proposed design. Agilent RF analyzer N9912A
is used for the measurement. It is a two-port network analyzer with a frequency
range of 2 MHz–6 GHz. A test setup for the same is shown in Fig. 5b. A measured
result of the realized structure is shown in Fig. 6. It indicates a similar performance
as a simulated one.
A comparison has been carried out of the proposed antenna with previously pub-
lished diplexer antennas in size, resonance frequency, and gain. A comparison table
for the same is tabulated in Table 2. The proposed structure provides small size and
better gain.
Fig. 1 (a) Circular patch antenna (b) Simulated return loss
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
3 Hardware Realization
For the proof of concept, the proposed structure is fabricated and tested. Figure 5a
shows the realized hardware of the proposed design. Agilent RF analyzer N9912A
is used for the measurement. It is a two-port network analyzer with a frequency
range of 2 MHz–6 GHz. A test setup for the same is shown in Fig. 5b. A measured
result of the realized structure is shown in Fig. 6. It indicates a similar performance
as a simulated one.
A comparison has been carried out of the proposed antenna with previously pub-
lished diplexer antennas in size, resonance frequency, and gain. A comparison table
for the same is tabulated in Table 2. The proposed structure provides small size and
better gain.
Fig. 1 (a) Circular patch antenna (b) Simulated return loss
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
18
Fig. 2 Geometry of the
self-diplexing antenna
Table 1 Dimensions of self-diplexing antenna
ParametersHeight of
patch h
(mm)
Wf 1 and Wf (width of
the microstrip line)
(mm)
Lf 1 and Lf (length of
the microstrip line)
(mm)
S 1,S2
(mm)
S 3,S4(mm)
Value 1.6 3.05 24.76 and 21 14.8,
1.5
10, 2
Fig. 3 Reection coefcient value of the proposed antennaA. Vala et al.
Fig. 2 Geometry of the
self-diplexing antenna
Table 1 Dimensions of self-diplexing antenna
ParametersHeight of
patch h
(mm)
Wf 1 and Wf (width of
the microstrip line)
(mm)
Lf 1 and Lf (length of
the microstrip line)
(mm)
S 1,S2
(mm)
S 3,S4(mm)
Value 1.6 3.05 24.76 and 21 14.8,
1.5
10, 2
Fig. 3 Reection coefcient value of the proposed antennaA. Vala et al.
19
4 Parametric Analysis of the Proposed Structure
Parametric analysis is carried out by changing the length and width of the slot. In
this section, the effect of the length and width on the antenna performance is dis-
cussed. Initially, the length and width of the rst antenna are changed. Figure 7a
indicates the return loss value for different slot lengths, and Fig. 7b indicates the
return loss value for different slot widths.
The numerical value of the above analysis is tabulated in Tables 3 and 4. It shows
that by changing the slot’s length, it is possible to optimize the resonance frequency.
Here the length slot is varied from 8.00 mm to 11.0 mm. The corresponding results
indicate that it is possible to change the resonance frequency from 2.4 GHz to
2.9 GHz. Similarly, the resonance frequency can be optimized by changing the
width of the slot. Figure 8a and b indicates return loss value of various width and
slot on antenna one.
The numerical value of the above gure is tabulated in Tables 5 and 6. It shows
that by changing the slot’s length, it is possible to optimize the return loss value of
the resonance frequency. Here the length slot is varied from 12.00 mm to 15.0 mm.
Fig. 4 (a) 3D polar plot of simulated proposed antenna at 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz (b) Radiation
pattern of simulated proposed antenna at 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
4 Parametric Analysis of the Proposed Structure
Parametric analysis is carried out by changing the length and width of the slot. In
this section, the effect of the length and width on the antenna performance is dis-
cussed. Initially, the length and width of the rst antenna are changed. Figure 7a
indicates the return loss value for different slot lengths, and Fig. 7b indicates the
return loss value for different slot widths.
The numerical value of the above analysis is tabulated in Tables 3 and 4. It shows
that by changing the slot’s length, it is possible to optimize the resonance frequency.
Here the length slot is varied from 8.00 mm to 11.0 mm. The corresponding results
indicate that it is possible to change the resonance frequency from 2.4 GHz to
2.9 GHz. Similarly, the resonance frequency can be optimized by changing the
width of the slot. Figure 8a and b indicates return loss value of various width and
slot on antenna one.
The numerical value of the above gure is tabulated in Tables 5 and 6. It shows
that by changing the slot’s length, it is possible to optimize the return loss value of
the resonance frequency. Here the length slot is varied from 12.00 mm to 15.0 mm.
Fig. 4 (a) 3D polar plot of simulated proposed antenna at 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz (b) Radiation
pattern of simulated proposed antenna at 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
20
Fig. 5 (a) Realized structure of the proposed antenna (b) Measurement setup of the pro-
posed antenna
Fig. 6 Measured return loss of the antenna
Table 2 Comparison of the proposed antenna with previously published work
Reference Area
Resonance frequencies (GHz)Gain (dBi)
fr1,fr2 fr1 fr2
[8] 0.70 λ × 1.9 λ 6.44, 7.09 3.1 2.78
[9] 0.42 λ × 0.85 λ 5.1, 5.2 2.022.96
[10] 0.49 λ × 0.7 λ 2.1, 2.5 1.962.97
[11] 0.65 λ × 1.04 λ 3.9, 4.63 3.824.23
Proposed antenna0.32 λ × 0.56 λ 2.4, 4.3 3.263.72A. Vala et al.
Fig. 5 (a) Realized structure of the proposed antenna (b) Measurement setup of the pro-
posed antenna
Fig. 6 Measured return loss of the antenna
Table 2 Comparison of the proposed antenna with previously published work
Reference Area
Resonance frequencies (GHz)Gain (dBi)
fr1,fr2 fr1 fr2
[8] 0.70 λ × 1.9 λ 6.44, 7.09 3.1 2.78
[9] 0.42 λ × 0.85 λ 5.1, 5.2 2.022.96
[10] 0.49 λ × 0.7 λ 2.1, 2.5 1.962.97
[11] 0.65 λ × 1.04 λ 3.9, 4.63 3.824.23
Proposed antenna0.32 λ × 0.56 λ 2.4, 4.3 3.263.72A. Vala et al.
21
Fig. 7 Return loss value by changing (a) length of the slot (b) width of the slot
Table 3 Parametric analysis by changing the length of the slot
Slot length (mm) 11.0 10.0 9.00 8.00
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 2.57 2.4 2.78 2.99
Return loss (dB) −23 −28.9 −21.57 −18.57
Gain (dB) 2.83 3.26 2.822 2.87
Table 4 Parametric analysis by changing the width of the slot
Slot width (mm) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 2.57 2.45 2.4 2.35
Return loss (dB)−20.67 −24.72 −28.92 −22.92
Gain (dB) 3.33 2.71 3.26 3.14
Fig. 8 Return loss value by changing (a) width of the slot (b) length of the slot
Table 5 Parametric analysis by changing the length of the slot
Slot length(mm) 12.0 13.0 14.8 15.0
Parameters Frequency (GHz) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Return loss (dB) −21.25 −20.00 −21.00 −27.00
Gain (dB) 3.609 2.636 3.722 2.892
Table 6 Parametric analysis by changing the width of the slot
Slot width(mm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Return loss (dB)−30.00 −31.45 −21.00 −18.46
Gain (dB) 3.492 2.636 3.722 2.978
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
Fig. 7 Return loss value by changing (a) length of the slot (b) width of the slot
Table 3 Parametric analysis by changing the length of the slot
Slot length (mm) 11.0 10.0 9.00 8.00
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 2.57 2.4 2.78 2.99
Return loss (dB) −23 −28.9 −21.57 −18.57
Gain (dB) 2.83 3.26 2.822 2.87
Table 4 Parametric analysis by changing the width of the slot
Slot width (mm) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 2.57 2.45 2.4 2.35
Return loss (dB)−20.67 −24.72 −28.92 −22.92
Gain (dB) 3.33 2.71 3.26 3.14
Fig. 8 Return loss value by changing (a) width of the slot (b) length of the slot
Table 5 Parametric analysis by changing the length of the slot
Slot length(mm) 12.0 13.0 14.8 15.0
Parameters Frequency (GHz) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Return loss (dB) −21.25 −20.00 −21.00 −27.00
Gain (dB) 3.609 2.636 3.722 2.892
Table 6 Parametric analysis by changing the width of the slot
Slot width(mm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Parameters Frequency(GHz) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Return loss (dB)−30.00 −31.45 −21.00 −18.46
Gain (dB) 3.492 2.636 3.722 2.978
A Compact Dual-Fed Self-Diplexing Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
22
The corresponding results indicate that it is possible to change the return loss value
of resonance frequency from 20 dB to 27 dB. Similarly, the return loss value of
resonance frequency can be optimized by changing the slot’s width.
5 Conclusion
A compact, high-gain dual-fed self-diplexing antenna is designed and developed in
this chapter. The structure is realized by dividing a circular patch antenna into two
parts. Rectangular and tilted slots are placed on top of the structure to realize the
dual-band response. HFSS software is used for the simulation of the design. The
proposed design resonates at two frequencies, 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz, with more
than 20 dB return loss. Sufcient isolation of 20 dB is achieved between two ports.
Hardware is developed to prove the concept; the measured result of the proposed
structure is quite similar to the simulated one. Parametric analysis is carried out to
tune the resonance frequency and to achieve a better return loss.
References
1. Vala, A., Patel, A.: A multi-band SIW based antenna for wireless communication. Int.
J. Electron. Lett. 9, 1–9 (2020)
2. Vala, A., Patel, A.V., Mahant, K., Chaudhari, J., Mewada, H.K.: HMSIW-and QMSIW-based
antenna for wireless communication application. Circuit World. (2021)
3. Boukarkar, A., Lin, X.Q., Jiang, Y., Yu, Y.Q.: A tunable dual-fed self-diplexing patch antenna.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(6), 2874–2879 (2017)
4. Montero de Paz, J., Muñoz, E.U., Martínez, F.J.H., Posadas, V.G., Muñoz, L.E.G., Vargas,
D.S.: Multifrequency self-diplexed single patch antennas loaded with split ring resonators.
Prog. Electromagn. Res. 113, 47–66 (2011)
5. Herraiz-Martinez, F.J., Ugarte-Munoz, E., Gonzalez-Posadas, V., Garcia-Munoz, L.E.,
Segovia-Vargas, D.: Self-diplexed patch antennas based on metamaterials for active RFID
systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 57(5), 1330–1340 (2009)
6. Boyle, K.R., Udink, M., de Graauw, A., Ligthart, L.P.: A dual-fed, self-diplexing PIFA and RF
front-end. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55(2), 373–382 (2007)
7. Chang, C.-C., Row, J.-S.: Dual-feed dual-polarized patch antenna with low cross polarization
and high isolation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57(10), 3405–3409 (2009)
8. Luo, G.Q., Hu, Z.F., Dong, L.X., Sun, L.L.: Planar slot antenna backed by substrate integrated
waveguide cavity. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag. Lett. 7, 236–239 (2008)
9. Herraiz-Martinez, F.J., Ugarte-Munoz, E., Gonzalez-Posadas, V., Garcia-Munoz, L.E.,
Segovia-Vargas, D.: Self-diplexed patch antennas based on metamaterials for active RFID
systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 57(5), 1330–1340 (2009)
10. Boukarkar, A., Lin, X.Q., Jiang, Y., Yu, Y.Q.: A tunable dual-fed self-diplexing patch antenna.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(6), 2874–2879 (2017)
11. Nakano, M., Arai, H.I.R.O.Y.U.K.I., Chujo, W., Fujise, M.A.S.A.Y.U.K.I., Goto, N.: Feed
circuits of double-layered self-diplexing antenna for mobile satellite communications. IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag. 40(10), 1269–1271 (1992)A. Vala et al.
The corresponding results indicate that it is possible to change the return loss value
of resonance frequency from 20 dB to 27 dB. Similarly, the return loss value of
resonance frequency can be optimized by changing the slot’s width.
5 Conclusion
A compact, high-gain dual-fed self-diplexing antenna is designed and developed in
this chapter. The structure is realized by dividing a circular patch antenna into two
parts. Rectangular and tilted slots are placed on top of the structure to realize the
dual-band response. HFSS software is used for the simulation of the design. The
proposed design resonates at two frequencies, 2.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz, with more
than 20 dB return loss. Sufcient isolation of 20 dB is achieved between two ports.
Hardware is developed to prove the concept; the measured result of the proposed
structure is quite similar to the simulated one. Parametric analysis is carried out to
tune the resonance frequency and to achieve a better return loss.
References
1. Vala, A., Patel, A.: A multi-band SIW based antenna for wireless communication. Int.
J. Electron. Lett. 9, 1–9 (2020)
2. Vala, A., Patel, A.V., Mahant, K., Chaudhari, J., Mewada, H.K.: HMSIW-and QMSIW-based
antenna for wireless communication application. Circuit World. (2021)
3. Boukarkar, A., Lin, X.Q., Jiang, Y., Yu, Y.Q.: A tunable dual-fed self-diplexing patch antenna.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(6), 2874–2879 (2017)
4. Montero de Paz, J., Muñoz, E.U., Martínez, F.J.H., Posadas, V.G., Muñoz, L.E.G., Vargas,
D.S.: Multifrequency self-diplexed single patch antennas loaded with split ring resonators.
Prog. Electromagn. Res. 113, 47–66 (2011)
5. Herraiz-Martinez, F.J., Ugarte-Munoz, E., Gonzalez-Posadas, V., Garcia-Munoz, L.E.,
Segovia-Vargas, D.: Self-diplexed patch antennas based on metamaterials for active RFID
systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 57(5), 1330–1340 (2009)
6. Boyle, K.R., Udink, M., de Graauw, A., Ligthart, L.P.: A dual-fed, self-diplexing PIFA and RF
front-end. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55(2), 373–382 (2007)
7. Chang, C.-C., Row, J.-S.: Dual-feed dual-polarized patch antenna with low cross polarization
and high isolation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57(10), 3405–3409 (2009)
8. Luo, G.Q., Hu, Z.F., Dong, L.X., Sun, L.L.: Planar slot antenna backed by substrate integrated
waveguide cavity. IEEE Antenna Wirel. Propag. Lett. 7, 236–239 (2008)
9. Herraiz-Martinez, F.J., Ugarte-Munoz, E., Gonzalez-Posadas, V., Garcia-Munoz, L.E.,
Segovia-Vargas, D.: Self-diplexed patch antennas based on metamaterials for active RFID
systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 57(5), 1330–1340 (2009)
10. Boukarkar, A., Lin, X.Q., Jiang, Y., Yu, Y.Q.: A tunable dual-fed self-diplexing patch antenna.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(6), 2874–2879 (2017)
11. Nakano, M., Arai, H.I.R.O.Y.U.K.I., Chujo, W., Fujise, M.A.S.A.Y.U.K.I., Goto, N.: Feed
circuits of double-layered self-diplexing antenna for mobile satellite communications. IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag. 40(10), 1269–1271 (1992)A. Vala et al.
23© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_3
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna
for Wireless Applications
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
1 Introduction: Background
4G internet networks are expected to have a data speed of 1 Gbps, while non-
stationary networks will have a xed data speed of 100 Mbps. Long-distance com-
munication is possible only because of wireless communications and antenna being
the main element of the system, which converts electric power into radio waves and
vice versa. Wireless communication has seen an increase in the number of users,
and there have been restrictions on available bandwidth, so commercial operators
have large-capacity network with good-quality coverage. There are many merits
which are associated with the use of MSA, for example, it’s possible to achieve
antenna design which will provide more gain, compact design, narrow bandwidth,
and low prole. The main requirements of an antenna to be used for commercial
applications include impedance matching and bandwidth enhancement. There is a
direct relation between antenna size and resonance frequency of the antenna. As the
frequency increases, the size of the antenna becomes smaller. While designing
MSA, we have to choose the shape of the patch and feeding method based on the
desired applications. The performance of an antenna can be affected in many ways,
due to different shapes of the antenna. Different dielectric substrates have varying
dielectric constants which inuence the antenna design parameters as well as
antenna performance. There are different feeding techniques available to feed the
antenna in order to allow it to radiate. The main motivation of this chapter is in the
use of MSA, which provides a huge range of advantages in communication systems
that have ultimately led to more demand of antennas for commercial purposes with
M. Mujawar (*)
Goa College of Engineering, Ponda, Goa, India
T. Gunasekaran
Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_3
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna
for Wireless Applications
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
1 Introduction: Background
4G internet networks are expected to have a data speed of 1 Gbps, while non-
stationary networks will have a xed data speed of 100 Mbps. Long-distance com-
munication is possible only because of wireless communications and antenna being
the main element of the system, which converts electric power into radio waves and
vice versa. Wireless communication has seen an increase in the number of users,
and there have been restrictions on available bandwidth, so commercial operators
have large-capacity network with good-quality coverage. There are many merits
which are associated with the use of MSA, for example, it’s possible to achieve
antenna design which will provide more gain, compact design, narrow bandwidth,
and low prole. The main requirements of an antenna to be used for commercial
applications include impedance matching and bandwidth enhancement. There is a
direct relation between antenna size and resonance frequency of the antenna. As the
frequency increases, the size of the antenna becomes smaller. While designing
MSA, we have to choose the shape of the patch and feeding method based on the
desired applications. The performance of an antenna can be affected in many ways,
due to different shapes of the antenna. Different dielectric substrates have varying
dielectric constants which inuence the antenna design parameters as well as
antenna performance. There are different feeding techniques available to feed the
antenna in order to allow it to radiate. The main motivation of this chapter is in the
use of MSA, which provides a huge range of advantages in communication systems
that have ultimately led to more demand of antennas for commercial purposes with
M. Mujawar (*)
Goa College of Engineering, Ponda, Goa, India
T. Gunasekaran
Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
24
more enhanced features like multiband, wider bandwidth, and low prole.
Conventionally, there was a need for specic antenna for specic communication
application, since the antenna used to operate on one or two frequencies. This has
been a problem in the implementation of the antenna on the devices, since these
antennas had occupied a lot of space on the device. To get rid of this problem, there
was a need for a single antenna which could operate at wide bands of frequencies,
which can be obtained using multiband antennas. One of the methods to obtain such
antenna is by using defective ground plane and creating slots on the patch. Defected
ground structure is a technique which helps to improve the operation of an antenna
by purposely changing the ground-plane element of MSA.
2 Review of the Existing Techniques
This paper [1] describes the MSA, which is rectangular in shape and can be oper-
ated on wide range of frequencies. The optimization of the antenna has been carried
out for a wide range of frequencies, which shows the improvement in various
parameters of the antenna. The gain of the antenna was increased along with the
surface current by making four slots of L shape on the patch. The feeding technique
used in this project was inset feedline; the substrate used was RT-duroid having
dielectric constant of 2.2. The simulation software used for the project was CST. This
paper [2] deals with MSA, which is compact and has slots that improve the perfor-
mance of the antenna for a wide range of applications, including X-band and
LTE. This antenna operates on a wide range of frequencies, having the substrate
material FR4 with 4.4 dielectric constant. In this project, U- and Y-shaped slots were
created on the patch for the antenna, which was kept under test. The feeding tech-
nique used in this project was inset feedline. The simulation software used for the
project was CST. The antenna which was kept under test had resonated at 7.98GHz
with −20 dB, 4.1 GHz with −13.7 dB, and 2.4 GHz with −21.3 dB return loss with
frequencies, respectively. This paper [3] describes an antenna, which is specically
designed to operate in C-band and S-band. The main aim of this paper was to reduce
the size of the antenna in comparison to other multiband antennas, and it was
achieved. In order to operate on multiple frequency bands, this antenna utilized the
technique of stubs. It had T- and E-shaped stubs, which helped to operate on multi-
ple frequency bands and also reduced the size of the antenna. The software used in
the project was HFSS. The main aim of this antenna was achieved, as it resonated at
desired frequencies. This paper [4] deals with an antenna having fractal slots, which
is operated at a frequency of 4.1 GHz. E shape has been mounted on the patch which
is resonating at the center. FR4 has been selected as substrate, having a height of
2 mm. This antenna has been miniaturized with the slots, specically of H and L
shape, to about 60%, which has a wide range of applications such as in C-band,
S-band, GPRS, GSM, and 4G. In this paper [5], wideband antenna has been
designed, which is operating in the frequency range of 800 MHz–9 GHz. this
ensures that antenna can be operated in almost ten bands. For the construction of M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
more enhanced features like multiband, wider bandwidth, and low prole.
Conventionally, there was a need for specic antenna for specic communication
application, since the antenna used to operate on one or two frequencies. This has
been a problem in the implementation of the antenna on the devices, since these
antennas had occupied a lot of space on the device. To get rid of this problem, there
was a need for a single antenna which could operate at wide bands of frequencies,
which can be obtained using multiband antennas. One of the methods to obtain such
antenna is by using defective ground plane and creating slots on the patch. Defected
ground structure is a technique which helps to improve the operation of an antenna
by purposely changing the ground-plane element of MSA.
2 Review of the Existing Techniques
This paper [1] describes the MSA, which is rectangular in shape and can be oper-
ated on wide range of frequencies. The optimization of the antenna has been carried
out for a wide range of frequencies, which shows the improvement in various
parameters of the antenna. The gain of the antenna was increased along with the
surface current by making four slots of L shape on the patch. The feeding technique
used in this project was inset feedline; the substrate used was RT-duroid having
dielectric constant of 2.2. The simulation software used for the project was CST. This
paper [2] deals with MSA, which is compact and has slots that improve the perfor-
mance of the antenna for a wide range of applications, including X-band and
LTE. This antenna operates on a wide range of frequencies, having the substrate
material FR4 with 4.4 dielectric constant. In this project, U- and Y-shaped slots were
created on the patch for the antenna, which was kept under test. The feeding tech-
nique used in this project was inset feedline. The simulation software used for the
project was CST. The antenna which was kept under test had resonated at 7.98GHz
with −20 dB, 4.1 GHz with −13.7 dB, and 2.4 GHz with −21.3 dB return loss with
frequencies, respectively. This paper [3] describes an antenna, which is specically
designed to operate in C-band and S-band. The main aim of this paper was to reduce
the size of the antenna in comparison to other multiband antennas, and it was
achieved. In order to operate on multiple frequency bands, this antenna utilized the
technique of stubs. It had T- and E-shaped stubs, which helped to operate on multi-
ple frequency bands and also reduced the size of the antenna. The software used in
the project was HFSS. The main aim of this antenna was achieved, as it resonated at
desired frequencies. This paper [4] deals with an antenna having fractal slots, which
is operated at a frequency of 4.1 GHz. E shape has been mounted on the patch which
is resonating at the center. FR4 has been selected as substrate, having a height of
2 mm. This antenna has been miniaturized with the slots, specically of H and L
shape, to about 60%, which has a wide range of applications such as in C-band,
S-band, GPRS, GSM, and 4G. In this paper [5], wideband antenna has been
designed, which is operating in the frequency range of 800 MHz–9 GHz. this
ensures that antenna can be operated in almost ten bands. For the construction of M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
25
antenna, inverted F-, L-, and C-type shapes were used. The main outcomes of this
antenna were the possibility to obtain a gain of 2 dB, reection coefcient of less
than −10 dB, and all the bands with a bandwidth of 3 dB. This paper [6] deals with
antenna, which will be desired for 4G applications. It uses substrate material such
as RT-duroid. The software used for antenna design is IE3D. It has been constructed
using slots of L, Z, and U shape. Using this antenna, it was possible to achieve
VSWR less than 2 and return loss to be −20 dB. This paper [7] deals with the con-
struction and design of an antenna that is widely used for the transmission and
reception of TV signals. The antenna structure with defected ground plane widely
improves the overall performance of MSA. This antenna can be operated on multi-
ple frequency bands, which includes C- and S-band frequencies. The substrate
material used for the implementation of the antenna is FR4, with substrate thickness
to be 1.7 mm and having a dielectric constant of 4.4. The antenna parameters have
been analyzed using CST software. This paper [8] describes multiheaded starsh-
shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna for satellite communication. This
antenna could help us to achieve a reection coefcient of less than −10 dB. It
could resonate at 9.13 GHz, 7.81 GHz, 10.18 GHz, and 3.04 GHz frequencies. This
paper [9] describes a quad-band CPW-fed slot antenna array for LTE and WiMAX
application. This antenna mainly consists of slot, which is tapered and etched on the
antenna, so that it could support a wide range of frequencies (3.45, 2.6, 0.8, and
1.8 GHz), which operate on multiple frequency bands for different applications. It
has a reection coefcient of less than −10 dB, and simulated radiation patterns
were omnidirectional, which is desired in case of mobile terminals. This paper [10]
describes a modied planar inverted F antenna with triple-band for Wi-Fi and LTE
applications. It provides a detailed study and implementation of the planar inverted
F antenna. The construction of the antenna involves two L-shaped open and shared
short arms. This antenna is designed taking into consideration various factors,
which yield antenna having less reection coefcient and omnidirectional radiation
patterns with good gain, which operates on three different frequency bands that sup-
port LTE and Wi-Fi applications. This paper [11] describes the design of multiband
microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX, C-band, and X-band applications. The feed-
ing technique used in the construction of this antenna is microstrip feedline. The
substrate material used in the construction of this antenna is FR4. The multiband
characteristic created by two different slots employed on the radiating patch. This
antenna covered three frequency bands: from 3.2 to 3.4 GHz for WiMAX, from 6.57
to 6.8 GHz for C-band applications, and from 7.24 to 7.57 GHz for X-band satellite
communication. The provided return losses are better than −23 dB at 3.32 GHz,
−15.74 dB at 6.67 GHz, and − 22.4 dB at 7.39 GHz. The VSWR is less than 2 at all
operating resonance frequencies. This paper [12] describes a multiband PIFA with
a slot on the ground plane for wireless applications. The software used for the opti-
mization of the antenna is HFSS. Various parameters of the antenna have been ana-
lyzed by using HFSS. It was possible to obtain acceptable return loss over multiple
frequency bands. This antenna was built using the substrate material of FR4. It
basically describes PIFA antenna, whose parameters have been varied to obtain a
suitable antenna for wireless applications. This paper [13] describes dual-band
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
antenna, inverted F-, L-, and C-type shapes were used. The main outcomes of this
antenna were the possibility to obtain a gain of 2 dB, reection coefcient of less
than −10 dB, and all the bands with a bandwidth of 3 dB. This paper [6] deals with
antenna, which will be desired for 4G applications. It uses substrate material such
as RT-duroid. The software used for antenna design is IE3D. It has been constructed
using slots of L, Z, and U shape. Using this antenna, it was possible to achieve
VSWR less than 2 and return loss to be −20 dB. This paper [7] deals with the con-
struction and design of an antenna that is widely used for the transmission and
reception of TV signals. The antenna structure with defected ground plane widely
improves the overall performance of MSA. This antenna can be operated on multi-
ple frequency bands, which includes C- and S-band frequencies. The substrate
material used for the implementation of the antenna is FR4, with substrate thickness
to be 1.7 mm and having a dielectric constant of 4.4. The antenna parameters have
been analyzed using CST software. This paper [8] describes multiheaded starsh-
shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna for satellite communication. This
antenna could help us to achieve a reection coefcient of less than −10 dB. It
could resonate at 9.13 GHz, 7.81 GHz, 10.18 GHz, and 3.04 GHz frequencies. This
paper [9] describes a quad-band CPW-fed slot antenna array for LTE and WiMAX
application. This antenna mainly consists of slot, which is tapered and etched on the
antenna, so that it could support a wide range of frequencies (3.45, 2.6, 0.8, and
1.8 GHz), which operate on multiple frequency bands for different applications. It
has a reection coefcient of less than −10 dB, and simulated radiation patterns
were omnidirectional, which is desired in case of mobile terminals. This paper [10]
describes a modied planar inverted F antenna with triple-band for Wi-Fi and LTE
applications. It provides a detailed study and implementation of the planar inverted
F antenna. The construction of the antenna involves two L-shaped open and shared
short arms. This antenna is designed taking into consideration various factors,
which yield antenna having less reection coefcient and omnidirectional radiation
patterns with good gain, which operates on three different frequency bands that sup-
port LTE and Wi-Fi applications. This paper [11] describes the design of multiband
microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX, C-band, and X-band applications. The feed-
ing technique used in the construction of this antenna is microstrip feedline. The
substrate material used in the construction of this antenna is FR4. The multiband
characteristic created by two different slots employed on the radiating patch. This
antenna covered three frequency bands: from 3.2 to 3.4 GHz for WiMAX, from 6.57
to 6.8 GHz for C-band applications, and from 7.24 to 7.57 GHz for X-band satellite
communication. The provided return losses are better than −23 dB at 3.32 GHz,
−15.74 dB at 6.67 GHz, and − 22.4 dB at 7.39 GHz. The VSWR is less than 2 at all
operating resonance frequencies. This paper [12] describes a multiband PIFA with
a slot on the ground plane for wireless applications. The software used for the opti-
mization of the antenna is HFSS. Various parameters of the antenna have been ana-
lyzed by using HFSS. It was possible to obtain acceptable return loss over multiple
frequency bands. This antenna was built using the substrate material of FR4. It
basically describes PIFA antenna, whose parameters have been varied to obtain a
suitable antenna for wireless applications. This paper [13] describes dual-band
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
26
microstrip patch antenna. This antenna has been constructed using microstrip patch,
which is square in shape and operating on dual frequencies. It is operating on C- and
X-band. The simulation software used was HFSS. Using this software, it was
possible to analyze various antenna parameters. It helped to obtain acceptable
reection coefcient for both the frequency bands and VSWR within the acceptable
range for an ideal antenna, i.e., between 1 and 2. The frequencies at which the
antenna resonated at both bands are 6.7, 6.4, and 7.3. This paper [14] describes
compact triple C-shaped microstrip patch antenna for WLAN, WiMAX, and Wi-Fi
application at 2.5 GHz. The software used for the antenna design is computer simu-
lation technology microwave studio. The substrate material used for the construc-
tion of antenna is FR4. After obtaining the simulation results, it was analyzed that
return loss was –10 dB, and VSWR was within the range of 1–2.
3 Antenna Design Considerations of Proposed Work
This chapter proposes an inverted HE-shaped microstrip patch antenna for four dif-
ferent frequencies ranging from 2 to 8 GHz. It is designed on defective ground plane
so as to increase the bandwidth. This antenna has been mainly designed to operate
on multiple frequency bands, and the performance of the antenna with various sub-
strates such as RT-duroid, FR4, and Rogers has been analyzed. Detailed analyses of
antenna performance parameters like gain, directivity, return loss, and VSWR are
obtained. The software used for the construction of the antenna is IE3D. The main
objectives of the chapter are (a) to design a microstrip patch antenna using three
different substrates, (b) to optimize the dimensions of the antenna to nd the desired
results, (c) to observe the results for individual antenna design, and (d) to compare
the results of all the three designs.
4 Antenna Structure
The overall structure of the antenna includes H- and E-shaped slots, which are basi-
cally in the inverted orientation. The performance of the antenna has been enhanced
with the use of different substrates with xed height. This antenna is constructed at
four different frequencies to obtain the desired multiband characteristics within the
frequency band for wireless applications. This antenna conguration mainly
involves MSA and inverted HE slot, which helps to operate on multiple frequency
bands. Patch antenna shown below is designed using FR4 with dimensions of
[−W/2, W/2] and [−L/2, L/2] and the ground plane with dimensions as [−Wg/2,
Wg/2] and [−Lg/2, Lg/2], where L is the length and W is the width of the patch,
whereas Lg is the length and Wg is the width of the ground plane. The patch is cut
on the substrate. The dimensions of the microstrip feedline are [−(Wf/2), (Wf/2)]
and [−(Lf/2), (Lf/2)] (Figs. 1, 2, and 3).M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
microstrip patch antenna. This antenna has been constructed using microstrip patch,
which is square in shape and operating on dual frequencies. It is operating on C- and
X-band. The simulation software used was HFSS. Using this software, it was
possible to analyze various antenna parameters. It helped to obtain acceptable
reection coefcient for both the frequency bands and VSWR within the acceptable
range for an ideal antenna, i.e., between 1 and 2. The frequencies at which the
antenna resonated at both bands are 6.7, 6.4, and 7.3. This paper [14] describes
compact triple C-shaped microstrip patch antenna for WLAN, WiMAX, and Wi-Fi
application at 2.5 GHz. The software used for the antenna design is computer simu-
lation technology microwave studio. The substrate material used for the construc-
tion of antenna is FR4. After obtaining the simulation results, it was analyzed that
return loss was –10 dB, and VSWR was within the range of 1–2.
3 Antenna Design Considerations of Proposed Work
This chapter proposes an inverted HE-shaped microstrip patch antenna for four dif-
ferent frequencies ranging from 2 to 8 GHz. It is designed on defective ground plane
so as to increase the bandwidth. This antenna has been mainly designed to operate
on multiple frequency bands, and the performance of the antenna with various sub-
strates such as RT-duroid, FR4, and Rogers has been analyzed. Detailed analyses of
antenna performance parameters like gain, directivity, return loss, and VSWR are
obtained. The software used for the construction of the antenna is IE3D. The main
objectives of the chapter are (a) to design a microstrip patch antenna using three
different substrates, (b) to optimize the dimensions of the antenna to nd the desired
results, (c) to observe the results for individual antenna design, and (d) to compare
the results of all the three designs.
4 Antenna Structure
The overall structure of the antenna includes H- and E-shaped slots, which are basi-
cally in the inverted orientation. The performance of the antenna has been enhanced
with the use of different substrates with xed height. This antenna is constructed at
four different frequencies to obtain the desired multiband characteristics within the
frequency band for wireless applications. This antenna conguration mainly
involves MSA and inverted HE slot, which helps to operate on multiple frequency
bands. Patch antenna shown below is designed using FR4 with dimensions of
[−W/2, W/2] and [−L/2, L/2] and the ground plane with dimensions as [−Wg/2,
Wg/2] and [−Lg/2, Lg/2], where L is the length and W is the width of the patch,
whereas Lg is the length and Wg is the width of the ground plane. The patch is cut
on the substrate. The dimensions of the microstrip feedline are [−(Wf/2), (Wf/2)]
and [−(Lf/2), (Lf/2)] (Figs. 1, 2, and 3).M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
27
The proposed antenna can be operated on multiple frequencies with the forma-
tion of inverted H- and E-shaped slots. The horizontal slots operate at 3–3.7 GHz.
The vertical slot of the H shape operates at 4.5–5.5 GHz. The three vertical slots of
E shape operate from 5.9 GHz to 6.3 GHz. With the introduction of defect in the
ground plane, it leads to bandwidth enhancement. Mathematical analyses with the
help of antenna design equations have been carried out to obtain the desired design.
10mm
4mm
8mm
4mm
1mm
5mm
Fig. 1 Dimensions of HE slot with FR4
11mm
5mm
9mm
5mm
1mm
6mm
Fig. 2 Dimensions of HE slot with Rogers
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
The proposed antenna can be operated on multiple frequencies with the forma-
tion of inverted H- and E-shaped slots. The horizontal slots operate at 3–3.7 GHz.
The vertical slot of the H shape operates at 4.5–5.5 GHz. The three vertical slots of
E shape operate from 5.9 GHz to 6.3 GHz. With the introduction of defect in the
ground plane, it leads to bandwidth enhancement. Mathematical analyses with the
help of antenna design equations have been carried out to obtain the desired design.
10mm
4mm
8mm
4mm
1mm
5mm
Fig. 1 Dimensions of HE slot with FR4
11mm
5mm
9mm
5mm
1mm
6mm
Fig. 2 Dimensions of HE slot with Rogers
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
28
IE3D software has been used to analyze various antenna parameters, and optimiza-
tion of the antenna helps to get the desired results. The antenna has been designed
with three different dielectric substrates and analyzed for the frequency ranging
from 2 GHz to 8 GHz. Substrate thickness is taken at a height of 3 mm for all three
substrates. FR4, Rogers, and RT-duroid have dielectric constant of 4.4, 3.48, and 2.2
and loss tangent of 0.002, 0.02, and 0.0004, respectively (Table 1).
Table 2 gives the remaining parameters of the designed antenna like slot width,
slot length, and feedline.
Table 1 Patch and the ground-plane dimensions
Sr.
noSubstrate
Patch length in
mm (L)
Patch width in
mm (W)
Ground-plane length
in mm (Lg)
Ground-plane width
in mm (Wg)
1FR4 29 38 47 56
2Rogers
4350
31 41 49 59
3RT-duroid39 48 57 66
13mm
7mm
11mm
7mm
2mm
7mm
Fig. 3 Dimensions of HE slot with RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
IE3D software has been used to analyze various antenna parameters, and optimiza-
tion of the antenna helps to get the desired results. The antenna has been designed
with three different dielectric substrates and analyzed for the frequency ranging
from 2 GHz to 8 GHz. Substrate thickness is taken at a height of 3 mm for all three
substrates. FR4, Rogers, and RT-duroid have dielectric constant of 4.4, 3.48, and 2.2
and loss tangent of 0.002, 0.02, and 0.0004, respectively (Table 1).
Table 2 gives the remaining parameters of the designed antenna like slot width,
slot length, and feedline.
Table 1 Patch and the ground-plane dimensions
Sr.
noSubstrate
Patch length in
mm (L)
Patch width in
mm (W)
Ground-plane length
in mm (Lg)
Ground-plane width
in mm (Wg)
1FR4 29 38 47 56
2Rogers
4350
31 41 49 59
3RT-duroid39 48 57 66
13mm
7mm
11mm
7mm
2mm
7mm
Fig. 3 Dimensions of HE slot with RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
29
5 Results
5.1 Return Loss (dB)
The return loss of the proposed antenna with FR4 substrate is shown in Fig. 4. The
antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.3 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and
6.0 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −13 dB to −22 dB; the
maximum value of return loss for this design is −21.22 dB.
The simulated results of the antenna designed on Rogers 4350 substrate are
shown in Fig. 5. The antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz,
5.3 GHz, and 6.2 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −13 dB to
−18 dB; the maximum value of return loss for this design is −17.48 dB at 2.2 GHz.
Figure 6 shows the graph of return loss of an antenna designed on RT-duroid
substrate. The antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz,
5.3 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −14 dB to
−26 dB. All frequencies achieve a high value of return loss, which means that this
antenna radiates maximum power, for all the frequencies. Maximum return loss is
achieved at −25.66 dB at 5.9 GHz.
Table 2 Dimensions of the slot and feedline
Parameters (mm) FR4 Rogers 4350 RT-duroid
Wf 16 19 27
Lf 4.59 5.71 8.42
Ls 30 32 40
Ws 39 42 49
Fig. 4 Return loss of the proposed antenna with FR4 substrate
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
5 Results
5.1 Return Loss (dB)
The return loss of the proposed antenna with FR4 substrate is shown in Fig. 4. The
antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.3 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and
6.0 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −13 dB to −22 dB; the
maximum value of return loss for this design is −21.22 dB.
The simulated results of the antenna designed on Rogers 4350 substrate are
shown in Fig. 5. The antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz,
5.3 GHz, and 6.2 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −13 dB to
−18 dB; the maximum value of return loss for this design is −17.48 dB at 2.2 GHz.
Figure 6 shows the graph of return loss of an antenna designed on RT-duroid
substrate. The antenna resonates over four frequencies, i.e., 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz,
5.3 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The return loss for all frequencies varies from −14 dB to
−26 dB. All frequencies achieve a high value of return loss, which means that this
antenna radiates maximum power, for all the frequencies. Maximum return loss is
achieved at −25.66 dB at 5.9 GHz.
Table 2 Dimensions of the slot and feedline
Parameters (mm) FR4 Rogers 4350 RT-duroid
Wf 16 19 27
Lf 4.59 5.71 8.42
Ls 30 32 40
Ws 39 42 49
Fig. 4 Return loss of the proposed antenna with FR4 substrate
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
30
5.2 VSWR
VSWR plays a very important role in determining the performance of the antenna.
Antenna having VSWR within the range of 0–2 is considered to be a good design.
The VSWR plot of an antenna designed on FR4 substrate is shown in Fig. 7. The
minimum value of VSWR is 1.18, which is obtained at 6.0 GHz.
Figure 8 shows the VSWR graph for an antenna designed on Rogers 4350 sub-
strate. VSWR achieved for the frequencies 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and 6.2 GHz
are 1.32, 1.57, 1.82, and 1.43, respectively.
Figure 9 shows the graph of VSWR, designed on RT-duroid substrate. The values
of VSWR achieved for this design are 1.2, 1.5, 1.2, and 1.1 for the four different
Fig. 5 Return loss of the proposed antenna with Rogers 4350
Fig. 6 Return loss of the antenna designed on RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
5.2 VSWR
VSWR plays a very important role in determining the performance of the antenna.
Antenna having VSWR within the range of 0–2 is considered to be a good design.
The VSWR plot of an antenna designed on FR4 substrate is shown in Fig. 7. The
minimum value of VSWR is 1.18, which is obtained at 6.0 GHz.
Figure 8 shows the VSWR graph for an antenna designed on Rogers 4350 sub-
strate. VSWR achieved for the frequencies 2.2 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and 6.2 GHz
are 1.32, 1.57, 1.82, and 1.43, respectively.
Figure 9 shows the graph of VSWR, designed on RT-duroid substrate. The values
of VSWR achieved for this design are 1.2, 1.5, 1.2, and 1.1 for the four different
Fig. 5 Return loss of the proposed antenna with Rogers 4350
Fig. 6 Return loss of the antenna designed on RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
31
frequencies. These VSWR values are close to 1. Hence, we can say that the mis-
match between the antenna and the feed is minimum.
As can be seen in Table 3, return loss obtained for the antennas designed with
different substrates is below –10 dB. Antenna with return loss below –10 dB is con-
sidered to be a perfect antenna desirable for wireless applications. When the antenna
was designed using RT-duroid substrate and resonated at four different frequencies,
the return loss was maximum. The antenna which was designed with FR4 offered
minimum return loss.
Fig. 7 VSWR of the antenna designed on FR4
Fig. 8 VSWR of the antenna designed on Rogers 4350
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
frequencies. These VSWR values are close to 1. Hence, we can say that the mis-
match between the antenna and the feed is minimum.
As can be seen in Table 3, return loss obtained for the antennas designed with
different substrates is below –10 dB. Antenna with return loss below –10 dB is con-
sidered to be a perfect antenna desirable for wireless applications. When the antenna
was designed using RT-duroid substrate and resonated at four different frequencies,
the return loss was maximum. The antenna which was designed with FR4 offered
minimum return loss.
Fig. 7 VSWR of the antenna designed on FR4
Fig. 8 VSWR of the antenna designed on Rogers 4350
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
32
The return loss value of the antenna using Rogers 4350 substrate was in between
RT-duroid and FR4.The antenna designed with RT-duroid substrate also offered
VSWR approximately equal to 1 for the desired range of frequencies.
Table 4 gives the values of gain, directivity, and bandwidth. The maximum gain
and directivity for FR4 is observed at 5.3GHz, which is 4.60 dBi and 6.39 dBi,
respectively. The maximum bandwidth of 570 MHz is seen at 5.9 GHz. Antenna
designed with RT-duroid has maximum values at a frequency of 3.6 GHz with a
gain of 5.1 dBi, directivity of 5.55dBi, and bandwidth of 512 MHz.
It is seen that Rogers 4350 has good gain and directivity compared to FR4 and
RT-duroid, whereas greater bandwidth is achieved with RT-duroid.
Table 3 Return loss and VSWR
Substrate Frequency (GHz) Return loss (dB) VSWR
FR4 2.2
3.3
5.3
6
−13.53
−17.48
−14.18
−21.22
1.57
1.31
1.4
1.18
Rogers 4350 2.2
3.6
5.3
6.2
−17.11
−13.08
−10.74
−14.89
1.32
1.57
1.82
1.43
RT-duroid 2.2
3.6
4.8
5.9
−18.38
−14.09
−19.84
−25.66
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.1
Fig. 9 VSWR of the antenna designed on RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
The return loss value of the antenna using Rogers 4350 substrate was in between
RT-duroid and FR4.The antenna designed with RT-duroid substrate also offered
VSWR approximately equal to 1 for the desired range of frequencies.
Table 4 gives the values of gain, directivity, and bandwidth. The maximum gain
and directivity for FR4 is observed at 5.3GHz, which is 4.60 dBi and 6.39 dBi,
respectively. The maximum bandwidth of 570 MHz is seen at 5.9 GHz. Antenna
designed with RT-duroid has maximum values at a frequency of 3.6 GHz with a
gain of 5.1 dBi, directivity of 5.55dBi, and bandwidth of 512 MHz.
It is seen that Rogers 4350 has good gain and directivity compared to FR4 and
RT-duroid, whereas greater bandwidth is achieved with RT-duroid.
Table 3 Return loss and VSWR
Substrate Frequency (GHz) Return loss (dB) VSWR
FR4 2.2
3.3
5.3
6
−13.53
−17.48
−14.18
−21.22
1.57
1.31
1.4
1.18
Rogers 4350 2.2
3.6
5.3
6.2
−17.11
−13.08
−10.74
−14.89
1.32
1.57
1.82
1.43
RT-duroid 2.2
3.6
4.8
5.9
−18.38
−14.09
−19.84
−25.66
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.1
Fig. 9 VSWR of the antenna designed on RT-duroidM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
33
6 Conclusion
The proposed antenna works on four different frequencies. This antenna has been
designed with different substrate materials to enhance the performance of the
antenna. The operation of this antenna on multiple frequency bands was possible
with the introduction of H- and E-shaped slots on the microstrip patch. Bandwidth
enhancement was possible with defected structures on the ground plane. The thick-
ness of the substrate was kept constant throughout the design, and analyses of the
antenna with different substrates were done. From the comparison of simulation
results obtained for the antenna, it is clear that antenna designed with RT-duroid
substrate offers better performance results. The antenna designed using RT-duroid
substrate is more preferred because this antenna can offer good performance in
terms of various antenna parameters such as bandwidth, VSWR, and return loss.
Antenna can be designed with different patch shapes and different shapes of the slot
so as to get better performance. Aperture coupled feed can be used as a feeding
technique which can give very high bandwidth of about 21%.
References
1. Saxena, N.: Design and analysis of multi band ANTENNA for S and C band. IEEE
Transactions on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking,
978-1-5386-4119-4/18//$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
2. Ajay Dadhich, J.K., Deegwal, M., Sharma, M.: Multiband slotted microstrip patch antenna for
TD-LTE, ITU and X-band applications. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing and Integrated
Networks, IEEE – 43488(c) (2018)
3. Indharapu, S.S., Abhishikth, M.B.: A multiband slot antenna for wireless communica-
tion. IEEE Transaction on Computing, Communication and Network Technologies,
978-1-5386-3045-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
4. Mehr-e-Munir, Khalid Mahmood, Saad Hassan Kiani: E-shape multiband patch antenna for
4G, C-band and S-band applications. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 9(5) (2018)
Table 4 Gain, directivity, and bandwidth
Substrate Frequency (GHz)Gain (dBi)Directivity (dBi)Bandwidth (MHz)
FR4 2.2
3.3
5.3
5.9
4.31
3.28
4.60
3.21
5.48
5.14
6.39
6.50
290
229
320
570
Rogers 43502.2
3.6
5.3
6.2
5.18
3.47
4.07
3.79
5.49
4.79
5.44
5.46
200
300
500
600
RT-duroid 2.2
3.6
4.8
5.9
4.91
5.12
3.39
4.96
4.44
5.55
3.49
5.03
491
512
339
496
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
6 Conclusion
The proposed antenna works on four different frequencies. This antenna has been
designed with different substrate materials to enhance the performance of the
antenna. The operation of this antenna on multiple frequency bands was possible
with the introduction of H- and E-shaped slots on the microstrip patch. Bandwidth
enhancement was possible with defected structures on the ground plane. The thick-
ness of the substrate was kept constant throughout the design, and analyses of the
antenna with different substrates were done. From the comparison of simulation
results obtained for the antenna, it is clear that antenna designed with RT-duroid
substrate offers better performance results. The antenna designed using RT-duroid
substrate is more preferred because this antenna can offer good performance in
terms of various antenna parameters such as bandwidth, VSWR, and return loss.
Antenna can be designed with different patch shapes and different shapes of the slot
so as to get better performance. Aperture coupled feed can be used as a feeding
technique which can give very high bandwidth of about 21%.
References
1. Saxena, N.: Design and analysis of multi band ANTENNA for S and C band. IEEE
Transactions on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking,
978-1-5386-4119-4/18//$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
2. Ajay Dadhich, J.K., Deegwal, M., Sharma, M.: Multiband slotted microstrip patch antenna for
TD-LTE, ITU and X-band applications. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing and Integrated
Networks, IEEE – 43488(c) (2018)
3. Indharapu, S.S., Abhishikth, M.B.: A multiband slot antenna for wireless communica-
tion. IEEE Transaction on Computing, Communication and Network Technologies,
978-1-5386-3045-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
4. Mehr-e-Munir, Khalid Mahmood, Saad Hassan Kiani: E-shape multiband patch antenna for
4G, C-band and S-band applications. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 9(5) (2018)
Table 4 Gain, directivity, and bandwidth
Substrate Frequency (GHz)Gain (dBi)Directivity (dBi)Bandwidth (MHz)
FR4 2.2
3.3
5.3
5.9
4.31
3.28
4.60
3.21
5.48
5.14
6.39
6.50
290
229
320
570
Rogers 43502.2
3.6
5.3
6.2
5.18
3.47
4.07
3.79
5.49
4.79
5.44
5.46
200
300
500
600
RT-duroid 2.2
3.6
4.8
5.9
4.91
5.12
3.39
4.96
4.44
5.55
3.49
5.03
491
512
339
496
Multiband Slot Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications
34
5. Snehalatha, T.K.A.C., Kumar, N.: Design of multiband planar antenna. IEEE Transactions on
Antenna Innovations & Modern Technologies for Ground, Aircraft and Satellite Applications,
978-1-5386-0646-9/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
6. Mishra, P.K., Sachdeva, V., Sharma, D., Gupta, S.D.: Multiband microstrip antenna for 4G
mobile application. IEEE Transactions on Communication Systems and Network Technologies,
978-1-4799-1797-6/15 $31.00 © 2015 IEEE
7. Bhadouria, A.S., Kumar, M.: Multiband DGS based microstrip patch antenna for open satel-
lite communication. IEEE Transaction on Advances in Engineering & Technology Research,
978-1-4799-6393-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
8. Md. Sazzad Hossain, Md. Towsif Abir, Md. Hadiur Rahman Khan, Md. Tariqul
Islam. Multiheaded starsh shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna for satel-
lite communication. IEEE Transaction on Electrical and Computer Engineering,
978-1-5386-7482-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE
9. Elahi, M., Khan, R.: A Quad-Band CPW Fed Slot Antenna Array for LTE and WiMAX
Application. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M. 61, 159167 (2017)
10. Mujawar, M.: Design and analysis of log-periodic dipole antenna as a proximity fuse
antenna. In: 2020 International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech), Pune, India,
pp. 182–185, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/I4Tech48345.2020.9102636
11. Badr, S., Hamad, E.K.I.: Design of multiband microstrip patch antenna for WiMax, C-band
and X-band applications. Aswan Eng. J. (AswEJ)
12. Hosseini, S.E., Member, IACSIT, Attari, A.R., Pourzadi, A.: A Multiband PIFA with a Slot on
the Ground Plane for Wireless Applications. Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng. (3, 4), 349–352 (2013)
13. Shamim Banu, A., Kavitha, R., Aayisha Siddika, R., Elakkiya, M., Kaovyaa, S.: Dual Band
Microstrip Patch Antenna. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT) ICONNECT – 2018 Conference
Proceedings
14. Dutta, D., Hira, A., Asjad, F., Haider, T.I.: Compact triple C shaped microstrip patch
antenna for WLAN, WiMAX & Wi-Fi Application at 2.5 GHz. IEEE Transaction,
978-1-4799-6399-7/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEEM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
5. Snehalatha, T.K.A.C., Kumar, N.: Design of multiband planar antenna. IEEE Transactions on
Antenna Innovations & Modern Technologies for Ground, Aircraft and Satellite Applications,
978-1-5386-0646-9/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
6. Mishra, P.K., Sachdeva, V., Sharma, D., Gupta, S.D.: Multiband microstrip antenna for 4G
mobile application. IEEE Transactions on Communication Systems and Network Technologies,
978-1-4799-1797-6/15 $31.00 © 2015 IEEE
7. Bhadouria, A.S., Kumar, M.: Multiband DGS based microstrip patch antenna for open satel-
lite communication. IEEE Transaction on Advances in Engineering & Technology Research,
978-1-4799-6393-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
8. Md. Sazzad Hossain, Md. Towsif Abir, Md. Hadiur Rahman Khan, Md. Tariqul
Islam. Multiheaded starsh shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna for satel-
lite communication. IEEE Transaction on Electrical and Computer Engineering,
978-1-5386-7482-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE
9. Elahi, M., Khan, R.: A Quad-Band CPW Fed Slot Antenna Array for LTE and WiMAX
Application. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M. 61, 159167 (2017)
10. Mujawar, M.: Design and analysis of log-periodic dipole antenna as a proximity fuse
antenna. In: 2020 International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech), Pune, India,
pp. 182–185, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/I4Tech48345.2020.9102636
11. Badr, S., Hamad, E.K.I.: Design of multiband microstrip patch antenna for WiMax, C-band
and X-band applications. Aswan Eng. J. (AswEJ)
12. Hosseini, S.E., Member, IACSIT, Attari, A.R., Pourzadi, A.: A Multiband PIFA with a Slot on
the Ground Plane for Wireless Applications. Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng. (3, 4), 349–352 (2013)
13. Shamim Banu, A., Kavitha, R., Aayisha Siddika, R., Elakkiya, M., Kaovyaa, S.: Dual Band
Microstrip Patch Antenna. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT) ICONNECT – 2018 Conference
Proceedings
14. Dutta, D., Hira, A., Asjad, F., Haider, T.I.: Compact triple C shaped microstrip patch
antenna for WLAN, WiMAX & Wi-Fi Application at 2.5 GHz. IEEE Transaction,
978-1-4799-6399-7/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEEM. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
35© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_4
Effect of Encapsulating Materials
on Monopole Antenna Performance
for Underwater Communication
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
1 Introduction
It is realized that 70% of the Earth involves water, and the greatest merchandise
transportation is nished over the sea; thus, sea communication is a critical part in
everyday life. Truly a huge number of ships or other vessels are far away in the
ocean. Consequently, dependable oceanic communications are considered to play
an imperative part in sea operations [1]. Because of progression in unmanned auton-
omous vehicles, robots venture to every part of the ocean without any supervision
or control from the administrator. There is a requirement for communication of
information, which is gathered by these unmanned autonomous vehicles with the
host ship or to a ground station, yet their correspondence over the ocean is affected
by different variables, for example, at the point when the electromagnetic waves
spread over the ocean surface, there exists reection, dispersion, and diffraction [2].
This chapter deals with wireless communication of autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) [3, 4] with a ground station or aboard a ship for 2.4 GHz band. A design of
an elementary-enclosed Marconi antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is simulated in
CADFEKO simulator, and the results are analyzed. Autonomous underwater vehi-
cle (AUV) explores by submerging below the sea even when no instructions are
provided by the administrator. AUVs have six degrees of freedom, namely, surge,
sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw. AUVs have a vital part for a nation that has a vast
sea area. AUV is broadly utilized for sea investigation and contour mapping and as
a method for defense under the sea. Due to advancements in AUVs, they are utilized
for various research and military tasks for their broad information-gaining
M. Mujawar (*)
Goa College of Engineering, Ponda, Goa, India
T. Gunasekaran
Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
Switzerland AG 2022
P. K. Malik et al. (eds.), Smart Antennas, EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76636-8_4
Effect of Encapsulating Materials
on Monopole Antenna Performance
for Underwater Communication
Mehaboob Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
1 Introduction
It is realized that 70% of the Earth involves water, and the greatest merchandise
transportation is nished over the sea; thus, sea communication is a critical part in
everyday life. Truly a huge number of ships or other vessels are far away in the
ocean. Consequently, dependable oceanic communications are considered to play
an imperative part in sea operations [1]. Because of progression in unmanned auton-
omous vehicles, robots venture to every part of the ocean without any supervision
or control from the administrator. There is a requirement for communication of
information, which is gathered by these unmanned autonomous vehicles with the
host ship or to a ground station, yet their correspondence over the ocean is affected
by different variables, for example, at the point when the electromagnetic waves
spread over the ocean surface, there exists reection, dispersion, and diffraction [2].
This chapter deals with wireless communication of autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) [3, 4] with a ground station or aboard a ship for 2.4 GHz band. A design of
an elementary-enclosed Marconi antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is simulated in
CADFEKO simulator, and the results are analyzed. Autonomous underwater vehi-
cle (AUV) explores by submerging below the sea even when no instructions are
provided by the administrator. AUVs have six degrees of freedom, namely, surge,
sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw. AUVs have a vital part for a nation that has a vast
sea area. AUV is broadly utilized for sea investigation and contour mapping and as
a method for defense under the sea. Due to advancements in AUVs, they are utilized
for various research and military tasks for their broad information-gaining
M. Mujawar (*)
Goa College of Engineering, Ponda, Goa, India
T. Gunasekaran
Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
36
capacities; this obtained information is sent to the host transport, which is basically
the ship utilizing EM waves on the plane of the sea, yet the nature of the EM wave
is corrupted due to the accompanying components which inuence the transmission
and reception of EM waves on the sea plane. Doppler shift plays a very important
role in the transmission and reception of EM waves because a signal having a high
frequency is affected by this mechanism due to movement of the sea, rough plane of
the sea due to wind additionally affects the transmission and reception of the EM
waves, distance communication is also affected by the reection which is occurring
above sea, and losses are due to interference at the sea level [5]. Various networks
using sensors working on the plane of the ocean have been helplessly set up to send
EM waves to various communication systems located near the plane of the ocean,
close to level of the ocean, or when the seaside height is low [6]. When signals need
to be transmitted over very long distances, line of sight is required by the signals,
which need frequency to be very high. Additionally, changes in the boundary layer
of the atmosphere cause signal reections and straightforwardly affect wave behav-
ior and propagation paths, resulting in blurring [7]. Thinking about marine condi-
tion, the state of the ocean, also taking into consideration cyclonic winds, has a very
close impact on both the transmission and reception of EM waves on the plane of
the ocean. The said impacts are explicitly an issue for signicant distance commu-
nication (past several hundred meters or 2 or 3 km). One of the important plans is to
relocate the autonomous unmanned vehicles and unmanned surface vehicles or
main ship adjacently with a particular ultimate objective to improve the radio chan-
nel. This causes wastage of time as well as resources. For instance, fuel will be used
more because the movement between the vehicles will be longer. Spacecraft inter-
face association is a commonplace methodology that has a number of obstructions,
including incomplete satellite inclusion by most structure frameworks with little
impression, as well as tolerably high expenses and generally low information rate
[8]. There is a signicant improvement in the radio channel which is used for com-
munication with the help of communication relays; however, it needs a raised stage
to give adequate location. To relieve these problems, it is desirable to construct
antennas specically for autonomous unmanned vehicles, which relatively have
more gain, resulting in transmission and reception of signals at greater separations
of up to 100 m. The parameters of the antenna are restricted by the autonomous
unmanned vehicles because the sizes of the autonomous unmanned vehicles are
typically small. The antenna is covered using a covering material to protect it below
the water surface whenever an autonomous unmanned vehicle navigates. Delrin is
the typical covering material used because of its excellent performance in underwa-
ter application. There may be loss in signal quality because of this material; conse-
quently in this research, distinctive material are utilized for embodying the antenna,
and the best material for antenna is decided by considering the value, which is
obtained by designing the antenna in simulation software FEKO. The antenna will
be operating at a frequency band of 2.4 GHz.M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
capacities; this obtained information is sent to the host transport, which is basically
the ship utilizing EM waves on the plane of the sea, yet the nature of the EM wave
is corrupted due to the accompanying components which inuence the transmission
and reception of EM waves on the sea plane. Doppler shift plays a very important
role in the transmission and reception of EM waves because a signal having a high
frequency is affected by this mechanism due to movement of the sea, rough plane of
the sea due to wind additionally affects the transmission and reception of the EM
waves, distance communication is also affected by the reection which is occurring
above sea, and losses are due to interference at the sea level [5]. Various networks
using sensors working on the plane of the ocean have been helplessly set up to send
EM waves to various communication systems located near the plane of the ocean,
close to level of the ocean, or when the seaside height is low [6]. When signals need
to be transmitted over very long distances, line of sight is required by the signals,
which need frequency to be very high. Additionally, changes in the boundary layer
of the atmosphere cause signal reections and straightforwardly affect wave behav-
ior and propagation paths, resulting in blurring [7]. Thinking about marine condi-
tion, the state of the ocean, also taking into consideration cyclonic winds, has a very
close impact on both the transmission and reception of EM waves on the plane of
the ocean. The said impacts are explicitly an issue for signicant distance commu-
nication (past several hundred meters or 2 or 3 km). One of the important plans is to
relocate the autonomous unmanned vehicles and unmanned surface vehicles or
main ship adjacently with a particular ultimate objective to improve the radio chan-
nel. This causes wastage of time as well as resources. For instance, fuel will be used
more because the movement between the vehicles will be longer. Spacecraft inter-
face association is a commonplace methodology that has a number of obstructions,
including incomplete satellite inclusion by most structure frameworks with little
impression, as well as tolerably high expenses and generally low information rate
[8]. There is a signicant improvement in the radio channel which is used for com-
munication with the help of communication relays; however, it needs a raised stage
to give adequate location. To relieve these problems, it is desirable to construct
antennas specically for autonomous unmanned vehicles, which relatively have
more gain, resulting in transmission and reception of signals at greater separations
of up to 100 m. The parameters of the antenna are restricted by the autonomous
unmanned vehicles because the sizes of the autonomous unmanned vehicles are
typically small. The antenna is covered using a covering material to protect it below
the water surface whenever an autonomous unmanned vehicle navigates. Delrin is
the typical covering material used because of its excellent performance in underwa-
ter application. There may be loss in signal quality because of this material; conse-
quently in this research, distinctive material are utilized for embodying the antenna,
and the best material for antenna is decided by considering the value, which is
obtained by designing the antenna in simulation software FEKO. The antenna will
be operating at a frequency band of 2.4 GHz.M. Mujawar and T. Gunasekaran
37
2 Antenna Encapsulating Materials Used
While picking the covering material for the embodiment of the antenna, several
standards have been considered; before selecting the covering material, we need to
make sure that the material can withstand critical conditions below the surface of
the water as the autonomous unmanned vehicles can move somewhere below the
sea surface without contorting or disguring. The material strength should be strong
enough to bear the critical conditions, and it should be free from corrosion, since the
vehicle can stay below water surface for weeks. In the below table, we have enlisted
covering materials which are considered suitable for underwater applications
(Table 1).
3 Antenna Design
A basic monopole antenna [7, 8] is intended for a frequency of 2.4 GHz; the con-
ducting rod is placed on the ground plane, which is circular; and its height and
diameter are simulated for a frequency of 2.4 GHz. The antenna has been covered
with the covering material whose length is 10 m. The investigation is accomplished
for characteristics of its frequency and theta versus gain. The antenna which uses a
covering material and also the antenna which does not use a covering material have
been shown in Fig. 1. The wavelength of an antenna can be calculated as the ratio of
the speed of light to the frequency [9]; as we already know, the antenna is operating
at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. In order to calculate the diameter of the conducting
ground plane, we need to take the ratio of thrice wavelength to twice. The height of
the covering material for the antenna is now xed, yet the width of the covering
material is varied with respect to its position from the antenna for different covering
materials listed in the table below, and analyzed values are noted.
Table 1 Antenna covering materials used
Sr.
noMaterial
Dissipation
factor
Dielectric constant at
2.4 Ghz
Mass density
kg/m3
Water absorption
24 hours
1PET 0.002 3.74 1380 0.1
2PETG 0.02 2.64 1380 0.2
3ULTEM 0.0015 4.07 1270 0.25
4Hydex 3010.025 3.74 1200 0.19
5Tecaform
AH
0.001 4.07 1410 0.18
6PVC 0.0096 3.509 1100–1450 0.02
7Delrin 0.005 4.07 1410 0.25
Effect of Encapsulating Materials on Monopole Antenna Performance for Underwater…
2 Antenna Encapsulating Materials Used
While picking the covering material for the embodiment of the antenna, several
standards have been considered; before selecting the covering material, we need to
make sure that the material can withstand critical conditions below the surface of
the water as the autonomous unmanned vehicles can move somewhere below the
sea surface without contorting or disguring. The material strength should be strong
enough to bear the critical conditions, and it should be free from corrosion, since the
vehicle can stay below water surface for weeks. In the below table, we have enlisted
covering materials which are considered suitable for underwater applications
(Table 1).
3 Antenna Design
A basic monopole antenna [7, 8] is intended for a frequency of 2.4 GHz; the con-
ducting rod is placed on the ground plane, which is circular; and its height and
diameter are simulated for a frequency of 2.4 GHz. The antenna has been covered
with the covering material whose length is 10 m. The investigation is accomplished
for characteristics of its frequency and theta versus gain. The antenna which uses a
covering material and also the antenna which does not use a covering material have
been shown in Fig. 1. The wavelength of an antenna can be calculated as the ratio of
the speed of light to the frequency [9]; as we already know, the antenna is operating
at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. In order to calculate the diameter of the conducting
ground plane, we need to take the ratio of thrice wavelength to twice. The height of
the covering material for the antenna is now xed, yet the width of the covering
material is varied with respect to its position from the antenna for different covering
materials listed in the table below, and analyzed values are noted.
Table 1 Antenna covering materials used
Sr.
noMaterial
Dissipation
factor
Dielectric constant at
2.4 Ghz
Mass density
kg/m3
Water absorption
24 hours
1PET 0.002 3.74 1380 0.1
2PETG 0.02 2.64 1380 0.2
3ULTEM 0.0015 4.07 1270 0.25
4Hydex 3010.025 3.74 1200 0.19
5Tecaform
AH
0.001 4.07 1410 0.18
6PVC 0.0096 3.509 1100–1450 0.02
7Delrin 0.005 4.07 1410 0.25
Effect of Encapsulating Materials on Monopole Antenna Performance for Underwater…
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
with Unrelated Content
About eight days from this time, we learned that, a few hours
after we left him, he was found by some natives in a perfectly
helpless state, and carried by them to a settlement several miles
distant, where he was taken care of, and finally joined the company
at East Cape.
In regard to those of us who were still able to proceed through
the drifted snow, how slight the hope that we should long continue
our perilous journey, and how probable that each one of us in turn
would lag behind, and finally lie down to rise up no more!
We saw in our companion an example of what our own fate
might shortly be. Whatever of heart or hope there was left, the
captain encouraged those with him to put forth all their strength and
energies, as every thing they held dear on earth—even life itself—
was now at stake. If they faltered, death was certain; if they pressed
on, there might be some remote chance of safety and of life.
When Captain Norton left the settlement, he took with him as his
only supply of food, both for himself and his three companions,
three sea biscuits, which he hid away the first of the winter as a last
resort, not knowing what necessity the future might bring along with
it.
The last and final emergency had now arrived. He therefore took
one of the biscuits, and divided it into three parts, retained one for
himself, and gave the other two to his companions.
Soon after the division of the biscuit, we found a temporary
shelter under the lee of a precipitous and broken line of hills, which
extended some distance, and which protected us from the cold and
piercing north wind.
Captain Norton never allowed himself to sit down, because he
was convinced, so weak as he was, and nearly worn out, if he
should yield to the promptings of his almost exhausted body, and sit
down, he would never rise up again; and therefore he continued on
his feet, and moving about from place to place. He warned his
companions again and again, if they valued life, not to think of
after we left him, he was found by some natives in a perfectly
helpless state, and carried by them to a settlement several miles
distant, where he was taken care of, and finally joined the company
at East Cape.
In regard to those of us who were still able to proceed through
the drifted snow, how slight the hope that we should long continue
our perilous journey, and how probable that each one of us in turn
would lag behind, and finally lie down to rise up no more!
We saw in our companion an example of what our own fate
might shortly be. Whatever of heart or hope there was left, the
captain encouraged those with him to put forth all their strength and
energies, as every thing they held dear on earth—even life itself—
was now at stake. If they faltered, death was certain; if they pressed
on, there might be some remote chance of safety and of life.
When Captain Norton left the settlement, he took with him as his
only supply of food, both for himself and his three companions,
three sea biscuits, which he hid away the first of the winter as a last
resort, not knowing what necessity the future might bring along with
it.
The last and final emergency had now arrived. He therefore took
one of the biscuits, and divided it into three parts, retained one for
himself, and gave the other two to his companions.
Soon after the division of the biscuit, we found a temporary
shelter under the lee of a precipitous and broken line of hills, which
extended some distance, and which protected us from the cold and
piercing north wind.
Captain Norton never allowed himself to sit down, because he
was convinced, so weak as he was, and nearly worn out, if he
should yield to the promptings of his almost exhausted body, and sit
down, he would never rise up again; and therefore he continued on
his feet, and moving about from place to place. He warned his
companions again and again, if they valued life, not to think of
finding rest by sitting down, or seeking repose in any manner; if
they should, death would shortly ensue. There was "but a step
between us and death."
Yet, notwithstanding the entreaties, persuasions, and warnings
of Captain Norton, another one was observed to falter and disposed
to sit down. Being but a short distance from him, we perceived he
made no effort to eat his biscuit, and also exhibited that singular
dulness and stupidity which are the silent and stealthy precursors of
the sleep of death. He was then sitting down in an easy and natural
posture. The captain spoke to him several times; but he gave no
answer, nor made any movement of any kind. He went to him
immediately, though he was not twelve feet distant, to ascertain the
cause, and found what we greatly feared; alas! the poor fellow's
eyes were set, his limbs were rigid, the piece of biscuit was still in
his hand. He was frozen to death; his mortal life had fled; his spirit
had gone to God, who gave it!
In the winding sheet of drifting snow we let him remain. What a
scene that was to us! We were struggling for life amid elements of
destruction such as but few of our countrymen ever witnessed, and,
we trust, never will.
Only two of us were now left to pursue our sad, and in some
respects almost hopeless, journey. It seems quite incredible that we
should have had any courage to make another effort in struggling
forward, after what we had just witnessed, and that, at once, we
should not have surrendered ourselves to the fate which appeared to
follow and surround us.
The captain said to Cox, his only remaining companion, "The
best foot forward now, or we shall be left out here; and to be out
one more night, we are gone."
Having traveled two or three miles, as we should judge, from the
place where our shipmate died, we discovered something in the
distance, from one to two miles, skimming along apparently on the
ice, which at first had the appearance of a flock of crows. Cox said
they should, death would shortly ensue. There was "but a step
between us and death."
Yet, notwithstanding the entreaties, persuasions, and warnings
of Captain Norton, another one was observed to falter and disposed
to sit down. Being but a short distance from him, we perceived he
made no effort to eat his biscuit, and also exhibited that singular
dulness and stupidity which are the silent and stealthy precursors of
the sleep of death. He was then sitting down in an easy and natural
posture. The captain spoke to him several times; but he gave no
answer, nor made any movement of any kind. He went to him
immediately, though he was not twelve feet distant, to ascertain the
cause, and found what we greatly feared; alas! the poor fellow's
eyes were set, his limbs were rigid, the piece of biscuit was still in
his hand. He was frozen to death; his mortal life had fled; his spirit
had gone to God, who gave it!
In the winding sheet of drifting snow we let him remain. What a
scene that was to us! We were struggling for life amid elements of
destruction such as but few of our countrymen ever witnessed, and,
we trust, never will.
Only two of us were now left to pursue our sad, and in some
respects almost hopeless, journey. It seems quite incredible that we
should have had any courage to make another effort in struggling
forward, after what we had just witnessed, and that, at once, we
should not have surrendered ourselves to the fate which appeared to
follow and surround us.
The captain said to Cox, his only remaining companion, "The
best foot forward now, or we shall be left out here; and to be out
one more night, we are gone."
Having traveled two or three miles, as we should judge, from the
place where our shipmate died, we discovered something in the
distance, from one to two miles, skimming along apparently on the
ice, which at first had the appearance of a flock of crows. Cox said
to the captain, "The crows have come for us already." But upon
further inspection, and the object approaching nearer, it turned out
to be four or five dog teams, with three of Mr. Fisher's party and a
number of natives, bound back to the settlement to let their
companions know that they had found good quarters, and also to
bring some of them away with them.
This was cheering news indeed—cheering because Mr. Fisher
and his party were alive, cheering because it revived our desponding
spirits, and infused new hope into our minds that permanent help
was not far off.
Those who accompanied the natives with the dog teams saw at
once how nearly exhausted the captain and Cox were, but yet the
natives were unwilling to take them to the nearest settlement. And,
besides, there would have been as great danger, and perhaps even
greater, for us to have ridden on the supposition that the natives had
been disposed to carry us, than for us to have walked. We should
have been chilled to death, if we had remained still or quiet, in a
very short time.
The direction to the nearest settlement on the coast was pointed
out to us; and we were put upon the track made by the dog teams,
and told that the distance to it was six or eight miles.
The captain told Cox, "We must reach the place before dark; the
last effort must now be put forth—the best foot forward." It was
now about twelve o'clock, M. We started in the direction of the huts,
and traveled on as fast as we could, though at the best very slow.
The snow was deep, and hard to travel.
All the mental and physical energy which we possessed was
called into requisition to aid us in reaching a resting place before
night. It was our last exertion. It was indeed a merciful providence
that we happened to meet our friends and the natives, otherwise,
beyond a reasonable doubt, we should have perished; but meeting
them, however, we received great encouragement to our minds,
and, furthermore, knew for a certainty the direction and about the
further inspection, and the object approaching nearer, it turned out
to be four or five dog teams, with three of Mr. Fisher's party and a
number of natives, bound back to the settlement to let their
companions know that they had found good quarters, and also to
bring some of them away with them.
This was cheering news indeed—cheering because Mr. Fisher
and his party were alive, cheering because it revived our desponding
spirits, and infused new hope into our minds that permanent help
was not far off.
Those who accompanied the natives with the dog teams saw at
once how nearly exhausted the captain and Cox were, but yet the
natives were unwilling to take them to the nearest settlement. And,
besides, there would have been as great danger, and perhaps even
greater, for us to have ridden on the supposition that the natives had
been disposed to carry us, than for us to have walked. We should
have been chilled to death, if we had remained still or quiet, in a
very short time.
The direction to the nearest settlement on the coast was pointed
out to us; and we were put upon the track made by the dog teams,
and told that the distance to it was six or eight miles.
The captain told Cox, "We must reach the place before dark; the
last effort must now be put forth—the best foot forward." It was
now about twelve o'clock, M. We started in the direction of the huts,
and traveled on as fast as we could, though at the best very slow.
The snow was deep, and hard to travel.
All the mental and physical energy which we possessed was
called into requisition to aid us in reaching a resting place before
night. It was our last exertion. It was indeed a merciful providence
that we happened to meet our friends and the natives, otherwise,
beyond a reasonable doubt, we should have perished; but meeting
them, however, we received great encouragement to our minds,
and, furthermore, knew for a certainty the direction and about the
distance of the huts. Without such a stimulus as this, and just the
one we needed,—for our lives were suspended upon it,—our last
resting place on earth would have been made amid the drifting
snows of the arctic.
With severe labor and painful exertion, we finally reached the
settlement just at night. Before we saw the huts, which were
concealed from our view by banks of snow, we were heralded by the
barking of the dogs. We knew, therefore, that we were near the
abode of human beings. The sound fell on our ears ten thousand
times more sweetly than the music of an Æolian harp.
But we hardly knew how we were carried through the last part
of our journey. Strength was given to us by the great Father of all. It
was of the Lord's mercies that we did not yield to final despondency,
and utterly despair of ever beholding the countenances of our
friends again. Hope and heart were in the ascendant; if they had
once fallen, all would have been over with us.
Sometimes we crawled along on our hands and knees; at other
times we would fall down, both upon the right hand and upon the
left, and it seemed to us that we could not rise; and then, again, we
would get up and struggle on. In this manner we traveled miles, and
especially the last part of the way. Indeed, our feet had become
dreadfully inflamed, and large blisters had formed on the sides of
them, which made the labor of walking exceedingly and distressingly
difficult.
Captain Norton was so completely overcome and exhausted
when he reached the hut, that he fell prostrate upon the floor,
unable to advance one step farther, and lay almost senseless.
Not only were our feet inflamed and blistered in the most
shocking manner, but our clothes were stiff with frost in
consequence of perspiration, by our extraordinary efforts to reach
the settlement before night. We were treated with great kindness by
the natives; our stiff and frosty clothes were soon exchanged for dry
ones. After a season of rest, a good supper was prepared for us,
one we needed,—for our lives were suspended upon it,—our last
resting place on earth would have been made amid the drifting
snows of the arctic.
With severe labor and painful exertion, we finally reached the
settlement just at night. Before we saw the huts, which were
concealed from our view by banks of snow, we were heralded by the
barking of the dogs. We knew, therefore, that we were near the
abode of human beings. The sound fell on our ears ten thousand
times more sweetly than the music of an Æolian harp.
But we hardly knew how we were carried through the last part
of our journey. Strength was given to us by the great Father of all. It
was of the Lord's mercies that we did not yield to final despondency,
and utterly despair of ever beholding the countenances of our
friends again. Hope and heart were in the ascendant; if they had
once fallen, all would have been over with us.
Sometimes we crawled along on our hands and knees; at other
times we would fall down, both upon the right hand and upon the
left, and it seemed to us that we could not rise; and then, again, we
would get up and struggle on. In this manner we traveled miles, and
especially the last part of the way. Indeed, our feet had become
dreadfully inflamed, and large blisters had formed on the sides of
them, which made the labor of walking exceedingly and distressingly
difficult.
Captain Norton was so completely overcome and exhausted
when he reached the hut, that he fell prostrate upon the floor,
unable to advance one step farther, and lay almost senseless.
Not only were our feet inflamed and blistered in the most
shocking manner, but our clothes were stiff with frost in
consequence of perspiration, by our extraordinary efforts to reach
the settlement before night. We were treated with great kindness by
the natives; our stiff and frosty clothes were soon exchanged for dry
ones. After a season of rest, a good supper was prepared for us,
consisting of walrus blubber, deer meat, and "ice cream" made of
the fat of the deer mixed with snow.
Whales Raised.
the fat of the deer mixed with snow.
Whales Raised.
CHAPTER IX.
Mr. Fisher's Party a short Distance from this Settlement.—Next
Day left for another Settlement.—Our Men arriving in small
Companies.—Health improving.—Cross the River.—No
Signs of Water.—Settlement.—Ham.—The Wreck of a New
Bedford Ship.—When lost, and the Circumstances.—Travel
to another Settlement.—The head Man a savage Fellow.—
Traveling towards East Cape.—Seaboard Route.—Natives
kind.—Begging by the Way.—The Whale Boat.—The
Broadside of a Ship.—Ship in the Ice.—Drift Stuff.—Sun's
Reflection.—Sore Eyes.—Snow Blindness.—The Blind led
with Strings.—Partial Remedy.—East Cape reached.—
Cordially received by the Natives.
The night upon which we arrived at the settlement, we learned
that Mr. Fisher was only a short distance from us, perhaps four or six
miles. Mr. F. heard also by the natives that some of his countrymen
had arrived at the settlement below.
The next day we were exceedingly sore and tired, not only
indisposed to move, but quite unable so to do. Mr. Fisher, however,
having come with several dog teams, accompanied by the natives, in
order to carry us to his settlement, persuaded us to go with him,
assuring us that he found first rate fare. We accordingly went with
him.
This place was called Calushelia, a small settlement upon the
seaboard west by north from East River. We remained about twenty
days in this settlement, in company with Mr. Fisher and his party. We
Mr. Fisher's Party a short Distance from this Settlement.—Next
Day left for another Settlement.—Our Men arriving in small
Companies.—Health improving.—Cross the River.—No
Signs of Water.—Settlement.—Ham.—The Wreck of a New
Bedford Ship.—When lost, and the Circumstances.—Travel
to another Settlement.—The head Man a savage Fellow.—
Traveling towards East Cape.—Seaboard Route.—Natives
kind.—Begging by the Way.—The Whale Boat.—The
Broadside of a Ship.—Ship in the Ice.—Drift Stuff.—Sun's
Reflection.—Sore Eyes.—Snow Blindness.—The Blind led
with Strings.—Partial Remedy.—East Cape reached.—
Cordially received by the Natives.
The night upon which we arrived at the settlement, we learned
that Mr. Fisher was only a short distance from us, perhaps four or six
miles. Mr. F. heard also by the natives that some of his countrymen
had arrived at the settlement below.
The next day we were exceedingly sore and tired, not only
indisposed to move, but quite unable so to do. Mr. Fisher, however,
having come with several dog teams, accompanied by the natives, in
order to carry us to his settlement, persuaded us to go with him,
assuring us that he found first rate fare. We accordingly went with
him.
This place was called Calushelia, a small settlement upon the
seaboard west by north from East River. We remained about twenty
days in this settlement, in company with Mr. Fisher and his party. We
were now, so far as we could judge, about seventy miles south-east
of the place where our ship was wrecked.
Since communication was now fairly open between this
settlement and the place where we spent the first part of the winter,
and since it was known that intermediate huts were scattered along
in this direction, our men began to arrive in small companies of four
or five, as they could thus be better accommodated by the way than
in larger numbers.
A few weeks only had passed away before there was a very
perceptible improvement in the general health of all of us. At this
time, two thirds of our entire company had arrived. We thought it
advisable, as soon as expedient, to form another party, and proceed
still farther towards the south in the direction of East Cape.
Accordingly, the captain, with Fisher, Osborn, Blackadore,
Norton, and three others, crossed the river on the ice; the river was
just south of us. On both sides of the mouth of this river there were
native huts. Where the river discharges its waters into the sea or
ocean, it is quite wide, having the appearance of a capacious bay.
The river flows towards the north.
At this time, which was in March, we could discover no signs of
water either in the river or in the ocean. Both were strongly bound in
chains of almost perennial ice.
Having passed over this river, we found a temporary shelter and
cordial reception in another settlement. Here we remained a number
of days, in consequence of a heavy fall of snow and a severe gale of
wind.
It being now towards the middle of March, we could plainly
perceive a change in the atmosphere. It is true, we were farther
south, which made some difference in the temperature; but the air
had lost much of that sharp and piercing sensation which we felt in
the winter, and which is experienced, we believe, only in this part of
the earth's surface.
of the place where our ship was wrecked.
Since communication was now fairly open between this
settlement and the place where we spent the first part of the winter,
and since it was known that intermediate huts were scattered along
in this direction, our men began to arrive in small companies of four
or five, as they could thus be better accommodated by the way than
in larger numbers.
A few weeks only had passed away before there was a very
perceptible improvement in the general health of all of us. At this
time, two thirds of our entire company had arrived. We thought it
advisable, as soon as expedient, to form another party, and proceed
still farther towards the south in the direction of East Cape.
Accordingly, the captain, with Fisher, Osborn, Blackadore,
Norton, and three others, crossed the river on the ice; the river was
just south of us. On both sides of the mouth of this river there were
native huts. Where the river discharges its waters into the sea or
ocean, it is quite wide, having the appearance of a capacious bay.
The river flows towards the north.
At this time, which was in March, we could discover no signs of
water either in the river or in the ocean. Both were strongly bound in
chains of almost perennial ice.
Having passed over this river, we found a temporary shelter and
cordial reception in another settlement. Here we remained a number
of days, in consequence of a heavy fall of snow and a severe gale of
wind.
It being now towards the middle of March, we could plainly
perceive a change in the atmosphere. It is true, we were farther
south, which made some difference in the temperature; but the air
had lost much of that sharp and piercing sensation which we felt in
the winter, and which is experienced, we believe, only in this part of
the earth's surface.
Much to our surprise and pleasure, during our abode in this
settlement, we were served with ham—a new article of food indeed
to us, though we had not a great deal of it, still a most agreeable
exchange, if only for one meal, in the place of whale and walrus
blubber.
We ascertained that these hams were taken from the wreck of
the ship Bramin, of New Bedford, by the natives. This ship, as we
afterwards learned, came into collision with another ship off the
mouth of East River, during the same gale in which the Citizen was
lost. It appeared she was abandoned by her officers and crew, who
effected their escape on board of the accompanying ship.
In the concussion which took place her foremast was carried
away and otherwise seriously damaged; besides, being near to land,
and on a lee shore, it was impossible to save her.
From the position in which we found a portion of her remains, it
seemed that, after she was abandoned, she must have beat over a
ledge of rocks that stretches across the mouth of the river, and by
the force of the gale driven up the river to the distance of nearly ten
miles.
We visited the wreck with the natives, who directed us to the
spot. We saw a part of her quarter deck, with the ice piled up
around it. We saw, also, upon the shore, close by, some of her
timbers and broken casks partly covered up with huge masses and
blocks of ice.
It was doubtless the report of this wreck which reached us in our
winter quarters. But how far it was east of us, or the circumstances
attending the wreck, how many were saved or lost, or whether all
were lost, we obtained no satisfactory information from the natives
at that time. Nor did those natives who went with us to the wreck
know any thing about the fate of the crew. As they had never seen
any of them, nor heard of their being in any of the settlements near
by, we naturally inferred that all on board were lost, or that they
settlement, we were served with ham—a new article of food indeed
to us, though we had not a great deal of it, still a most agreeable
exchange, if only for one meal, in the place of whale and walrus
blubber.
We ascertained that these hams were taken from the wreck of
the ship Bramin, of New Bedford, by the natives. This ship, as we
afterwards learned, came into collision with another ship off the
mouth of East River, during the same gale in which the Citizen was
lost. It appeared she was abandoned by her officers and crew, who
effected their escape on board of the accompanying ship.
In the concussion which took place her foremast was carried
away and otherwise seriously damaged; besides, being near to land,
and on a lee shore, it was impossible to save her.
From the position in which we found a portion of her remains, it
seemed that, after she was abandoned, she must have beat over a
ledge of rocks that stretches across the mouth of the river, and by
the force of the gale driven up the river to the distance of nearly ten
miles.
We visited the wreck with the natives, who directed us to the
spot. We saw a part of her quarter deck, with the ice piled up
around it. We saw, also, upon the shore, close by, some of her
timbers and broken casks partly covered up with huge masses and
blocks of ice.
It was doubtless the report of this wreck which reached us in our
winter quarters. But how far it was east of us, or the circumstances
attending the wreck, how many were saved or lost, or whether all
were lost, we obtained no satisfactory information from the natives
at that time. Nor did those natives who went with us to the wreck
know any thing about the fate of the crew. As they had never seen
any of them, nor heard of their being in any of the settlements near
by, we naturally inferred that all on board were lost, or that they
were immediately taken off of the wreck or from the shore by some
accompanying ship.
The night before we left this settlement, and where we were
well used, another party of our men arrived. We passed on to
another collection of huts, about fifteen in number.
The head man of this settlement, and in whose hut we
happened to stop, was one of the most crabbed, savage-like fellows
with whom we had met in all our past acquaintance with native life.
He appeared to take real delight and satisfaction in degrading and
mortifying us all he could. He would cut the meat or blubber,
whatever it might be, into small pieces, and reach them to us on the
end of a stick, for us to take them, or bite them off as a dog.
Indeed, we were treated by him in the same line of courtesy as he
treated his dogs.
We quietly submitted to all manner of such ill behavior on his
part, simply for the sake of peace and safety. We were completely in
his power, and he could use us as he saw fit; and the least we said
about it the better. This head man was an exception to all whom we
saw among the natives for real ugliness. He was a regular savage.
We were glad to be off.
We shortly left this settlement, and passed on towards East
Cape, following the direction of the sea coast, which from the river is
nearly, as laid down in the chart, in the form of a half circle. We
observed that the huts and settlements increased as we came
farther south; and sometimes, in course of a day or two, we would
pass through several small settlements.
When we became wearied and exhausted by traveling, though it
was difficult to make very rapid progress in the snow, or when we
were hungry, we would stop, rest ourselves, get some blubber to
eat, and then travel on again.
Generally we found the natives ready and willing to help us with
what they had. We had nothing to give them in return. We were a
company of beggars. They saw our destitution and poverty, and
accompanying ship.
The night before we left this settlement, and where we were
well used, another party of our men arrived. We passed on to
another collection of huts, about fifteen in number.
The head man of this settlement, and in whose hut we
happened to stop, was one of the most crabbed, savage-like fellows
with whom we had met in all our past acquaintance with native life.
He appeared to take real delight and satisfaction in degrading and
mortifying us all he could. He would cut the meat or blubber,
whatever it might be, into small pieces, and reach them to us on the
end of a stick, for us to take them, or bite them off as a dog.
Indeed, we were treated by him in the same line of courtesy as he
treated his dogs.
We quietly submitted to all manner of such ill behavior on his
part, simply for the sake of peace and safety. We were completely in
his power, and he could use us as he saw fit; and the least we said
about it the better. This head man was an exception to all whom we
saw among the natives for real ugliness. He was a regular savage.
We were glad to be off.
We shortly left this settlement, and passed on towards East
Cape, following the direction of the sea coast, which from the river is
nearly, as laid down in the chart, in the form of a half circle. We
observed that the huts and settlements increased as we came
farther south; and sometimes, in course of a day or two, we would
pass through several small settlements.
When we became wearied and exhausted by traveling, though it
was difficult to make very rapid progress in the snow, or when we
were hungry, we would stop, rest ourselves, get some blubber to
eat, and then travel on again.
Generally we found the natives ready and willing to help us with
what they had. We had nothing to give them in return. We were a
company of beggars. They saw our destitution and poverty, and
therefore their kindness to us must be attributed to the dictates of
human sympathy or pity, which in some way or other shows itself in
the most barbarous and uncivilized forms of society.
In our journey upon the coast, we discovered a new whale boat,
which the natives had probably drawn out of the reach of the water
and ice. We saw, also, the broadside of a ship in the ice near the
shore, supposed to be lost the season before. Another ship was
reported to have been seen by some of our party in the ice, some
distance from the land, with her masts still standing. There were
tracks in that direction in the snow upon the ice, which showed that
the natives had been to her with their dog teams.
As we passed along, we saw considerable drift stuff, such as
wood, broken casks, &c. We continued on in our course on the coast
mostly, finding huts from time to time, in which we obtained
provisions for our present necessities, until we came within thirty or
forty miles of East Cape, or about half the distance between the
river and the cape.
As the spring advanced, the sun was constantly attaining a
higher altitude—not only imparting some additional heat, but its rays
were powerfully reflected from one dense, unbroken surface of ice
and snow, which every where met the eye of the beholder.
A new misfortune now assailed us in the form of sore eyes, or
snow blindness, which caused intense pain in them, besides being
much swollen. All light, especially bright light, became exceedingly
distressing to us. We therefore were compelled to suspend our
traveling in a great measure during the middle of the day, and took
the morning and afternoon, and even the night time, as more
agreeable to our diseased eyes. Our eyes were in such a sad
condition that we could not endure the powerful and brilliant
reflection of the sunlight upon snow of sparkling and perfect
whiteness. While the eyes of all of us were very sore and much
swollen, some of our number were so blind that they could not see
any thing for several days.
human sympathy or pity, which in some way or other shows itself in
the most barbarous and uncivilized forms of society.
In our journey upon the coast, we discovered a new whale boat,
which the natives had probably drawn out of the reach of the water
and ice. We saw, also, the broadside of a ship in the ice near the
shore, supposed to be lost the season before. Another ship was
reported to have been seen by some of our party in the ice, some
distance from the land, with her masts still standing. There were
tracks in that direction in the snow upon the ice, which showed that
the natives had been to her with their dog teams.
As we passed along, we saw considerable drift stuff, such as
wood, broken casks, &c. We continued on in our course on the coast
mostly, finding huts from time to time, in which we obtained
provisions for our present necessities, until we came within thirty or
forty miles of East Cape, or about half the distance between the
river and the cape.
As the spring advanced, the sun was constantly attaining a
higher altitude—not only imparting some additional heat, but its rays
were powerfully reflected from one dense, unbroken surface of ice
and snow, which every where met the eye of the beholder.
A new misfortune now assailed us in the form of sore eyes, or
snow blindness, which caused intense pain in them, besides being
much swollen. All light, especially bright light, became exceedingly
distressing to us. We therefore were compelled to suspend our
traveling in a great measure during the middle of the day, and took
the morning and afternoon, and even the night time, as more
agreeable to our diseased eyes. Our eyes were in such a sad
condition that we could not endure the powerful and brilliant
reflection of the sunlight upon snow of sparkling and perfect
whiteness. While the eyes of all of us were very sore and much
swollen, some of our number were so blind that they could not see
any thing for several days.
We were very anxious to complete our journey to East Cape.
Those, therefore, who could see, and were more fortunate in this
particular than others, led along those who were blind with the aid
of strings. One or two would take hold of the string, and another
would guide them. Thus we worked along for miles in deep snows,
through narrow paths, up hills and down declivities, over broken ice,
now and then pitching into some cavity concealed by the snow. In
this manner we who could see, though our eyes were highly
inflamed, led those who could not, both by the hand and with the
aid of strings or walrus cord. It was slow and tedious traveling, it is
true; yet every mile we gained in the direction of East Cape we felt
was bringing us nearer to deliverance. All were animated with the
desire to reach this goal of our highest earthly hopes. And hence,
notwithstanding the many obstructions which impeded our course,
still with perseverance and unyielding purpose we pressed on our
way.
When our eyes were in their worst state, we were compelled to
suspend our travels altogether; and when they were better, then we
started again, and again led each other with strings, until sight
returned to all.
The remedy resorted to in order to cure our eyes was that
prescribed by the natives, and which they invariably employ, with
considerable success, in the removal of this disease, to which they
are subject. Some of us will carry the scars to our graves. An incision
was made in the fleshy part of the nose, between the eyes, by a
sharp-pointed knife or some other instrument. The effect of this
treatment was, that by letting out a small quantity of blood, it
reduced the inflammation in our eyes.
We reached the long looked for and wished for East Cape on the
25th day of March, just six months after we were cast away. We
would, therefore, as we review the past,—its scenes of danger,
exposure, and suffering amid the intensest cold and death-bearing
winds of an arctic winter,—gratefully acknowledge the special
Those, therefore, who could see, and were more fortunate in this
particular than others, led along those who were blind with the aid
of strings. One or two would take hold of the string, and another
would guide them. Thus we worked along for miles in deep snows,
through narrow paths, up hills and down declivities, over broken ice,
now and then pitching into some cavity concealed by the snow. In
this manner we who could see, though our eyes were highly
inflamed, led those who could not, both by the hand and with the
aid of strings or walrus cord. It was slow and tedious traveling, it is
true; yet every mile we gained in the direction of East Cape we felt
was bringing us nearer to deliverance. All were animated with the
desire to reach this goal of our highest earthly hopes. And hence,
notwithstanding the many obstructions which impeded our course,
still with perseverance and unyielding purpose we pressed on our
way.
When our eyes were in their worst state, we were compelled to
suspend our travels altogether; and when they were better, then we
started again, and again led each other with strings, until sight
returned to all.
The remedy resorted to in order to cure our eyes was that
prescribed by the natives, and which they invariably employ, with
considerable success, in the removal of this disease, to which they
are subject. Some of us will carry the scars to our graves. An incision
was made in the fleshy part of the nose, between the eyes, by a
sharp-pointed knife or some other instrument. The effect of this
treatment was, that by letting out a small quantity of blood, it
reduced the inflammation in our eyes.
We reached the long looked for and wished for East Cape on the
25th day of March, just six months after we were cast away. We
would, therefore, as we review the past,—its scenes of danger,
exposure, and suffering amid the intensest cold and death-bearing
winds of an arctic winter,—gratefully acknowledge the special
watchcare of a benignant Providence, which has protected us until
the present hour.
Having arrived at East Cape, we were received by the natives
with the most cordial welcome. They had heard before we came that
a company of shipwrecked mariners was on their way down the
coast; and, still further, the report of the wreck, and the uncommon
circumstance of so great a number of men having lived with the
natives for so many months, had even extended several hundred
miles south of East Cape.
The natives in this settlement expressed great joy in seeing
Captain Norton, whom they had known before, and with whom they
had traded.
Arrangements were made by the head man of the settlement to
provide for all the company as they should come along, in small
parties, from time to time.
Here, also, we were provided with some new native clothes,
such as coats and pants, moccasons and caps.
the present hour.
Having arrived at East Cape, we were received by the natives
with the most cordial welcome. They had heard before we came that
a company of shipwrecked mariners was on their way down the
coast; and, still further, the report of the wreck, and the uncommon
circumstance of so great a number of men having lived with the
natives for so many months, had even extended several hundred
miles south of East Cape.
The natives in this settlement expressed great joy in seeing
Captain Norton, whom they had known before, and with whom they
had traded.
Arrangements were made by the head man of the settlement to
provide for all the company as they should come along, in small
parties, from time to time.
Here, also, we were provided with some new native clothes,
such as coats and pants, moccasons and caps.
CHAPTER X.
East Cape, a Point of Observation.—The greater Part of our
Men gathered here.—The Kanaka.—Weather softening.—
Ice still firm.—Arctic Scenes.—Icequakes.—Migratory Fowl.
—A Whale discovered.—Gala Time among the Natives.—
The Natives thorough Drinkers.—A drunken "Spree."—
Cruise into the Country.—Birds-egging.—Incidents.—Native
Manner of killing Fowl.—Amusements of the Natives.—
Vegetation.—Face of the Country.—Fish.—Fowl.—The
Ochotsk Sea and Country.
We had now reached nearly or quite the end of our journey; at
least we had attained one of the great objects of our desires and
exertions. It was from this place as a point of observation, that
most, if not all, the ships passing into the Arctic Ocean on the
breaking up of the ice could be seen; and hence this place was the
most suitable locality, from which we could be easily taken off.
While the greater part of our company remained at this place,
one party of our number, consisting of six or seven, passed down the
coast some considerable distance, perhaps twenty miles or more;
and another party of four took up their abode at a less distance. Our
purpose, and, indeed, the chief one we had in view, was that, in
thus distributing ourselves along on the coast, we should be more
likely to see and notify any ship or ships that might by chance be
early upon the coast, as to the locality and condition of the Citizen's
officers and crew.
East Cape, a Point of Observation.—The greater Part of our
Men gathered here.—The Kanaka.—Weather softening.—
Ice still firm.—Arctic Scenes.—Icequakes.—Migratory Fowl.
—A Whale discovered.—Gala Time among the Natives.—
The Natives thorough Drinkers.—A drunken "Spree."—
Cruise into the Country.—Birds-egging.—Incidents.—Native
Manner of killing Fowl.—Amusements of the Natives.—
Vegetation.—Face of the Country.—Fish.—Fowl.—The
Ochotsk Sea and Country.
We had now reached nearly or quite the end of our journey; at
least we had attained one of the great objects of our desires and
exertions. It was from this place as a point of observation, that
most, if not all, the ships passing into the Arctic Ocean on the
breaking up of the ice could be seen; and hence this place was the
most suitable locality, from which we could be easily taken off.
While the greater part of our company remained at this place,
one party of our number, consisting of six or seven, passed down the
coast some considerable distance, perhaps twenty miles or more;
and another party of four took up their abode at a less distance. Our
purpose, and, indeed, the chief one we had in view, was that, in
thus distributing ourselves along on the coast, we should be more
likely to see and notify any ship or ships that might by chance be
early upon the coast, as to the locality and condition of the Citizen's
officers and crew.
At this time, which was the first of April, all of the ship's
company that had survived the horrors of an arctic winter were at
East Cape, and at places just south of it, except one poor Kanaka,
who, in consequence of frozen feet, was unable to travel with the
rest of us, and was therefore left behind about one hundred miles
among the natives.
The weather was now softening very perceptibly, though there
appeared to be but little diminution of ice and snow. The ocean was
not yet broken up, but presented one immovable body of granite ice.
Those who are familiar with arctic scenes well remember the
report of concussions between huge masses and blocks of ice, the
hoarse and dismal chafings between contending pieces, and their
violent agitation by the action of a heavy swell, or winds, or
currents; at such times it seemed as if the fabled giants or gods of
mythology were engaged in some fierce and terrible encounter.
But now, while the ocean was frozen over with an incrustation
like one of the strata of the earth's surface, we were frequently
startled at the deep and prolonged sounds, or rumblings, falling
upon our ears like peals of thunder, or discharges of cannon from
this sea of solid ice; and then their varied echoes and reverberations
would roll away in the distance, forming a most sublime finale to the
music of an arctic winter.
These icequakes, as we might properly call them, at the north,
may be placed in the same chapter with earthquakes, exhibiting on
a scale of astonishing magnitude and inconceivable energy the
throes of nature.
Fogs began to prevail, and so dense that we could discover an
object only a very short distance from us; and besides, so saturating
that they were equivalent to rain.
In the months of October and November, various species of birds
and sea fowl, with the exception of the crow, which is a permanent
fixture in all climates and regions, migrate to the south. In the
months of April, May, and June, they return again in immense
company that had survived the horrors of an arctic winter were at
East Cape, and at places just south of it, except one poor Kanaka,
who, in consequence of frozen feet, was unable to travel with the
rest of us, and was therefore left behind about one hundred miles
among the natives.
The weather was now softening very perceptibly, though there
appeared to be but little diminution of ice and snow. The ocean was
not yet broken up, but presented one immovable body of granite ice.
Those who are familiar with arctic scenes well remember the
report of concussions between huge masses and blocks of ice, the
hoarse and dismal chafings between contending pieces, and their
violent agitation by the action of a heavy swell, or winds, or
currents; at such times it seemed as if the fabled giants or gods of
mythology were engaged in some fierce and terrible encounter.
But now, while the ocean was frozen over with an incrustation
like one of the strata of the earth's surface, we were frequently
startled at the deep and prolonged sounds, or rumblings, falling
upon our ears like peals of thunder, or discharges of cannon from
this sea of solid ice; and then their varied echoes and reverberations
would roll away in the distance, forming a most sublime finale to the
music of an arctic winter.
These icequakes, as we might properly call them, at the north,
may be placed in the same chapter with earthquakes, exhibiting on
a scale of astonishing magnitude and inconceivable energy the
throes of nature.
Fogs began to prevail, and so dense that we could discover an
object only a very short distance from us; and besides, so saturating
that they were equivalent to rain.
In the months of October and November, various species of birds
and sea fowl, with the exception of the crow, which is a permanent
fixture in all climates and regions, migrate to the south. In the
months of April, May, and June, they return again in immense
numbers, beyond all calculation. The air seemed to be alive with the
feathered tribe.
The last part of April and the first of May, the snow began to
waste away, and objects which had for months been concealed were
now made visible.
It was about this time that an incident occurred which created
great delight in the minds of the natives. The thawing away of the
snow had revealed to their rejoicing eyes a dead whale, which was
found three or four miles distant from the settlement. It was
probably driven ashore the season before, and thus preserved in the
snow and ice. It was a gala time with these simple-hearted and
ignorant people. All that could go—men, women, and children,
hastened to the dead whale for the purpose of cutting blubber. It
furnished a fresh stock of provisions for them; a new bite, far better,
we presume, than the old, which had become not only reduced, but
rather stale. Nor did we fail of receiving our supply from this newly-
cut blubber.
It was deeply interesting, as well as amusing, to witness the zeal
of the natives in cutting up the whale, and sledding home the
blubber with their dog teams. This was a valuable prize to them, and
the staff of life.
As we remarked before in the former part of this narrative, at
the time of our visiting the wreck with the natives, they were very
inquisitive to know whether we had any thing to drink which would
make them dance and sing, and such like. From their gestures,
words, and actions, we knew they meant rum. In addition to our
previous knowledge of their habits in this particular, our further
acquaintance with them, for half a year or more, confirmed us in the
opinion that they loved ardent spirits, and whenever and wherever
they could get it, they would drink to excess.
We found they were no half-hearted, occasional, genteel
drinkers. They had no idea of making a quantity of spirits continue
its enlivening and kicking effects through several days and weeks;
feathered tribe.
The last part of April and the first of May, the snow began to
waste away, and objects which had for months been concealed were
now made visible.
It was about this time that an incident occurred which created
great delight in the minds of the natives. The thawing away of the
snow had revealed to their rejoicing eyes a dead whale, which was
found three or four miles distant from the settlement. It was
probably driven ashore the season before, and thus preserved in the
snow and ice. It was a gala time with these simple-hearted and
ignorant people. All that could go—men, women, and children,
hastened to the dead whale for the purpose of cutting blubber. It
furnished a fresh stock of provisions for them; a new bite, far better,
we presume, than the old, which had become not only reduced, but
rather stale. Nor did we fail of receiving our supply from this newly-
cut blubber.
It was deeply interesting, as well as amusing, to witness the zeal
of the natives in cutting up the whale, and sledding home the
blubber with their dog teams. This was a valuable prize to them, and
the staff of life.
As we remarked before in the former part of this narrative, at
the time of our visiting the wreck with the natives, they were very
inquisitive to know whether we had any thing to drink which would
make them dance and sing, and such like. From their gestures,
words, and actions, we knew they meant rum. In addition to our
previous knowledge of their habits in this particular, our further
acquaintance with them, for half a year or more, confirmed us in the
opinion that they loved ardent spirits, and whenever and wherever
they could get it, they would drink to excess.
We found they were no half-hearted, occasional, genteel
drinkers. They had no idea of making a quantity of spirits continue
its enlivening and kicking effects through several days and weeks;
but they wanted, and they would have, if furnished with the means,
one grand "burst up," one tremendous "spree," and that would end
it for the present, until the next supply could be obtained. They went
on the principle that many others tolerate, "they could not have too
much of a good thing."
Some spirits had been brought to the settlement, obtained
probably by way of traffic from other tribes in the interior, on the
borders of the Ochotsk Sea. When the "fire water" arrived at the
settlement, it happened to be in the night time; and before much, if
any, of it was drunk, the head man came to Captain Norton, called
him up, and wanted he should "take a little," as a token of his
respect for the captain, as was supposed. By morning, many of the
natives who had drank to excess were laid away as those who
belong to the class of quiet ones; but others were noisy, confident,
and brave—full of their gabble—rich—possessing the whole creation,
and a little more.
Under these circumstances they endeavored to display their
agility and strength, and perform wonderful feats; such, for instance,
as climbing the pole in the hut. This the head man attempted to do,
who was, as we should judge, "three quarters over," and after
repeated efforts succeeded in climbing up the pole six or eight feet.
His wife, being actuated by the same impulse, concluded she
would follow her husband, and climb up after him. This she did, and
had got up only a few feet, when her husband's strength, under
these circumstances more quickly developed than lasting, gave out;
and yielding to the simple force of gravity which he could not well
resist, came down upon the head and shoulders of his wife; and by
his accelerated momentum both were brought to the ground in
double compound confusion, to the great merriment of those of us
who were looking on and observing the progress of the scene. It
was one of the most laughable incidents we ever witnessed in our
lives.
Again, the natives would display, in the most boisterous manner,
their skill in harpooning or lancing the whale, or walrus, and thus
one grand "burst up," one tremendous "spree," and that would end
it for the present, until the next supply could be obtained. They went
on the principle that many others tolerate, "they could not have too
much of a good thing."
Some spirits had been brought to the settlement, obtained
probably by way of traffic from other tribes in the interior, on the
borders of the Ochotsk Sea. When the "fire water" arrived at the
settlement, it happened to be in the night time; and before much, if
any, of it was drunk, the head man came to Captain Norton, called
him up, and wanted he should "take a little," as a token of his
respect for the captain, as was supposed. By morning, many of the
natives who had drank to excess were laid away as those who
belong to the class of quiet ones; but others were noisy, confident,
and brave—full of their gabble—rich—possessing the whole creation,
and a little more.
Under these circumstances they endeavored to display their
agility and strength, and perform wonderful feats; such, for instance,
as climbing the pole in the hut. This the head man attempted to do,
who was, as we should judge, "three quarters over," and after
repeated efforts succeeded in climbing up the pole six or eight feet.
His wife, being actuated by the same impulse, concluded she
would follow her husband, and climb up after him. This she did, and
had got up only a few feet, when her husband's strength, under
these circumstances more quickly developed than lasting, gave out;
and yielding to the simple force of gravity which he could not well
resist, came down upon the head and shoulders of his wife; and by
his accelerated momentum both were brought to the ground in
double compound confusion, to the great merriment of those of us
who were looking on and observing the progress of the scene. It
was one of the most laughable incidents we ever witnessed in our
lives.
Again, the natives would display, in the most boisterous manner,
their skill in harpooning or lancing the whale, or walrus, and thus
brandish their weapons with uplifted arms, as if they were about to
strike their prey.
One of this class was so stimulated with alcoholic strength and
courage, that suiting his action to the word or impulse, he threw his
spear with all his might into the broadside of one of the huts, and it
passed within a short distance of the captain's head. He at once
concluded it was time for him to seek a place of safety a little farther
off, out of the reach of such dangerous missiles thrown by
irresponsible hands. He was careful, however, as it was necessary for
our protection, not to exhibit any signs of fear in their presence.
They had a regular, thorough-going drunken time.
Allow us to say, that excessive, moderate, or occasional drinking
of alcoholic stimulants from love to the "dear creature," makes fools
not only of the poor natives inhabiting the shores of the Arctic, but
also fools, and greater ones too, of those dwelling in the more
civilized, and even Christianized, portions of the earth.
In the month of May Captain Norton took a short cruise into the
interior, about one hundred miles, with the head man and several
others, accompanied by their dog teams. The settlement he visited
was called Souchou. The principal food among the natives there was
deer meat. Articles of traffic carried from the coast were whalebone,
whale, walrus, and seal's blubber; in return the natives bring to the
coast deer meat, tobacco, spirits, &c.
In order to while away our time at East Cape before ships would
make their appearance, or the ice break up, we would frequently go
bird's-egging.
The cliffs facing the ocean were high and steep, and various
kinds of birds would make their nests and lay their eggs in the
crevices and holes of the rocks. No one could ascend them unaided
from the bottom, nor would any one dare descend them from the
top of the cliff.
We would, therefore, lower down one and another from the top
by means of ropes, or walrus cord, fastened around his body; with
strike their prey.
One of this class was so stimulated with alcoholic strength and
courage, that suiting his action to the word or impulse, he threw his
spear with all his might into the broadside of one of the huts, and it
passed within a short distance of the captain's head. He at once
concluded it was time for him to seek a place of safety a little farther
off, out of the reach of such dangerous missiles thrown by
irresponsible hands. He was careful, however, as it was necessary for
our protection, not to exhibit any signs of fear in their presence.
They had a regular, thorough-going drunken time.
Allow us to say, that excessive, moderate, or occasional drinking
of alcoholic stimulants from love to the "dear creature," makes fools
not only of the poor natives inhabiting the shores of the Arctic, but
also fools, and greater ones too, of those dwelling in the more
civilized, and even Christianized, portions of the earth.
In the month of May Captain Norton took a short cruise into the
interior, about one hundred miles, with the head man and several
others, accompanied by their dog teams. The settlement he visited
was called Souchou. The principal food among the natives there was
deer meat. Articles of traffic carried from the coast were whalebone,
whale, walrus, and seal's blubber; in return the natives bring to the
coast deer meat, tobacco, spirits, &c.
In order to while away our time at East Cape before ships would
make their appearance, or the ice break up, we would frequently go
bird's-egging.
The cliffs facing the ocean were high and steep, and various
kinds of birds would make their nests and lay their eggs in the
crevices and holes of the rocks. No one could ascend them unaided
from the bottom, nor would any one dare descend them from the
top of the cliff.
We would, therefore, lower down one and another from the top
by means of ropes, or walrus cord, fastened around his body; with
this precaution, he could penetrate into recesses in the cliff, and
obtain as many eggs as were wanted, and then those at the top
would draw him up again. This exercise furnished a source of
amusement, emulation, and personal daring; and the last, though
not the least, the eggs thus obtained gave an agreeable variety to
our "bill of fare."
One incident occurred which came near having a sad
termination. Mr. Osborn fell down a steep declivity ten feet or more,
and in his descent he happened to strike a narrow, shelving piece of
rock, "just large enough," he said, "to stand upon," which saved him
from instant death. The distance below him was more than one
hundred and fifty feet.
The Orkney Islands are a famous resort for fowls, which build
their nests in the caverns of perpendicular cliffs; and individuals
obtain eggs in those places in the manner before described, by
letting down one and another from the top of the cliff by means of
ropes.
A writer remarks, "I have heard of an individual, who, either
from choice or necessity, was accustomed to go alone on these
expeditions; supplying the want of confederates above by firmly
planting a stout iron bar in the earth, from which he lowered himself.
One day, having found a cavern, he imprudently disengaged the
rope from his body, and entered the cave with the end of it in his
hand. In the eagerness of collecting eggs, however, he slipped his
hold of the rope, which immediately swung out several yards beyond
his reach. The poor man was struck with horror; no soul was within
hearing, nor was it possible to make his voice heard in such a
position; the edge of the cliff so projected that he never could be
seen from the top, even if any one were to look for him; death
seemed inevitable, and he felt the hopelessness of his situation. He
remained many hours in a state bordering on stupefaction; at length
he resolved to make one effort, which, if unsuccessful, must be fatal.
Having commended himself to God, he rushed to the margin of the
obtain as many eggs as were wanted, and then those at the top
would draw him up again. This exercise furnished a source of
amusement, emulation, and personal daring; and the last, though
not the least, the eggs thus obtained gave an agreeable variety to
our "bill of fare."
One incident occurred which came near having a sad
termination. Mr. Osborn fell down a steep declivity ten feet or more,
and in his descent he happened to strike a narrow, shelving piece of
rock, "just large enough," he said, "to stand upon," which saved him
from instant death. The distance below him was more than one
hundred and fifty feet.
The Orkney Islands are a famous resort for fowls, which build
their nests in the caverns of perpendicular cliffs; and individuals
obtain eggs in those places in the manner before described, by
letting down one and another from the top of the cliff by means of
ropes.
A writer remarks, "I have heard of an individual, who, either
from choice or necessity, was accustomed to go alone on these
expeditions; supplying the want of confederates above by firmly
planting a stout iron bar in the earth, from which he lowered himself.
One day, having found a cavern, he imprudently disengaged the
rope from his body, and entered the cave with the end of it in his
hand. In the eagerness of collecting eggs, however, he slipped his
hold of the rope, which immediately swung out several yards beyond
his reach. The poor man was struck with horror; no soul was within
hearing, nor was it possible to make his voice heard in such a
position; the edge of the cliff so projected that he never could be
seen from the top, even if any one were to look for him; death
seemed inevitable, and he felt the hopelessness of his situation. He
remained many hours in a state bordering on stupefaction; at length
he resolved to make one effort, which, if unsuccessful, must be fatal.
Having commended himself to God, he rushed to the margin of the
cave, and sprang into the air, providentially succeeded in grasping
the pendulous rope, and was saved."
June had now come, with no very particular incident in the
monotony of hut life, except, perhaps, that of increased earnestness
and desire to behold once more the sail of a friendly vessel, and
once more to tread her decks. As the time approached when we
should realize such an event, hours seemed days, and weeks
months. We visited again and again the high eminence on East
Cape, where we had a commanding view of the ocean, to see if
there was any immediate prospect of the ice breaking up and
drifting away.
Lowering for Whales.
THE MANNER OF KILLING DUCKS AND OTHER
FOWL PRACTICED BY THE NATIVES.
the pendulous rope, and was saved."
June had now come, with no very particular incident in the
monotony of hut life, except, perhaps, that of increased earnestness
and desire to behold once more the sail of a friendly vessel, and
once more to tread her decks. As the time approached when we
should realize such an event, hours seemed days, and weeks
months. We visited again and again the high eminence on East
Cape, where we had a commanding view of the ocean, to see if
there was any immediate prospect of the ice breaking up and
drifting away.
Lowering for Whales.
THE MANNER OF KILLING DUCKS AND OTHER
FOWL PRACTICED BY THE NATIVES.
In migrating either to the north or south, ducks and other fowl
usually fly in large flocks, and generally very low. In order to kill the
greatest number, the natives would station themselves at one end of
a valley, near the bottom of it; and, if possible, they would conceal
themselves from the ducks behind little hillocks. Or if at the
termination of a valley there should be a precipitous descent of
several feet, the natives would be sure to take their position in such
a locality. The fowl usually flew along in valleys running north and
south.
Thus stationed, with neither guns, bows, nor arrows, but with a
number of small balls in their hands, connected with each other by
strings from twelve to eighteen inches in length, they await the
approach of their game. When the fowl are sufficiently near for their
purpose, the natives rise up, and throw, with singular force and
precision, these balls at the flock of passing ducks. At first, when
these balls leave their hands, they are all together and compact; but
with increasing distance, they will open and spread themselves to
the extent of the strings by which they are tied together, and, by the
time they get into the midst of the flock, they are fully extended;
and then these balls, meeting with resistance, will twist around the
necks, legs, and wings of the fowl, and bring them to the ground.
The ducks are killed by the natives, not by cutting off their
heads, or breaking their necks, but by pressing the foot upon them
until they cease to breathe.
AMUSEMENTS AMONG THE NATIVES.
Dog races are favorite amusements among the natives. Their
chief emulation appeared to be, who should possess the best dog
team. He who beat in a race of several miles obtained a number of
fathoms of walrus cord.
usually fly in large flocks, and generally very low. In order to kill the
greatest number, the natives would station themselves at one end of
a valley, near the bottom of it; and, if possible, they would conceal
themselves from the ducks behind little hillocks. Or if at the
termination of a valley there should be a precipitous descent of
several feet, the natives would be sure to take their position in such
a locality. The fowl usually flew along in valleys running north and
south.
Thus stationed, with neither guns, bows, nor arrows, but with a
number of small balls in their hands, connected with each other by
strings from twelve to eighteen inches in length, they await the
approach of their game. When the fowl are sufficiently near for their
purpose, the natives rise up, and throw, with singular force and
precision, these balls at the flock of passing ducks. At first, when
these balls leave their hands, they are all together and compact; but
with increasing distance, they will open and spread themselves to
the extent of the strings by which they are tied together, and, by the
time they get into the midst of the flock, they are fully extended;
and then these balls, meeting with resistance, will twist around the
necks, legs, and wings of the fowl, and bring them to the ground.
The ducks are killed by the natives, not by cutting off their
heads, or breaking their necks, but by pressing the foot upon them
until they cease to breathe.
AMUSEMENTS AMONG THE NATIVES.
Dog races are favorite amusements among the natives. Their
chief emulation appeared to be, who should possess the best dog
team. He who beat in a race of several miles obtained a number of
fathoms of walrus cord.
These dog teams would sometimes contain as many as twenty
dogs. At the time of a race, in which all the settlement was greatly
interested, the head man would make a feast, and the most
important article on the occasion would be seals' heads; and for
some purpose, which they understood better than we did, they
would put coals of fire, or brands, in the mouths of these heads.
There was another kind of amusement in which they at times
engaged. A circle was formed from twenty-five to fifty feet in
diameter, and in this circle any number who chose might enter, and
then commenced the race. He who could run the longest, and thus
tire the others out, obtained the prize, whatever it might be.
The head man of the settlement would sometimes get up a
woman's race, and they would run the distance with the greatest
fleetness. She who won in the race secured beads, needles, combs,
&c.
Probably the most exciting of all their amusements was that of
jumping.
A large walrus skin was prepared with holes made in the border
of it, as near as possible for the men to stand side by side, taking
hold of the skin, lifting it up a foot and a half from the ground, and
drawing it tight. An individual who wished to try his or her skill in
jumping would get upon this skin. By his exertion, and that of the
men who held up the skin, he would jump to a great height; and as
he came down, he would meet the upward motion of the skin, which
would cause a sudden rebound to the jumper. This process would
continue until the individual who was trying his skill in jumping was
brought down upon his knees, and then there would be a great
shout and laughter. Another would then take his place upon the skin.
This amusement was shared in mutually, both by men and
women. Occasionally we would try our skill in jumping. Those most
expert among the natives, and especially among the women, would
for a long time maintain their standing upon their feet,
dogs. At the time of a race, in which all the settlement was greatly
interested, the head man would make a feast, and the most
important article on the occasion would be seals' heads; and for
some purpose, which they understood better than we did, they
would put coals of fire, or brands, in the mouths of these heads.
There was another kind of amusement in which they at times
engaged. A circle was formed from twenty-five to fifty feet in
diameter, and in this circle any number who chose might enter, and
then commenced the race. He who could run the longest, and thus
tire the others out, obtained the prize, whatever it might be.
The head man of the settlement would sometimes get up a
woman's race, and they would run the distance with the greatest
fleetness. She who won in the race secured beads, needles, combs,
&c.
Probably the most exciting of all their amusements was that of
jumping.
A large walrus skin was prepared with holes made in the border
of it, as near as possible for the men to stand side by side, taking
hold of the skin, lifting it up a foot and a half from the ground, and
drawing it tight. An individual who wished to try his or her skill in
jumping would get upon this skin. By his exertion, and that of the
men who held up the skin, he would jump to a great height; and as
he came down, he would meet the upward motion of the skin, which
would cause a sudden rebound to the jumper. This process would
continue until the individual who was trying his skill in jumping was
brought down upon his knees, and then there would be a great
shout and laughter. Another would then take his place upon the skin.
This amusement was shared in mutually, both by men and
women. Occasionally we would try our skill in jumping. Those most
expert among the natives, and especially among the women, would
for a long time maintain their standing upon their feet,
notwithstanding the efforts of those who held the skin to get them
down upon their knees.
VEGETATION.
Of vegetation in the arctic region we can say but little. In the
valleys, and along shore, there was a variety of coarse grass. The
entire region being destitute of wood, and almost of every species of
shrubbery that could really be called such, the soil consequently was
exceedingly barren of vines, plants, or flowers. There were, however,
a few flowering plants which made their appearance in the transient
summer allotted to them.
The rocks were covered with coarse moss, and wherever the sun
melted away the snow from the hill sides, or plains, or valleys, a
small vine would start into life; this vine afforded, as has before
been observed, the only bread of the natives.
We never learned that the natives north of East Cape ever
attempted to plant any seed, or to raise any kind of vegetables.
THE FACE OF THE COUNTRY.
The shores of the arctic are bold and rocky, and bordered with
high, frowning cliffs. As far as the eye could extend in an inland
direction, snow-capped peaks, and finally lofty mountain ranges,
filled the whole field of vision.
FISH.
down upon their knees.
VEGETATION.
Of vegetation in the arctic region we can say but little. In the
valleys, and along shore, there was a variety of coarse grass. The
entire region being destitute of wood, and almost of every species of
shrubbery that could really be called such, the soil consequently was
exceedingly barren of vines, plants, or flowers. There were, however,
a few flowering plants which made their appearance in the transient
summer allotted to them.
The rocks were covered with coarse moss, and wherever the sun
melted away the snow from the hill sides, or plains, or valleys, a
small vine would start into life; this vine afforded, as has before
been observed, the only bread of the natives.
We never learned that the natives north of East Cape ever
attempted to plant any seed, or to raise any kind of vegetables.
THE FACE OF THE COUNTRY.
The shores of the arctic are bold and rocky, and bordered with
high, frowning cliffs. As far as the eye could extend in an inland
direction, snow-capped peaks, and finally lofty mountain ranges,
filled the whole field of vision.
FISH.
Besides the whale, which is the sovereign of those seas, there
are seals, walruses, sharks, narwhal, cod, salmon, &c.
FOWL.
Geese and ducks are abundant, besides a great variety of other
water-fowl.
The country bordering on the Ochotsk Sea, a place visited by
hundreds of whalemen, presents a scenery in some respects quite
different from that of the arctic.
While the surface of the country is uneven, interspersed with
hills, valleys, and mountains, yet it is quite well wooded, especially
on the seaboard.
As far north as 60° we have found patches of potatoes, turnips,
barley, &c. As soon as the snow leaves the earth, numberless wild
flowers of every hue and color, and some of them very odorous,
immediately start into life and beauty, and adorn both the valley and
hill side. And what is most remarkable in the multitude of flowers
which follow the line of retreating frost and snow, we find in nature,
as in opposite and antagonistical views and principles, that extremes
meet.
Vegetation here in this region thrives with the greatest possible
rapidity. It seems sometimes to put on the air even of romance, or
fiction. One season we were in the Ochotsk Sea, which was the 15th
of June, and then we found the country covered with snow; but in
less than ten days from that time, the forests were leaved out, and
every thing wore the dress of summer.
On the shores of the sea in different localities, we found growing
in great profusion, berries of various sorts, such as whortleberry,
cranberry, blackberry, mossberry, &c.
are seals, walruses, sharks, narwhal, cod, salmon, &c.
FOWL.
Geese and ducks are abundant, besides a great variety of other
water-fowl.
The country bordering on the Ochotsk Sea, a place visited by
hundreds of whalemen, presents a scenery in some respects quite
different from that of the arctic.
While the surface of the country is uneven, interspersed with
hills, valleys, and mountains, yet it is quite well wooded, especially
on the seaboard.
As far north as 60° we have found patches of potatoes, turnips,
barley, &c. As soon as the snow leaves the earth, numberless wild
flowers of every hue and color, and some of them very odorous,
immediately start into life and beauty, and adorn both the valley and
hill side. And what is most remarkable in the multitude of flowers
which follow the line of retreating frost and snow, we find in nature,
as in opposite and antagonistical views and principles, that extremes
meet.
Vegetation here in this region thrives with the greatest possible
rapidity. It seems sometimes to put on the air even of romance, or
fiction. One season we were in the Ochotsk Sea, which was the 15th
of June, and then we found the country covered with snow; but in
less than ten days from that time, the forests were leaved out, and
every thing wore the dress of summer.
On the shores of the sea in different localities, we found growing
in great profusion, berries of various sorts, such as whortleberry,
cranberry, blackberry, mossberry, &c.
We found in the Ochotsk Sea, besides the whale, salmon, trout,
cod, eels, butts, and flounders.
In addition to large sea fowl, which were very numerous, an
immense number of little birds swarmed the air, some of them of
beautiful plumage, and excelling in melodious notes. Many of them
were so tame that they would light upon the ship's rigging and
yards, and even descend to the deck to pick up crumbs, or little
particles of food.
cod, eels, butts, and flounders.
In addition to large sea fowl, which were very numerous, an
immense number of little birds swarmed the air, some of them of
beautiful plumage, and excelling in melodious notes. Many of them
were so tame that they would light upon the ship's rigging and
yards, and even descend to the deck to pick up crumbs, or little
particles of food.
CHAPTER XI.
The Ocean still frozen over on the 22d of June.—On the 24th
the Ice began to break up.—Whales appear.—Walrus
follow the Ice.—Daily looking for Ships.—Report of our
Wreck five hundred Miles below East Cape.—Method of
sending News by the Natives.—Ships notified of our
Condition.—How.—The Resolution of Captains Jernegan
and Goosman.—Arrival of two Ships off East Cape.—
Natives first spy them.—Stir in the Settlement.—Happy
Day of Deliverance.—Words feeble to express our Joy.—A
fit Occasion for Gratitude and Thanks to God.—
Preparations to go on board.—The Welcome of Captain
Goosman.—Captain Norton with Captain Jernegan.—Crew
collected.—Changed our native for sailor Dress.—Liberality
of the Officers and Crews in furnishing Clothes.—A Review
of the Past.—The Settlement visited.—Dinner.—Arrival at
the Islands.—A Card.
On the 22d of June, every thing, so far as the eye could reach,
remained the same upon the ocean as in midwinter; and, to
appearance, there was no immediate prospect that the ice would
break up for some time to come.
On the 24th, however, only two days afterwards, vast masses of
ice had left the ocean, water appeared in every direction, though the
shore along the coast was piled up with immense blocks and sheets
of ice; and in the distance we could clearly perceive varied elevations
of icebergs, differing in dimensions and form, scattered here and
The Ocean still frozen over on the 22d of June.—On the 24th
the Ice began to break up.—Whales appear.—Walrus
follow the Ice.—Daily looking for Ships.—Report of our
Wreck five hundred Miles below East Cape.—Method of
sending News by the Natives.—Ships notified of our
Condition.—How.—The Resolution of Captains Jernegan
and Goosman.—Arrival of two Ships off East Cape.—
Natives first spy them.—Stir in the Settlement.—Happy
Day of Deliverance.—Words feeble to express our Joy.—A
fit Occasion for Gratitude and Thanks to God.—
Preparations to go on board.—The Welcome of Captain
Goosman.—Captain Norton with Captain Jernegan.—Crew
collected.—Changed our native for sailor Dress.—Liberality
of the Officers and Crews in furnishing Clothes.—A Review
of the Past.—The Settlement visited.—Dinner.—Arrival at
the Islands.—A Card.
On the 22d of June, every thing, so far as the eye could reach,
remained the same upon the ocean as in midwinter; and, to
appearance, there was no immediate prospect that the ice would
break up for some time to come.
On the 24th, however, only two days afterwards, vast masses of
ice had left the ocean, water appeared in every direction, though the
shore along the coast was piled up with immense blocks and sheets
of ice; and in the distance we could clearly perceive varied elevations
of icebergs, differing in dimensions and form, scattered here and
there upon the surface of the water. The scene presented to our
view was that of an awful wreck or convulsion in nature, while those
stupendous fragments exhibited the force and energy which had
been displayed.
The next day, the 25th, we saw whales close in to the edge of
the ice on shore; they remained in the vicinity several days, and
then went south again, or to some other part of the ocean, as we
supposed, for their food.
The ice having left this region more suddenly than common,
greatly disappointed the usual expectations of the natives in taking a
large number of walrus, which are highly prized among them. They
serve about the same purpose with them as the reindeer does to the
Laplander.
The walrus follow the ice; and they are usually found in great
abundance among it, and especially upon the edges of extensive
tracts both of floating and field ice.
After the ice had passed away, and the ocean was once more
free from the embargo which winter had laid upon it, we anxiously
and daily looked for some approaching sail. We knew that arctic
whalemen would soon be along, and pressing their way up towards
higher latitudes, an open sea would invite them to secure a
profitable season's work.
We afterwards ascertained that intelligence of our condition had
been carried down the coast full five hundred miles below or south
of East Cape, and that the ships which first touched upon the coast
were made acquainted with the fact of the Citizen's wreck, and that
her officers and crew were among the natives.
Captain Newal, of the ship Copia, was the first one who heard of
the fate of the Citizen.
The method by which the news of the ship's disaster, and the
condition of her crew, was conveyed down the coast, is at once
striking and significant.
view was that of an awful wreck or convulsion in nature, while those
stupendous fragments exhibited the force and energy which had
been displayed.
The next day, the 25th, we saw whales close in to the edge of
the ice on shore; they remained in the vicinity several days, and
then went south again, or to some other part of the ocean, as we
supposed, for their food.
The ice having left this region more suddenly than common,
greatly disappointed the usual expectations of the natives in taking a
large number of walrus, which are highly prized among them. They
serve about the same purpose with them as the reindeer does to the
Laplander.
The walrus follow the ice; and they are usually found in great
abundance among it, and especially upon the edges of extensive
tracts both of floating and field ice.
After the ice had passed away, and the ocean was once more
free from the embargo which winter had laid upon it, we anxiously
and daily looked for some approaching sail. We knew that arctic
whalemen would soon be along, and pressing their way up towards
higher latitudes, an open sea would invite them to secure a
profitable season's work.
We afterwards ascertained that intelligence of our condition had
been carried down the coast full five hundred miles below or south
of East Cape, and that the ships which first touched upon the coast
were made acquainted with the fact of the Citizen's wreck, and that
her officers and crew were among the natives.
Captain Newal, of the ship Copia, was the first one who heard of
the fate of the Citizen.
The method by which the news of the ship's disaster, and the
condition of her crew, was conveyed down the coast, is at once
striking and significant.
Tracts, those little messengers of truth, become oftentimes the
appointed vehicles both of temporal and spiritual blessings. Tracts
were found in several huts of the natives, carried thither, we
suppose, by seamen; and with the exception of pieces of copper,
they were all that could be written upon, and thus the only reliable
means of communication. From the first, therefore, the captain and
his officers availed themselves of this instrumentality; and, whenever
they found a leaf of a book or a tract, or a piece of copper, if
opportunity occurred, they would send it down the coast by the
natives, carefully enclosed in a piece of walrus or deer skin, giving
some account of the shipwreck, officers, and crew, and where they
could be found.
We hoped by this means that the news of our condition would,
sooner or later, reach the ear of some navigator early on the coast,
and thus bring to pass a more speedy deliverance.
In this, as the sequel will show, we were not disappointed. The
natives had no idea of written language; and, believing that
something of great importance was marked upon either the paper or
copper, or both, they preserved it with the greatest care, and almost
with superstitious reverence.
They had an impression that we could converse with our
countrymen and absent friends in this way, which was true; but
what they supposed was, that we could talk to them at any time by
those mysterious marks. And hence they frequently urged us to
speak to them, and obtain some assistance from them, or that they
might send some aid to us.
Mr. Reoy, one of our company, was the first to get on board of a
ship,—the Bartholomew Gosnold,—he being down some two
hundred miles below East Cape. He therefore gave immediate
information as to the locality of the officers and crew of the Citizen.
About this time there were five ships at or near Indian Point,
working their way towards the north through the floating ice. The
news of the shipwreck was brought to these ships by the natives,
appointed vehicles both of temporal and spiritual blessings. Tracts
were found in several huts of the natives, carried thither, we
suppose, by seamen; and with the exception of pieces of copper,
they were all that could be written upon, and thus the only reliable
means of communication. From the first, therefore, the captain and
his officers availed themselves of this instrumentality; and, whenever
they found a leaf of a book or a tract, or a piece of copper, if
opportunity occurred, they would send it down the coast by the
natives, carefully enclosed in a piece of walrus or deer skin, giving
some account of the shipwreck, officers, and crew, and where they
could be found.
We hoped by this means that the news of our condition would,
sooner or later, reach the ear of some navigator early on the coast,
and thus bring to pass a more speedy deliverance.
In this, as the sequel will show, we were not disappointed. The
natives had no idea of written language; and, believing that
something of great importance was marked upon either the paper or
copper, or both, they preserved it with the greatest care, and almost
with superstitious reverence.
They had an impression that we could converse with our
countrymen and absent friends in this way, which was true; but
what they supposed was, that we could talk to them at any time by
those mysterious marks. And hence they frequently urged us to
speak to them, and obtain some assistance from them, or that they
might send some aid to us.
Mr. Reoy, one of our company, was the first to get on board of a
ship,—the Bartholomew Gosnold,—he being down some two
hundred miles below East Cape. He therefore gave immediate
information as to the locality of the officers and crew of the Citizen.
About this time there were five ships at or near Indian Point,
working their way towards the north through the floating ice. The
news of the shipwreck was brought to these ships by the natives,
bearing in their hands tracts and pieces of copper, written upon by
the captain and his officers, stating the wreck, where the company
could be found, and their earnest desire to be taken off. The natives
approached the ships, lying off a short distance from the shore,
holding up in their hands those mysterious parchments, in order to
attract the attention of those on board. The story was soon told. The
tracts and pieces of copper at once removed all uncertainty which
had for months surrounded the fate of the Citizen and the condition
of her officers and crew.
The announcement that so many fellow-seamen were still in the
land of the living; that they had survived the rigors of an arctic
winter; that they were not far up the coast,—less than a day's sail,—
and that they were anxiously and hourly looking and waiting for
approaching ships, was enough to stir the deepest sympathies of
every mariner's heart.
With the least possible delay, being impelled not only by a sense
of duty, but actuated by the most generous and philanthropic
sentiments and emotions, Captain Jernegan, of the ship Niger, and
Captain Goosman, of the ship Joseph Hayden, left immediately to
secure the unfortunate ones on East Cape, firmly resolving, like true
sons of the ocean, "We will have them on board before to-morrow
night." This was early in the morning. They were distant from East
Cape more than fifty miles. With a favoring wind, and success
attending their efforts in getting through the drifting ice, they
reached the cape next day, about two o'clock in the morning, only a
few miles in the offing, and in sight of the settlement.
The natives were the first to spy the ships, and one immediately
rushed in and informed Captain Norton they had come.
Though it was an event which we all had long looked for and
earnestly desired, and time indeed had rolled heavily on its wheels in
bringing the happy day of deliverance, yet when it was announced
to us, we could hardly believe it. Somehow or other, having been so
long inured to disappointment, we felt for the moment it was too
much and too good news to credit.
the captain and his officers, stating the wreck, where the company
could be found, and their earnest desire to be taken off. The natives
approached the ships, lying off a short distance from the shore,
holding up in their hands those mysterious parchments, in order to
attract the attention of those on board. The story was soon told. The
tracts and pieces of copper at once removed all uncertainty which
had for months surrounded the fate of the Citizen and the condition
of her officers and crew.
The announcement that so many fellow-seamen were still in the
land of the living; that they had survived the rigors of an arctic
winter; that they were not far up the coast,—less than a day's sail,—
and that they were anxiously and hourly looking and waiting for
approaching ships, was enough to stir the deepest sympathies of
every mariner's heart.
With the least possible delay, being impelled not only by a sense
of duty, but actuated by the most generous and philanthropic
sentiments and emotions, Captain Jernegan, of the ship Niger, and
Captain Goosman, of the ship Joseph Hayden, left immediately to
secure the unfortunate ones on East Cape, firmly resolving, like true
sons of the ocean, "We will have them on board before to-morrow
night." This was early in the morning. They were distant from East
Cape more than fifty miles. With a favoring wind, and success
attending their efforts in getting through the drifting ice, they
reached the cape next day, about two o'clock in the morning, only a
few miles in the offing, and in sight of the settlement.
The natives were the first to spy the ships, and one immediately
rushed in and informed Captain Norton they had come.
Though it was an event which we all had long looked for and
earnestly desired, and time indeed had rolled heavily on its wheels in
bringing the happy day of deliverance, yet when it was announced
to us, we could hardly believe it. Somehow or other, having been so
long inured to disappointment, we felt for the moment it was too
much and too good news to credit.
The native who informed the captain at this time had several
times before told him that ships were coming, but which proved
false. He was therefore inclined to give but partial credit to his
statement now. The native came again and again to the captain with
the same report, and manifested so much earnestness and interest
that the captain said to Mr. Osborn, who was near him, "There must
be something in this fellow's statement; get up, and see if it is so."
Besides, there was increasing stir, loud talk, and running hither and
thither in the settlement—all of which convinced the doubtful that
the ships were indeed in sight, and that the joyous day of
deliverance had surely arrived.
Well, we went out of the settlement to see, and it was too true
to doubt any longer; the ships were in sight, and standing in
towards the land. By this time every man in our company had been
aroused, and was on the lookout; and the natives also seemed to
partake of the common joy in anticipation of our deliverance being
so near.
How feeble are words to express the emotions of gratitude and
joy that thrilled through every mind! If tears of sorrow had been
shed in months past over prolonged disappointment and subsequent
suffering,—if our spirits had become hardened by repeated
misfortunes and deprivations, which no language can depict,—tears
now fell, prompted by far different feelings; our hearts were no
longer indurate, but dissolved like water; and every countenance
gave expressions of joyous and exhilarating hope.
What a fit occasion was this for a most hearty and unanimous
recognition from all our company of profound gratitude to God that
so many of us had been thus far preserved, and were now indulging
in the animating prospect of seeing our native homes, relatives, and
friends once more! The God of heaven and earth should in this
manner be honored and glorified in the presence of pagans, and
thus put to silence their vain and imaginary superstitions.
Indeed, one of our number was so deeply affected and
overcome with the sight before him, and prompted by a sense of the
times before told him that ships were coming, but which proved
false. He was therefore inclined to give but partial credit to his
statement now. The native came again and again to the captain with
the same report, and manifested so much earnestness and interest
that the captain said to Mr. Osborn, who was near him, "There must
be something in this fellow's statement; get up, and see if it is so."
Besides, there was increasing stir, loud talk, and running hither and
thither in the settlement—all of which convinced the doubtful that
the ships were indeed in sight, and that the joyous day of
deliverance had surely arrived.
Well, we went out of the settlement to see, and it was too true
to doubt any longer; the ships were in sight, and standing in
towards the land. By this time every man in our company had been
aroused, and was on the lookout; and the natives also seemed to
partake of the common joy in anticipation of our deliverance being
so near.
How feeble are words to express the emotions of gratitude and
joy that thrilled through every mind! If tears of sorrow had been
shed in months past over prolonged disappointment and subsequent
suffering,—if our spirits had become hardened by repeated
misfortunes and deprivations, which no language can depict,—tears
now fell, prompted by far different feelings; our hearts were no
longer indurate, but dissolved like water; and every countenance
gave expressions of joyous and exhilarating hope.
What a fit occasion was this for a most hearty and unanimous
recognition from all our company of profound gratitude to God that
so many of us had been thus far preserved, and were now indulging
in the animating prospect of seeing our native homes, relatives, and
friends once more! The God of heaven and earth should in this
manner be honored and glorified in the presence of pagans, and
thus put to silence their vain and imaginary superstitions.
Indeed, one of our number was so deeply affected and
overcome with the sight before him, and prompted by a sense of the
deliverance which a merciful Providence was working out for him
and his companions, that he fell upon his knees and blessed the
Lord that he was permitted "to see once more another ship under
sail."
Two Ships near Shore.
The two ships that were in sight, and approaching land, were
the Niger, Captain Jernegan, and the Joseph Hayden, Captain
Goosman. Preparations were now made, in the most expeditious
manner possible, to go on board. The canoes of the natives were
got ready; but before any thing could be done towards carrying us
to the ships, they first made a fire in the boats in order to drive out
the Evil One; and then, that we might not pollute their boats, some
"ice cream"—deer fat and snow—must be given to them to eat, as
they supposed. Thus reasoned the natives.
Soon, however, we were on our way to the ships. Most gladly we
turned away our eyes from the shore, and turned them towards our
and his companions, that he fell upon his knees and blessed the
Lord that he was permitted "to see once more another ship under
sail."
Two Ships near Shore.
The two ships that were in sight, and approaching land, were
the Niger, Captain Jernegan, and the Joseph Hayden, Captain
Goosman. Preparations were now made, in the most expeditious
manner possible, to go on board. The canoes of the natives were
got ready; but before any thing could be done towards carrying us
to the ships, they first made a fire in the boats in order to drive out
the Evil One; and then, that we might not pollute their boats, some
"ice cream"—deer fat and snow—must be given to them to eat, as
they supposed. Thus reasoned the natives.
Soon, however, we were on our way to the ships. Most gladly we
turned away our eyes from the shore, and turned them towards our
better home on the deep.
The ship which was the nearer of the two to the shore, and on
board of which Captain Norton and his officers first went, was the
Joseph Hayden. When Captain Norton landed on deck, dressed in
native costume, unshorn, and uncouth in appearance, as all were,
Captain Goosman asked, as well he might, and as any other one
would, "Is this Norton, captain of the Citizen?" He replied, "He used
to be, and probably was now." Captain Goosman then embraced him
in true sailor fashion, and cordially welcomed him and his officers to
the hospitalities of his ship. In a few days, nearly all of our number
were collected from the different settlements, and divided between
the two ships.
Captain Norton, being a fellow-townsman and formerly a
schoolmate with Captain Jernegan, felt disposed, from this previous
acquaintance, to take up his abode on board of the Niger. Every
facility and comfort the ship afforded was most cheerfully offered by
Captain Jernegan to Captain Norton and those of his officers on
board with him.
We soon exchanged the burdensome and unwieldy deer-skin
clothes, which had so long identified us with arctic natives and arctic
life, for the lighter and more agreeable dress of the sailor.
In supplying our company with such articles of clothing as we
needed, (indeed, we were absolutely destitute, having nothing but
what we stood in,) the officers and sailors of the respective ships
most generously contributed to relieve our present necessities. They
rejoiced in the opportunity of effecting the deliverance of their fellow
shipwrecked mariners, and considered it one of the most joyous
events in their lives that they had done something towards
augmenting the sum of human happiness, and thus becoming the
means of kindling anew, in many minds, aspirations and hopes
which had well nigh become extinguished.
Thus, after a series of sufferings and painful reminiscences,—the
loss of our ship, with five of our number at the time of the wreck,
The ship which was the nearer of the two to the shore, and on
board of which Captain Norton and his officers first went, was the
Joseph Hayden. When Captain Norton landed on deck, dressed in
native costume, unshorn, and uncouth in appearance, as all were,
Captain Goosman asked, as well he might, and as any other one
would, "Is this Norton, captain of the Citizen?" He replied, "He used
to be, and probably was now." Captain Goosman then embraced him
in true sailor fashion, and cordially welcomed him and his officers to
the hospitalities of his ship. In a few days, nearly all of our number
were collected from the different settlements, and divided between
the two ships.
Captain Norton, being a fellow-townsman and formerly a
schoolmate with Captain Jernegan, felt disposed, from this previous
acquaintance, to take up his abode on board of the Niger. Every
facility and comfort the ship afforded was most cheerfully offered by
Captain Jernegan to Captain Norton and those of his officers on
board with him.
We soon exchanged the burdensome and unwieldy deer-skin
clothes, which had so long identified us with arctic natives and arctic
life, for the lighter and more agreeable dress of the sailor.
In supplying our company with such articles of clothing as we
needed, (indeed, we were absolutely destitute, having nothing but
what we stood in,) the officers and sailors of the respective ships
most generously contributed to relieve our present necessities. They
rejoiced in the opportunity of effecting the deliverance of their fellow
shipwrecked mariners, and considered it one of the most joyous
events in their lives that they had done something towards
augmenting the sum of human happiness, and thus becoming the
means of kindling anew, in many minds, aspirations and hopes
which had well nigh become extinguished.
Thus, after a series of sufferings and painful reminiscences,—the
loss of our ship, with five of our number at the time of the wreck,
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.
More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge
connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and
personal growth every day!
ebookbell.com
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.
More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge
connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and
personal growth every day!
ebookbell.com
Download
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation fileQuick Actions
Statistics
- Views 7
- Slides 87
- Age 199 days
Related Slideshows
1
MGV Residential Design projects for different clients, including a New Mexico Adobe project-1-.pdf
mannyvesa
27 views
16
EUNITED_Advocacy and Public Engagement through Visual Media
GeorgeDiamandis11
32 views
31
DESIGN THINKINGGG PPT 2 TOPIC IDEATION.pptx
HibaZaidi2
26 views
36
DESIGN THINKING CHAPTER 1 PPTT PPT 1.pptx
HibaZaidi2
29 views
112
Hinduism and Its History - PowerPoint Slides.pptx
ConorMcCormack10
25 views
20
Service Attributes of Manufactured Parts.pptx
MustafaEnesKrmac
25 views