Smart Blind stick by using arduino uno and sensor

A diploma project

1. SMART BLIND STICK USING ARDUINO UNO DEPARTMENT OF: ELECTRONICS AND TELE-COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FALAKATA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE (GOVT.OF.WEST BENGAL) 3rd YEAR , 6 TH SEMESTER

2. OUR GROUP MEMBERS:- NAME REGESTRATION NUMBER MANOJ SARKAR ( GROUP LEADER ) D161710650 ARCHITA BARMAN D161710651 PRABITRA BARMAN D161710652 PRAVASIS BARMAN D161710653 MD NASIM D161710654 PANCHANAN BARMAN D161710655

3. CONTENTS- INTRODUCTION WHY WE HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT MATERIALS REQUIRED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ARDUINO UNO ULTRASONIC SENSOR WORKING PRINCIPLE USES OF JUMPER WIRES, DIODE, BATTERY, SWITCH, LED AND BUZZER FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION- Hugh Herr is a famous American rock climber who has shattered(Broken)the limitations of his disabilities; he is a strong believer that technology could help disabled persons to live a normal life. In one of his TED talk Herr said  “ Humans are not disabled. A person can never be broken. Our built environment, our technologies, is broken and disabled. We the people need not accept our limitations, but can transfer disability through technological Innovation ” . These were not just words but he lived his life to them, today he uses Prosthetic legs and claims to live to normal life. So yes, technology can indeed neutralize human disability; with this in mind let us use the power of  Arduino and ultrasonic sensors to build a Smart stick  that could perform more than just a stick for visually impaired persons.

5. This Smart stick will have an  Ultrasonic sensor to sense distance from any obstacle. All the feedbacks will be given to the blind man through a Buzzer. Of course you can use a vibrator motor in place of Buzzer and advance a lot more using your creativity .

6. WHY WE HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT Obstacle detection is one of the major concerns for a fully or a partially blind person (e.g. person suffering from night-blindness, cataracts, glaucoma, albinism or injury). Presented here is a smart stick using Arduino Uno. The stick uses Ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection. The main aim of this project is to detect nearby obstacle and notify the user of the direction of that obstacle, thereby enabling the user to determine the corrective direction to head. So that it can help the differently abled and it is also detect nearby AC,DC current and notify the user of the direction of that current, the user to determine the corrective direction to head.

7. MATERIALS REQUIRED ARDUINO UNO ULTRASONIC SENSOR JUMPER WIRES BATTERY (9V) SWITCH LED BUZZER A STICK 4017 IC VIBRATOR 1K OHM RESITANCE COPER WIRE

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9. ARDUINO UNO

10. Arduino uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328p(datasheet).it has 14 digital input or output pins (of which 6 can be use PWM outputs ). Arduinouno is an open sources plat form use for building electronics project arduino uno consist of both a physical programmer able circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller )and a piece of software ,or IDE( Intregrated Development Environment) that runs own you computer ,used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Arduino uno IDE uses a simplified version of C++ ,making it easier to learn The arduino uno is one of the most popular boards in the arduino uno family and a great choice for beginners .

11. WHAT ON THE BOARD Power (USB /Barrel jack ):- Every arduino uno board need away to be connected to power source .The arduino uno can be powered form a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is teeminated in barrel jack . NOTE: Do not use a power supply greater then 20 volt as you will over power and there by destroy. Your arduino uno the recommended voltage for most arduino uno models is between 6 and 12 volts. Pins: The arduino uno has several different kinds of pins cache of which is level labeled on the board and use for different functions.

12. GND: Short for “GROUND” there are several GND pins on the arduino uno , any of which can be used to ground your circuit. BARREL JACK: Arduino uno board can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the barrel jack 3.3 volt: Supply 3.3. volt output volt 5 volt: Supply 5 volt ouput volt Vin : This pin also can be used to power the arduino uno board an external power source like AC mains power supply .

13. Analog pins : The arduino uno borad has five (5) analog input pins Ao through A5.these pins can need the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and connected it into a digital value that can be need by the microprocessor Main microcontroller: Each arduino uno board has its own microcontroller you can assume it as the brain of your board. The microcontroller are usually of the ATMEL company. You must know that IC your board has before loading up a new program from the arduino IDE. ICSP : Mostly ICSP is an AVR ,a thing programming header for the arduino uno consisting of mosi,miso,SCK,RESET,Vcc and GND.

14. Power LED indicator: This LED should light up when you plug your arduino uno into a power source to indicator hay your board is powered up correctly if this light does not turn on then there is something wrong with the connection . Tx and Rx LED`S : On your board you will find two levels : Tx (transmit)and Rx (received). They appearing to places on the arduino uno board. First at the digital pin 0 and 1.to indicate the pins responsiable for serial communication second the Tx and Rx LED . the Tx LED flashes with different speed while sending the serial data the speed while sending the serial data. The speed while sending the serial data . the speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board Rx flashes during the receveing process .

15. Digital : Across form the analog pins are the digital pins. This pins can be use for both digital input and digital output. PWM : You may have noticed the tiled (~)next to some of the digital pins (3,5,6,9,10 and 11 on the arduino uno board ). This pins acts as normal digital pins bur can also be use for something called pulse with modulation . AREF : Stands for analog differeants most of the time you can live this pin alone . it is some times use to said and external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 volts ) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

16. Reset button: Just like the orginal rintendo the arduino uno has reset button. Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the arduino uno . This can be very usefull if you code doesn’t repeat but you want to test it multiple time unlike the original Nintendo however bloaing on the arduino uno doent usually fix any problems. Voltage regulator: The voltage regulator is not actually sometime you can interact with on the arduino uno but it is control the amount of voltage that is left in to the arduino uno board.

17. ARDUINO UNO SPECIFICATION: Microcontroller :Atmega328p -8 bit AVR family microcontroller Operation voltage :5 volts or 3.3. volts Recommended input voltage is : 7-12 volts Input voltage limit : 6-20 volts Analog input pins :6 (Ao-A5) Digital I/O pins:14(out of which 6 provide PWM out) DC current on I/O pins : 40 mA

18. SPECIFICATION DC current on 3.3 volt pins :50Ma Flash memory :32Kb(0.5 Kb is used for bothloader SRAM :2Kb EEPROM :1Kb Frequency(clock speed): 16Mhz

19. Some postulate Microcontroller :Atmega328p -8 bit AVR family microcontroller Operation voltage :5 volts or 3.3. volts Recommended input voltage is : 7-12 volts Input voltage limit : 6-20 volts Analog input pins :6 (Ao-A5) Digital I/O pins: 14(out of which 6 provide PWM out) DC current on I/O pins : 40 mA

20. Software+coding Software ardunio unio 1.8.5 =This is Open Source Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload . It runs on WINDOWS, MAC ,OS , and LINUX. The Program Written JAVA , C and C++ . This Software can be use With any ardunio board . Cording int const trigPin = 10; int const echoPin = 9; int const vibratorPin = 2; void setup() { pinMode ( trigPin , OUTPUT); // trig pin will have pulses output pinMode ( echoPin , INPUT); // echo pin should be input to get pulse width pinMode ( vibratorPin , OUTPUT); // buzz pin is output to control vibrator } void loop() {

21. // Duration will be the input pulse width and distance will be the distance to the obstacle in centimeters int duration, distance; // Output pulse with 1ms width on trigPin digitalWrite ( trigPin , HIGH); delay(1); digitalWrite ( trigPin , LOW); // Measure the pulse input in echo pin duration = pulseIn ( echoPin , HIGH); // Distance is half the duration devided by 29.1 (from datasheet) distance = (duration/2) / 29.1; // if distance less than 0.5 meter and more than 0 (0 or less means over range) if (distance <= 5&& distance >= 0) { // Buzz digitalWrite ( vibratorPin , HIGH); } else { // Don't vibrator digitalWrite ( vibratorPin , LOW); } // Waiting 60 ms won't hurt any one delay(60); }

22. ULTRASONIC SENSOR An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

23. Vcc : The Vcc pin power the sensor typically with +5 volt Trigger : Triogger pin is an input pin. This pin has to be keept high for 10Us to initialize measurement by sending us wae Echo : Echo pin is an output pin. This pin goes high for a period of time which will be equal to the time taken for the us wave to retrun back to the sensor Ground : This pin is connected to the ground of the system.

24. FEATURE: OPARATING VOLTAGE :-+5 voltage MEASUREING DISTANCE :2cm to 450cm ACCURACY IS :-3mm MEASURING ANGLE COVERED :< 15 degree OPERATING CURRENT :< 15Ma OPERATING FREQUENCY : 40 Hz

25. WORKING PRINCIPLE As shown in diagrams there are two openings in Ultrasonic sensor first is transmitter (or Trigger) and second is receiver (or Echo). Ultrasonic sensor sends high frequency pulses, these pulses reflects from object and takes as Echo, time between echo and Trigger is measured by the microcontroller or Arduino which is directly proportional to distance. The speed of sound is 341 meter per second in the air, and the distance between sensor and object is equal to time multiplied by speed of sound divided by two. Distance = (Time * Speed Of Sound) ÷ 2 After the distance measurement, Arduino makes a beep format using buzzer, when distance is high, frequency of beep is decreased and beep frequency is increased when distance is low The range of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor is not high, it can only measure 50cm in open space, for more distance many other powerful sensors are available in the market.  

26. USES OF JUMPER WIRES, battery, switch, led & buzzer JUMPER WIRES- In this project we have used male to female & male to male jumper wires for interconnections. BATTERY(9V)- A battery of 9V is used to give the constant power supply to the circuit. SWITCH- A switch is used as a control device for ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ configurations. LED- Two LED’s are used to display the functional characteristics of the circuit. BUZZER- A buzzer is an audio signaling device used to detect the circuit in ‘ACTIVE’ state and give the signal with a buzzing noise.

27. AC CURRENT DETECTOR

28. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM MATERIAL REQUIRS 4017 ic 1k ohm resistance 9 Volt battery Simple coper wire Buzzer Led

29. 4017 IC

30. PIN I t has 16 pin and the functionality of each pin is explained as follows: Pin-1 : It is the output 5.It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts. Pin-2: It is the output 1.It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts. Pin-3: It is the output 0.It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts. Pin-4: It is the output 2.it goes high when the counters reads 2 counts. Pin-5: It is the output 6.It goes high when the counters reads 6 counts. Pin-6: It is the output 7.It goes high when the counters reads 7 counts. Pin-7 :It is the output 3.it goes high when the counters reads 3 counts. Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage(0V) Pin-9 :It is output 8.It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts. Pin-10: It has output 4.It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts. Pin-11: It has output 9.It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts. Pin-12: This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with another counter so as to enable counting greater then the range supported by a single IC4017. Pin-13 :This pin is the disable pin. in normal mode of operation this is connected to ground or logic LOW voltage. If this pin is connected to logic HIGH voltage then the circuit will stop receiving pulses and so it will not advance the count irrespective of number of pulses received from the clock. Pin-14: This pi is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give the input clock pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count advance on the rising of the clock. Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation. If you need to reset the IC, then you Can connect this pin to HIGH voltage. Pin-16: This is the power supply( Vcc )pin. This should be given a HIGH voltage of 3v TO 15v for the IC to function

31. FUTURE SCOPE A variety of future scope are available that can be used of with the stick such as usage of Global positioning System can help the blind person to source to destination route information. GPS can help to find the shortest and best path as accordingly to Google ( Bing map based on real time coordinates). GSM attachment can help in future for any immediate casualty help. It can also contain special arrangement to connect the walking stick to adhar card of blinds, helping the government serve the physically disable even better. Water sensor that sense any kind of water allowing the safe walk of the blind people in order to avoid shipping.

32. CONCLUSION The Blind Walking Stick has been finally made into prototype which can be used to guide the blind . Its aims to solve the problems faced by the blind people in their daily life. The system also takes the measure to ensure their safety . This project will operate to help all the blind people in the world to make them easier to walk everywhere they want. It was done to help the blind to move in front very well. It is used to help the people with disabilities that are blind to facilitate the movement and increase safety