Smart grid as a future grid of a power distributed systems!

Лекція Олексанра Гусева @ IHUB Chernihiv 14.04.2016

1. Oleksandr Husev SMART GRID AS A FUTURE GRID OF A POWER DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

2. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Lecturer: Oleksandr Husev , PhD 2 Email: [email protected] Skype name: husev_oleksandr Associate professor of Chernihiv National University of Technology . Senior researcher of Tallinn University of Technology , Power electronics group!

3. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 3

4. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 4

5. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Talliann Old Town 5

6. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Tallinn University of Technology (TUT or TTU.ee) 6 Public university Second biggest university in Estonia Only technical university in Estonia Located in the capital of Estonia – Tallinn Fully accredited programs Modern facilities and computer labs, free wifi Campus university with newly renovated dormitories

7. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 TUT in numbers 7 Date of establishment: 1918 8 faculties 3 5 departments and 11 2 chairs 13 research centers 21 labs 10  affiliated institutions , including 4 regional colleges 3 languages : Estonian, Russian and English 13 500 students, about 800 foreign students 2000 employees

8. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 TUT: Faculty of Power Engineering. Power electronics group! 8

9. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 9 Object of Research C ontrol and conversion of electric power !

10. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 10 Power electronics group: outcomes! Isolated DC-DC converter. 40-80 V input, 400V output. 5 kW . 92%. Novel 5 kW, 3-phase solar inverter (96-98.5 %), 300-1000V input Prototypes of microinverter 320W, 10-60V input

11. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 11 Power electronics group: small-scale Microgrid ! Main components : 3 kW wind turbine 1 kW PV panels 1 kW H2 buffer 48 V 165 F ultracap 48 V 220 Ah battery 50 kW fast DC charging station

12. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart grid? A  smart grid  is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficiency resources.  Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid 12

13. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 13

14. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Traditional Grid: 14 Electric station Step up transformer Step down transformer

15. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 15 Power consumption is increasing . The grid is limited. No opportunity to integrate the renewable energy . Old low frequency transformer! Traditional Grid:

16. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Distributed Grid: 16

17. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 17

18. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Photovoltaics: general principle 18 One cell 0.3 W - 1.2 V; Solar irradiation 1300 W / m2 Efficiency up to 40%. Normally 18 – 20 % (180 W/m2) Solar panel cost 0. 5 - 10 $ / W . Normally 0. 8 $ / W. Solar energy cost is about 0.3 - 0.8 $ / kWh .

19. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Photovoltaics: island system 19 Solar panel Inverter Storage element Consumers

20. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Photovoltaics: grid-connected system 20 Solar panel Storage element Grid Consumers Invertor

21. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Photovoltaics: solar plants 21 Based on cetral inverters 0.5 MW; Based on string inverters 5-10 kW; Total power 6 – 600 MW.

22. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Solar PV Global Capacity, 2004–2014 22

23. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Top 10 Countries, 2014 23 Ukraine 0.35 GW (0.56 GW in 2013)

24. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Wind turbines: general principle 24 Small power turbine – up to 5 KW . Medium power – 5 KW up to 100 KW . High power more than 100 KW . Wind energy cost : 0. 1 – 0.4 $/KW .

25. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Wind Power Global Capacity, 2004–2014 25

26. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Top 10 Countries, 2014 26 Ukraine 0.42 GW

27. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 The largest wind turbine: Enercon E-126 27 rotor diameter of 126 m;  total height of 198 m; High power 7.6 MW .

28. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Fuel cells: 28 Maximum power of the one cell 200 KW . Typical cell: output voltage 30 V -80 V, efficiency about 80%. Hard to get H2!

29. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Other renewable energy 29 Wave energy D eformation energy

30. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Renewable energy trends: 30 Renewable Power Capacities in World, Top Seven Countries, 2014.

31. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Renewable energy trends: 31 Total electric power production (2014) is about 23500,000 GW. It means renewable energy takes about 3% !

32. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 32 Frede Blaabjerg Report in 2013

33. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 33

34. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 V2G as part of the Smart grid 34 Vehicle to grid (V2G)

35. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Tesla model 3: 35 Price $35,000 ; lithium ion batteries – 340 km ; 8 years warranty for battery; 100 km/h – 6 s.

36. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Charge station? 36 30 kWh in 15 min can be charged by dc-link 400V voltage and 300A current! Or by ac 230V grid and 16A in 8 hours

37. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Charge station? 37 There is 167 quick chargers in Estonia. 102 quick chargers are in towns and 65 by roads. DC quick charger with nominal capacity 50 kW meeting the CHAdeMO standard AC charging socket Type 2, nominal capacity 22 kW

38. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 38

39. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Lets back to history: “Current war”! 39

40. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Dc system 40 1878 Thomas Edison proposed a system that could bring electric lighting directly into a customer's business or home.

41. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Problems of DC system: 41 Long way transmission system is not effective solution because of high conduction losses.

42. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 AC system: 42 In 1887 Nicola Tesla files his first patents for a two-phase AC system with four electric power lines, which consists of a generator, a transmission system and a multi-phase motor.

43. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 AC system: 43 In 1889 Michael  Dolivo-Dobrowolsky   (Russian, naturalized Swiss), chief electrician at the AEG company in Berlin, builds on the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and improves them considerably. He designs the three-phase cage induction motor, which is still widely used today. In the beginning of 1889, his first motor is running properly.

44. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 AC system as a winner! 44 During this period (1880s), DC was more widely popular, but it was becoming evident that AC was more efficient for long-distance power transmission due to the ability to easily change voltages using a transformer. In defense of DC, Thomas Edison carried out a campaign against the use of AC power, claiming the danger of AC, publicly killing animals, and lobbying against the use of AC in state legislatures. AC ending up winning “the current war”!

45. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Typical AC transmission line: 45 Very simple and reliable way to step up or step down voltage and reduce the conduction losses!

46. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Problems of AC system: 46 Difficult to facilitate power transmission between different countries that use AC at differing voltages and frequencies ; More dangerous for people; Difficult to control power flow (active, reactive and non-active power).

47. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Low frequency transformer as a key component of AC system: 47 220 V AC 10 kV AC Alternative ?

48. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Solid state transformer. Back to history! 48

49. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 49 Solid state transformer. Back to history!

50. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Solid state transformer: modular solution 50

51. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Solid state transformer: novel results 51 The MEGAlink : 1 MVA, 10 kV/400V Solid-State Transformer (Zurich, ETH, prof . W Kolar ) Conventional 2 MVA solution

52. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 52 What about complexity? Traditional solution is a very robust solution and can be realized even in Zimbabwe Solid state transformer: novel results

53. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Solid state transformer: definition 53 Reduce size of magnetics ; Full controllability; Low voltage dc-link; Complex and expensive solution.

54. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Next step? HVDC system! 54 Semiconductor devices! High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system

55. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 HVDC based on SST! 55

56. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 HVDC system: examples 56 First commercial application of HVDC between Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland in 1954 (Underwater link of 90 km and 20 MW).

57. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 HVDC system: examples 57

58. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 HVDC system: examples 58

59. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Low voltage DC transmission system and DC microgrid 59 Microgrid – is a limited power grid that is disconnected from central power source!

60. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Combination of the DC and AC grid 60 No revenge of T. Edison but future synergy of AC and DC systems!

61. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 61

62. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Internet? 62 The  Internet  is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a  network of networks  that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. 

63. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Energy Internet? 63 The  Energy Internet  is the global system of interconnected networks that is used for electrical energy conversion and transmission including data centers that perform control and analysis of power flow.

64. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Energy Internet? 64

65. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Problems: 65 High penetration level of Renewable energy – unbalance grid! Complex power electronics systems. Legislation does not corresponds new trends!

66. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Storage elements: 66 Storage system helps balance the grid! Very expensive way of the power quality improvement!

67. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart metering: 67 1. A  smart meter  is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing. 2. Producer + Consumer = Prosumer . 3. Flexible tariff policy!

68. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart metering: 68

69. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Payment example in Estonia: 69

70. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Outline: 1. Introduction; 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems; 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G); 5. Dc- microgrid . HVDC and Solid State Transformer; 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach; 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in Ukraine? 70

71. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart grid concept: 71 Integration of renewable energy to the grid; Decentralization of power sources; Solid state transformer implementation; The combination of the DC and AC link; Full controllability and interoperability. Increased reliability; Vehicle to grid; Flexible tariff policy (Smart Metering).

72. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart grid concept: 72 Reliability W/Price Power density Functionality Renewable energy Conventional solution

73. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Smart grid: future research! 73 Semiconductors and storage elements technologies; Renewable energy penetration level; Power electronics optimal solutions; Power flow control algorithms; Legislation problem.

74. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 Power electronics “muscle” is a problem ! 74

75. Oleksandr Husev, BRAS, 2016 75 Discussion. Is it possible in Ukraine ?