Smart Grid Technology - Smart Grid- Components

Smart Grid Components

1. O v e r v i e w Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010 2

2. 3 Grid Layout SMA R T GRID Bulk Generation Transmissio n D i s t r ib u tions Ope r a ti o n s Service Provider Mar k e t carriers of bulk electricity operators and participants in electricity markets. The distributors of electricity to and from customers. The managers of the movement of electricity. generators of electricity in bulk quantities. The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities . Customers End users of electricity

3. Customer Domain

4. Customer Domain

5. 6 Customer Domain Communications: The ESI is the primary service interface to the Customer domains. The ESI communicates via the advanced metering infrastructure ( AMI) infrastructure or Internet (with other domains ). The ESI communicates through Home Area Network or other Local Area Network (to devices and systems within the customer premises).

6. Customer Domain Participators and their function Customer Domain controls industrial processes such as manufacturing or warehousing. Cu s t om e r Domain Building and Home Autom a ti on Industrial Aut o m a ti on Micro Gene r a ti on Control various f unc ti ons within a bu i l d i n g . Includes all types of distributed g ene r a ti on.

7. The markets are where grid assets are bought and sold. Boundaries: the edge of the Operations domain where control happens, the domains supplying assets (e.g., generation, transmission, etc) and the Customer domain. The high-priority challenges in the Markets domain are: extension of price and DER signals to each of the Customer sub-domains expanding the capabilities of aggregators interoperability across all providers and consumers of market information managing the growth (and regulation) of retailing and wholesaling of energy, and evolving communication mechanisms for prices and energy characteristics between and throughout the Markets and Customer domains. Market Domain

8. Market Domain

9. Market Domain Market Domain Participators and their function * ISO-Independent system operator Market Domain Market Mana g e m e n t R et ailing Trading Market Op e r a tions Ancillary Op e r a tions DER Aggregation sell power to end customers. c on n e c t e d t o a trading organization Aggregators combine smaller participants. participants in markets buying and selling of energy Make a particular market function smoothly. financial and goods sold clearing, price quotation streams, audit, balancing. Market managers include ISOs for w h o lesale mar k e ts provide frequency support, voltage support, spinning reserve

10. P er f or m s er vic e s t o s u p p or t the b u sine s s p r o c e s s e s o f p o w er s y s t em p roducers , distributors and customers. These business processes range from traditional utility services, such as billing and customer account management, to enhanced customer services, such as management of energy use and home energy generation. Challenge: is to develop the key interfaces and standards that will enable a dynamic market-driven ecosystem while protecting the critical power infrastructure. Service Provider Domain

11. Service Provider Domain

12. Service Provider Domain Service P r ov i d er Domain Customer Management Installation & Ma n a g eme n t Home Ma n a g e m e n t Account Ma n a g e m e n t E m e r gi n g Services Building Ma n a g e m e n t Installing and maintaining premises equipment Monitoring and controlling building energy Monitoring a n d c o n t r o lling home energy Managing the supplier and customer business accounts. Service Provider Domain Participators and their function Managing customer r el a tions h i p s. All of the services and innovations for future smart operation. Billi n g Managing customer billing information

13. Actors in the Operations domain are responsible for the smooth operation of the power system. Operation Domain

14. 15 4. Operation Domain (Cont.)

15. 4. Operation Domain (Cont.) Ope r a ti o n Domain Monitoring Control Fault Management Analysis Reporting and Statistics Calculations Training R e c o r d s a n d Assets Operation Planning Maintenance and Construction Extension Planning Customer Support s upe r vi s e n e t w o rk connectivity supervise wide area and local automatic or manual control. Fault identification, elimination and service restoration. Compare data records with the historical event datas. archive on-line data and perform feedback analysis. Real-time Network Calculations actors R eal-time N e t w o rk Calculations actors provide facilities for disp a t c he r s th a t sim ul a t e s y s t em track and report on n e t w o rk e q ui p ment inventory Maintains continuous power supply by doing di f f e r e n t n e t w o rk action develop long term plans for power system reliability help customers to t r o u bles h o o t p o w er system services

16. Electricity generation is the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy, which may vary from chemical combustion to nuclear fission, flowing water, wind, solar radiation and geothermal heat. The boundary of the Bulk Generation domain is typically the Transmission domain. The Bulk Generation domain is electrically connected to the Transmission domain and shares interfaces with the Operations, Markets and Transmission domains. New requirements for the Bulk Generation domain include green house gas emissions controls, increases in renewable energy sources, and provision of storage to manage the variability of renewable generation. Bulk Generation Domain

17. Generation Domain

18. 19 Bulk Generation Domain Bulk Generation Domain Participators and their function Bulk G en e r a tion Domain Control P r o t e c t R e c o r d Asset Ma n a g e m e n t Meas u r e manage the flow of power and reliability of the system digital and analog measurements collected through the SCADA system Protect the system from various abnormal events. Keep the records of the system status for forecasting purpose. determine when equipment should have maintenance, calculate the life expectancy of the device

19. Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power from generation sources to distribution through multiple substations. A transmission network is typically operated by a Regional Transmission O pe r at o r o r I n depe n de n t S y s t em Op e r a t o r ( R T O / I S O) w hose primary responsibility is to maintain stability on the electric grid by balancing Transmission Domain generation (supply) with load (demand) across the transmission network. Energy and supporting ancillary services are procured through the Markets domain, scheduled and operated from the Operations domain, and finally delivered through the Transmission domain to the distribution system and finally to the Customer domain.

20. Transmission Domain

21. Transmission Domain Participators and their function Transmission Domain measure, record, and control with the intent of protecting and optimizing grid operation. T r ansmissi o n Domain Substation Meas u r e m e n t & Control Storage systems within a su b s t a ti on. controls the charging and discharging of an energy storage unit

22. The Distribution domain is the electrical interconnection between the Transmission domain, the Customer domain and the metering points for consumption, distributed storage, and distributed generation. The electrical distribution system may be arranged in a variety of structures, including radial, looped or meshed. In the Smart Grid, the Distribution domain will communicate more closely with the Operations domain in real-time to manage the power flows associated with a more dynamic Markets domain and other environmental and security-based factors. Distribution Domain

23. Distribution Domain

24. 25 Distribution Domain Distribution Domain Measurement & Control Substation Di s tri b u t ed Ge n e r a tion Storage control and monitoring systems within a substation controls a charging and discharging of an energy storage unit to measure, record, and control with the intent of protecting and optimizing grid operation. power source located on the distribution side of the grid