Smart Textiles: Wearable Tech for Health Monitoring (www.kiu.ac.ug)

Smart textiles, also known as electronic textiles (e-textiles), are transforming the landscape of healthcare
by merging textile engineering with digital and sensing technologies. These intelligent fabrics possess
the ability to sense, analyze, and respond to physiological and environmental stimuli, enabling continuous
health monitoring in real time. From tracking heart rate and respiration to detecting stress and body
movement, smart textiles offer seamless integration into daily life without sacrificing comfort or
wearability. This paper examines the evolution, materials, applications, user considerations, and future
directions of smart textiles in healthcare. It further examines the integration of these textiles with mobile
devices, user-centric design principles, development challenges, and ethical implications, such as data
privacy and regulatory oversight. As advancements in nanotechnology, materials science, and data
analytics converge, smart textiles are poised to play a central role in personalized and preventive
medicine, with the potential to revolutionize how individuals, caregivers, and healthcare providers
manage health.

1. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 77




Smart Textiles: Wearable Tech for Health Monitoring

Mukisa Ian Mugaiga

Department of Pharmacology Kampala International University Uganda
Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Smart textiles, also known as electronic textiles (e-textiles), are transforming the landscape of healthcare
by merging textile engineering with digital and sensing technologies. These intelligent fabrics possess
the ability to sense, analyze, and respond to physiological and environmental stimuli, enabling continuous
health monitoring in real time. From tracking heart rate and respiration to detecting stress and body
movement, smart textiles offer seamless integration into daily life without sacrificing comfort or
wearability. This paper examines the evolution, materials, applications, user considerations, and future
directions of smart textiles in healthcare. It further examines the integration of these textiles with mobile
devices, user-centric design principles, development challenges, and ethical implications, such as data
privacy and regulatory oversight. As advancements in nanotechnology, materials science, and data
analytics converge, smart textiles are poised to play a central role in personalized and preventive
medicine, with the potential to revolutionize how individuals, caregivers, and healthcare providers
manage health.
Keywords: Smart textiles, e-textiles, wearable technology, health monitoring, physiological sensors,
mobile integration, conductive fabrics, ECG textiles.
INTRODUCTION
Smart textiles, known as e-textiles, smart clothing, or wearable devices, are fabrics that can sense,
process, and act upon external stimuli like pressure, temperature, and humidity. These textiles serve as
sensors and transducers, converting energy signals, functioning as a bridge between people and
technology. E-textiles represent a novel area of hygienic electronics, enhancing clinical practices with
low-cost and accessible health monitoring solutions. The growth of intelligent textiles is driven by
societal health needs alongside advances in electroconductive materials and textile-electronic integration.
Numerous e-textiles have been developed for monitoring heart rates, sleep, posture, and more, supporting
remote health data acquisition. Unlike traditional rigid and heavy sensors, textile-based sensors offer
comfort, flexibility, and washability, making them ideal for wearable health monitoring. They facilitate
real-time feedback by transmitting data to servers for analysis while allowing integration into everyday
clothing. Smart textiles gather data and autonomously perform functions to monitor health issues such as
blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and brain activity. Their versatile capabilities empower users
with timely health insights without requiring extensive intervention [1, 2].
History of Wearable Technology
Wearable technology can be defined as devices that can be worn or attached to the body and involve
electronic components. The segments that can be categorized under wearable technology include
eyewear, jewelry, headgear, clothing, shoes, e-textiles, decals, and many more. The growing trend in the
wearable industry has a strong hold in the health and fitness segment. Other areas include children and
elder care, gaming, entertainment, military, safety, security, health monitoring, traffic violation
monitoring, and the paramedic industries. The proliferating smartphone market is acting as a growth
driver for this market, as more wearables are being developed only as peripherals to smart devices.
Incidents of cardiac and respiratory diseases are also on the rise, providing growth opportunities in the
EURASIAN EXPERIMENT JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EEJBS)
ISSN: 2992-4138 ©EEJBS Publications
Volume 6 Issue 3 2025

2. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 78
healthcare sector. Other possible applications are usage in sports, to aid training, dosing, performance
monitoring, and regulation. Smart articles of clothing will eventually find substantial applications in areas
of defence, hospitals, meteorology, and geophysics monitoring. Smart clothing and e-textiles are also
being developed as research projects by independent institutions and government-funded bodies for
futuristic applications. The ready-to-wear concept was continually improved until the early 1950s, when
Arthur Lee, with a wire and a surface mount transistor, designed the first electronics that could easily be
integrated into clothing. Engineers were briefly called to aid in this process, but designers were still in
charge. Inexpensive and rapid production of ICs and SMTs in the 1960s began to facilitate the design of
wearable technology in the next decade. Automatic-obscuring sunglasses were in development with
internal circuits soft enough to behave like chain mail. There were also ultrasonic wearable contacts that
purported to let a person see through materials. In the late 1970s, more affordable power sources and
batteries for consumer use were made available. One of the first devices that is mass-produced and widely
accepted as wearable is the digital wristwatch, marketed first as the “Crusoe” by Seiko in 1978. Also in the
1970s, VCRs were similar in dimensions to a toaster and required the support of a transformer the size of
a suitcase, at least until the miniature and, notably, battery-powered VHS cassettes. A head-mounted
display, part of the invention by Ivan Sutherland, was developed in the mid-point of this decade. The first
wireless heart rate monitor was marketed by Polar in the 1980s [3, 4].
Types of Smart Textiles
The significance of wearables in monitoring human metabolism and health is recognized more than ever
before, creating a demand for effective healthcare solutions. Among many wearable products, e-textiles in
stretchy fabrics have been of great interest due to their ultimate wearability to fit seamlessly across
different sizes and shapes of the human body. When engineered with smart functionalities, fabrics and
yarns can track and interpret biological signals, environmental conditions, and social interactions. Over
the past decade, various types of e-textiles have been developed to capture physical, chemical, and
electrophysiological signals from the skin and to visualize the sensing data in daily life. Demand exists for
e-textiles in 13 categories of modalities; among them, motion-assisted sensing, skin/health monitoring,
and bio-signal sensing represent a shared potential for e-textiles in different consumer fields. The distinct
requirement on sensor accuracy arises because of the optimized operational frequency and sensor
topology in each modality. In the performance comparison, moisture monitoring is the most difficult
modality for e-textile sensing, followed by heart activity monitoring, other chemical sensing, blood flow
detection, and scaling. Candidate electrode designs overlapping the discretion of different modalities are
proposed to guide the development of novel e-textiles. Economic challenges of localization of supply chain
and materials are discussed to unlock the e-textile market trends that may be reiterated in other
consumer fields. To provide sufficient design options to aid modal-engineered e-textile development,
candidate sensing materials with tunable conductivities and sensitivities that can be fabric-compatible are
summarized. Researchers believe that e-textiles will capture a versatile range of signals from the
environment or the human body at a higher, jointly considered level of comfort and acceptance. An
overview of commercialized e-textiles and current ethical issues is discussed in biometrics, proprietary,
commercialization, and data security aspects. A mass audience is anticipated, delivered by the advent of
future-proof e-textiles. When e-textiles are deployed to capture biomedical, environmental, and social
signals necessitating more regulatory scrutiny, efforts on integration should turn toward deciphering
thereof with potentially more profound ethical implications [5, 6].
Materials Used In Smart Textiles
Advancements in technology and the need for extensive sensing and monitoring have created
opportunities for smart materials, particularly smart textiles, in applications like sensing, actuation,
energy harvesting, and camouflage. These textiles, made by integrating new materials into substrates,
interact effectively with their surroundings. They are categorized into three main areas: protective and
interactive systems offering protection, sensing systems that monitor parameters, and active systems that
harvest energy and provide actuation. The rise of non-contact sensing technologies has increased the
demand for conductive textiles for wireless, wearable, and comfortable health monitoring. Multi-
functional textiles capable of detecting heart rate, temperature, respiration rate, and more are attracting
significant interest. Electrical conductivity is essential for developing these sensing textiles, typically
achieved through coating or impregnating conductive materials onto fabrics. Coated textiles result from
surface treatments like printing, while impregnated textiles incorporate materials during production.

3. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 79
Various conductive materials, including metals, polymers, and carbon allotropes, have been researched for
textile applications. Despite their potential, challenges remain in utilizing these materials effectively for
functional textile sensors. Polymeric and carbon-based materials offer longevity, biocompatibility, and
mechanical properties, but metal deposition often yields non-fibrous materials that complicate coating
methods [7, 8].
Health Monitoring Applications
Recent advancements in smart textiles and wearable tech have enhanced the development of health
monitoring devices. Traditional health monitoring devices can only provide users with health information
after visiting a hospital, but new smart textiles can monitor health status anywhere and anytime.
Wearable health monitoring systems can classify ECG/PPG signals in real-time on a textile patch,
showing that the textile patch could be used as a future wearable device. The WEALTHY system is a
wearable healthcare system based on e-textile technology. ECG and Bio-Z sensors were implemented into
the WEALTHY prototype garment with embedded conductive yarns and fabrics. Several wearable health
monitoring devices include a smartphone system that can monitor various physiological signals over the
textile belt, a mobile wrist patch that can monitor heart signals, and textile smartwatches that can capture
multi-physiological signals. Many of these devices focus on the health status of the wrist. However, heart
signal and blood pressure measurement devices on the wrist may produce less accurate results due to
motion artifacts. Smart textiles with fabric pressure sensors embedded in a smart garment patch can
monitor heart signals from the chest, providing more accurate results. Additionally, smart textiles can
detect diverse physiological signals with a single system. A smart textile that can monitor various
physiological signals, like breathing, heart rate, and stress, is required. Smart textiles consisting of fabric
sensors and the proposed monitoring tech demonstrate the possibility of a health monitoring system
capable of monitoring heart rhythm, respiration frequency, and blood pressure by detecting PPG signals.
The heart rhythm detection accuracy of the system was close to that of PC-based commercial software.
Since wearing smart textiles is more comfortable than wearing other devices such as smartwatches, it is
expected that the textile system will have broader development in the future. The textile can detect
physiological signals robustly and comfortably, with a classification performance comparable to PC-based
control and steady monitoring. Simultaneous detection of diverse physiological signals provides insight
into the relationship among physiological signals [9, 10].
Integration with Mobile Devices
Wearable devices need to be integrated with mobile devices to notify the user of alerts and to visualize
and analyze the information. In the system discussed in this paper, both smart bands and smart textile
shirts can connect with either a smartphone or a tablet through Bluetooth 4.0 or BLE in order to transmit
health data and parameters. The mobile device connected with a sensor also works as a gateway to
perform analytics and control functions, and also acts as a notification center for alert messages from the
sensors. At the user end, the mobile device displays data in digestible forms, together with icons
indicating their health meaning. The user can use the interface to look at different data, to specify
preferences for alerting conditions, to analyze long-term trends and patterns, and to provide feedback
regarding perceived problems and any actions taken. When conditions of concern are detected, alert
messages are sent from the mobile device to the user immediately or with a delay, depending on alert
priorities as indicated by the users. Alert messages can be soft, such as with vibratos and sounds, or hard,
such as putting a phone call through at low-level sounds in order to be noticed by a busy user. In some
units, the mobile device also serves to relay transmission between the sensing units and the doctor. The
doctor can look at patients’ long-term data, review alert messages received, and communicate with the
patients directly. In other parts of the system, the doctor can manage deeper analytics and investigate
properties not available at the user end. The communication channel with medical professionals provides
feedback loops so that the model can be tuned better for improved resolutions upon consultation with the
experts [11, 12].
User Experience and Design Considerations
Collecting physiological data is an everyday need. In addition to conventional devices, in recent years
both the textile and the electronics industries have focused a lot of resources on developing garments that
are inherently able to sample physiological parameters from the body. User acceptance is the main hurdle
that wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) devices have still to overcome. Where possible, the garment has
to be easily machine washable and mass-producible. The user should be free of technical foreknowledge.

4. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 80
Smart textiles could potentially gain access to all the acquisition and processing tasks relying on the
clothes the subject usually wears. Just safe to use and robust designs could succeed in engaging the
largest number of users. For these reasons, the collection of wearable ECG devices cannot be considered
mature yet. Common issues of existing devices include wearing discomfort, unsatisfactory data quality
due to poor adherence, and the inability to record ECG data for extended durations. A new generation of
wearables is about to arrive on the market, but it is uncertain how much they will tackle these aspects.
Medical smart textiles are expected to positively influence a variety of health monitoring needs.
Investments in research never stopped, aware that users’ needs for comfort, wearability, usability,
robustness, and ergonomics are difficult to meet, and that large parts of the healthcare monitoring market
remain untapped. Positioning smart textiles and their monitoring according to external criteria is a need
that is felt by manufacturers, researchers, and users. In medical applications, measuring vital parameters
to assist widespread health monitoring and self-management is crucial. Prioritizing comfort and
wearability is the cornerstone to guarantee users' acceptance [13, 14].
Challenges in Smart Textile Development
E-textiles currently face challenges in material selection, sensor integration, system complexity,
application fields, and context dependence. Material selection poses two major issues: textile and circuit
material selection for desired textile comfort and function, and other material selections for e-textiles,
including conductive, piezoresistive, and resistive materials that affect circuit design. Research to select
new or modified materials for the current successful tech is ongoing. Currently, most fabric sensor
designs have no commercial prefabricated components, resulting in numerous ad hoc designs. It is
anticipated that successful designs will lead to the commercialization of prefabricated textile components.
Evolution is expected in system complexity from simple systems with few and small components and
basic algorithms to multiple simultaneous systems with multiple large components and advanced multi-
channel signal analysis. Smart textile applications have started to emerge in a few domains. However,
many other areas of application have been considered only at a low simulation level or not at all. Fast
expansion into other domains is anticipated. User context is key to realizing new ideas, including safe,
simple, and reliable operation, commonsense behavior by the system, explanation capability, and accurate
user modeling. Still, many concept ideas are proposed without a thorough consideration of user context
[15, 16].
Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
Regarding legislators, there is a need to create standards for the platform technologies of smart garments
so that uniform allergic reactions can be compared throughout the country, and the grading of side effects
can be integrated into the medical device classification system. Currently, wearables are classified as
medical devices or consumer products; the first case comes under the Medical Device Directive and
requires the user to look for a standard compliant with ISO and EN, listed in the PubMed or other
common databases. As for ethical issues, the concern relates to over-tracking and privacy. Wearables
collect an increasing amount of precise sensitive health data and recall marketing data about movement,
where users went, and what they bought; all of these raise questions about what companies and
governments may do with this data. Companies have failed to provide full transparency about their data
retention; hence, clarifying the outline allows for improvement in transparency. Notably, ethical design
should reduce exploitation so that user balances risks and rewards. Ultimately, it embodies values such as
human flourishing, health, and agency; it often takes the form of user rights to govern data. There is a
universal concern regarding privacy protection; however, its expectation depends on the culture in which
data is used for the retention of data and trust in organizations. Data protection is employed by the EU
code of conduct, where there is a clear regulatory framework; opposition groups are convened as a council
of stakeholders. The California Consumer Protection Act requires companies to declare the data collected
and gives civilians to have the right to obtain and delete personal data. Countries such as the U.S. and
China differ significantly in regulatory scope [17, 18].
Future Trends in Smart Textiles
Smart textiles have gained growing interest and are anticipated to have a prominent role in wearable
technology for health monitoring applications. Inspired by the way humans interact with the
environment, mimic biological and physiological interaction mechanisms involving the skin, and combine
sensing, actuation, control, and information technologies with textiles. Smart textiles are devices
integrated in non-conventional sensors on textiles, information technologies, and actuators. Active fibers

5. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 81
open new opportunities, especially for apparel and garment textiles, by presenting flexible and full port
capacity when interfacing early warning and mobile telephony technologies. For comfort, care, and
function, garments tailored to demand functions, not for basic one-size-fits-all functions, are required. To
this end, the gradual introduction of standards for UV, soiling/fading, garment shrinkage, shape
recovery, and PMV/cosmopolitization is the first step on a long journey towards a new class of garments
that intelligently meet the individual needs of the wearer. Compared to 1st and 2nd generation
technologies, textile-like implementations of prisoners, wearable protection, life jackets, and wrist bands
are explored for health monitoring, while for 3rd generation, only the Shoe Health for foot health
tracking is on the market. Research for acute, chronic/malfunctioning diseases health monitoring using
fiber optic/heat detection, cardiac sensing textiles, wearable ECG, and EEG equipment has started. Smart
textiles that monitor the health of wearers to detect health changes are required. Most current sensors
are close to the skin, using tight garments to minimize bias in the measurement. So, these sensors are
based on interstitial or transdermal changes. To bring them outside/shown they should be bulky and
heavy. Integration of random access agile stimulating features, detectors, computing, and communication
interfaces is the hardest challenge. They should operate proactively as for example, diagnosing a short
event, monitoring the effect of a medication, estimating the probability of a high blood pressure attack,
and turning off the smart cloth while on the runway [19, 20].
Case Studies
WEALTHY is a health monitoring system designed for daily wear, promoting both comfort and freedom
of movement. It records biological signals like ECG and transmits data wirelessly to a mobile phone,
which filters and processes the information before sending it to a remote doctor for diagnosis. This
wearable E-Textile represents a significant advancement in smart textile technologies, especially as
healthcare becomes increasingly important with the aging baby boomer population. The system combines
textiles with healthcare monitoring, potentially transforming consumer health management. WEALTHY
consists of sensors for data collection, a computer for processing, output devices for readable results, and
a communication and power system to integrate these components. Despite its promise, an effective
wearable E-textile health monitoring solution remains a challenge. Understanding the required fabrics,
circuits, and performance aspects for future innovations is crucial for realizing this vision [21, 22].
CONCLUSION
Smart textiles represent a transformative leap in the evolution of health monitoring, offering innovative,
non-intrusive solutions that blend seamlessly with everyday clothing. Through the integration of sensors,
actuators, and mobile connectivity, they provide real-time insights into users’ physiological states,
making health management more personalized and proactive. Despite remarkable advances, challenges
remain in areas such as material selection, long-term wearability, power efficiency, and ethical data
governance. However, with sustained research, standardization efforts, and a focus on user-centric design,
smart textiles are on the cusp of widespread adoption in clinical and consumer health settings. The future
promises garments that do more than cover the body; they will care for it, protect it, and communicate its
needs.
REFERENCES
1. Yin J, Wang S, Di Carlo A, Chang A, Wan X, Xu J, Xiao X, Chen J. Smart textiles for self-
powered biomonitoring. Med-X. 2023 Jul 11;1(1):3. springer.com
2. Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J. Electronic textiles for wearable point-of-care
systems. Chemical Reviews. 2021 Dec 23;122(3):3259-91. researchgate.net
3. Yang K, McErlain-Naylor SA, Isaia B, Callaway A, Beeby S. E-textiles for sports and fitness
sensing: current state, challenges, and future opportunities. Sensors. 2024 Feb 6;24(4):1058.
mdpi.com
4. Lymberis A, Olsson S. Intelligent biomedical clothing for personal health and disease
management: State of the art and future vision. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health. 2003 Dec
1;9(4):379-86.
5. Ugwu OP, Alum EU, Ugwu JN, Eze VH, Ugwu CN, Ogenyi FC, Okon MB. H arnessing
technology for infectious disease response in conflict zones: Challenges, innovations, and policy
implications. Medicine. 2024 Jul 12;103(28):e38834.

6. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 82
6. Sheng F, Zhao C, Zhang B, Tan Y, Dong K. Flourishing electronic textiles towards pervasive,
personalized and intelligent healthcare. OAE Publishing Inc.; 2024 Jan 4.
7. Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Textile-based sensors for biosignal detection and
monitoring. Sensors. 2021 Sep 9;21(18):6042.
8. Guarducci S, Jayousi S, Caputo S, Mucchi L. Key Fundamentals and Examples of Sensors for
Human Health: Wearable, Non-Continuous, and Non-Contact Monitoring Devices. Sensors.
2025 Jan 19;25(2):556.
9. Vu CC, Kim SJ, Kim J. Flexible wearable sensors-an update given touch-sensing. Science and
Technology of Advanced Materials. 2021 Dec 31;22(1):26-36. tandfonline.com
10. Avanu AE, Dodi G. Wear Your Heart on Your Sleeve: Smart Textile ECG Wearables for
Comfort, Integration, Signal Quality and Continuous Monitoring in Paroxysmal Atrial
Fibrillation. Sensors. 2025 Jan 23;25(3):676.
11. Nigusse AB, Mengistie DA, Malengier B, Tseghai GB, Langenhove LV. Wearable smart textiles
for long-term electrocardiography monitoring—A review. Sensors. 2021 Jun 17;21(12):4174.
mdpi.com
12. Ugwu CN, Ugwu OP, Alum EU, Eze VH, Basajja M, Ugwu JN, Ogenyi FC, Ejemot-Nwadiaro
RI, Okon MB, Egba SI, Uti DE. Medical preparedness for bioterrorism and chemical warfare: A
public health integration review. Medicine. 2025 May 2;104(18):e42289.
13. Hermans AN, Gawalko M, Dohmen L, van der Velden RM, Betz K, Duncker D, Verhaert DV,
Heidbuchel H, Svennberg E, Neubeck L, Eckstein J. Mobile health solutions for atrial fibrillation
detection and management: a systematic review. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2022 May
21:1-3. springer.com
14. Suman S, Mishra S, Sahoo KS, Nayyar A. Vision navigator: a smart and intelligent obstacle
recognition model for visually impaired users. Mobile Information Systems.
2022;2022(1):9715891. wiley.com
15. Simegnaw AA, Malengier B, Rotich G, Tadesse MG, Van Langenhove L. Review on the
Integration of Microelectronics for E-Textile. Materials. 2021 Sep 6;14(17):5113. mdpi.com
16. Zheng L, Zhu M, Wu B, Li Z, Sun S, Wu P. Conductance-stable liquid metal sheath-core
microfibers for stretchy smart fabrics and self-powered sensing. Science advances. 2021 May
28;7(22):eabg4041.
17. Paul-Chima UO, Ugwu CN, Alum EU. Integrated approaches in nutraceutical delivery systems:
optimizing ADME dynamics for enhanced therapeutic potency and clinical impact. RPS
Pharmacy and Pharmacology Reports. 2024 Oct;3(4):rqae024.
18. Ruckdashel RR, Khadse N, Park JH. Smart E-textiles: overview of components and outlook.
Sensors. 2022 Aug 13;22(16):6055.
19. Azani MR, Hassanpour A. Electronic textiles (E-Textiles): Types, fabrication methods, and
recent strategies to overcome durability challenges (washability & flexibility). Journal of
Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2024 Oct;35(29):1897. [HTML]
20. Ugwu CN, Ugwu OP, Alum EU, Eze VH, Basajja M, Ugwu JN, Ogenyi FC, Ejemot-Nwadiaro
RI, Okon MB, Egba SI, Uti DE. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and resilient healthcare
systems: Addressing medicine and public health challenges in conflict zones. Medicine. 2025 Feb
14;104(7):e41535.
21. Pancar T, Ozkan Yildirim S. Exploring factors affecting consumers' adoption of wearable devices
to track health data. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2023 Jun;22(2):331-49.
22. Huarng KH, Yu TH, Fang Lee C. Adoption model of healthcare wearable devices. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change. 2022 Jan 1;174:121286. [HTML]
23. Wang H, Zhang Y, Liang X, Zhang Y. Smart fibers and textiles for personal health
management. ACS nano. 2021 Aug 16;15(8):12497-508.
24. Libanori A, Chen G, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Chen J. Smart textiles for personalized healthcare. Nature
Electronics. 2022 Mar;5(3):142-56.
25. Ongesa TN, Ugwu OP, Ugwu CN, Alum EU, Eze VH, Basajja M, Ugwu JN, Ogenyi FC, Okon
MB, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI. Optimizing emergency response systems in urban health crises: A
project management approach to public health preparedness and response. Medicine. 2025 Jan
17;104(3):e41279.

7. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited



Page | 83
26. Paradiso R, Loriga G, Taccini N, Gemignani A, Ghelarducci B. WEALTHY-a wearable
healthcare system: new frontier on e-textile. Journal of Telecommunications and Information
Technology. 2005(4):105-13.
27. Galli V, Kumar Sailapu S, J. Cuthbert T, Ahmadizadeh C et al. Passive and Wireless All‐Textile
Wearable Sensor System (Adv. Sci. 22/2023). 2023. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

CITE AS: Mukisa Ian Mugaiga. (2025). Smart Textiles: Wearable Tech for Health Monitoring.
EURASIAN EXPERIMENT JO URNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 6(3 ):77-83