Sneha kalpna Rasashastra and Bhaishya kalpana

this is a topic of second year B.A.M.S. in Rasashastra and bhaishya kalpana. in this topic i covered all information regarding to sneha kalapana

1. Sneha Kalpana 1

2. Introduction Sneha - Fat or Fatty material Kalpana - Pharmaceutical process of medicaments “Defined as a process, where various things like- Sneha , Kalka, Kwatha , Ksheera dravyas are employed for the preparation of Oleaginous medicaments(oil/ghee)” In Ayurveda , Sneha is used in four types Sarpi – Ghee Taila – Oil Vasa – Fats Majja – Bone marrow According to combination - Yamak Sneha , Trivrit Sneha , Maha Sneha 2

3. 1 Based on the stage of paka Ama paka d) Khara paka Mridu paka e) Dagdh paka Madhyam paka 2 Based on the origin (sources) Sthavar (plant origin) Jangam (animals origin ) 3 Based on the nature of media Ghrita kalpa Taila kalpa Vasa kalpa Majja Kalpa 4 Based on the types of utility Pana e) Uttarbasti Anuvasana f) Nasya Abhyanga g) Karnpurana Shirobasti 5 Based on the methods of Sneha paka Agni paka (with fire) Aditya paka /Surya paka / Bhanu paka Classification of Sneha Kalpana :- 3

4. Aims of Sneha kalpana :- To extract water soluble, lipid soluble active fractions from the ingredients used To enhance shelf life To enhance the drug absorption To make the preparation more palatable and pleasing with good odour. Sneha kalpana is done in the following three phases:- First phase - Sneha murchana Second phase - Sneha paka Third phase - Paka sidhhi 4

5. Sneha Murchana :- Murchana is a special pharmaceutical procedure before subjecting the drugs to Sneha paka . It is considered as one of the Samskaras of Sneha . Murchana Samskaras are applicable to both Taila and Ghrita . No evidences or description of Murchana are found in Vedas and Brihatatrayee . Brihat yoga Tarangini and Bhaishajya Ratnavali has described Murchana as a prerequisite for all Sneha preparations. Another reference is also found in commentry of Sharangadhara Samhitha by Kashiram’s gudhartha dipika . Main aim of Sneh Murchana is to remove:- Durgandha (Bad odor ) Amadosha (Unrefined) 3. Ugrata (Sharpness) 5

6. Ghrita Murchana : Ingredients Quantity Kalka Haritaki 1 pala Amalaki 1 pala Bhibhitaki 1 pala Musta 1 pala Haridra 1 pala Matulunga swaras 1 pala Sneha Ghrita 1 Prastha Drava Dravyas Water 4 Prastha 6

7. Procedure for Ghrita Murchana :- Goghrita is heated slightly over mandagni till the evaporation of moisture which is indicated by the disappearance of foam and sound coming from Ghrita . The mentioned drugs are made into Yavakuta churna and the Kalka is prepared by adding Matulanga swarasa . Eventhough in mulagrantha , addition of water is not mentioned but in practice four times of water from Ghrita is added along with Kalka , and mixed homogenously. Paka is carried out in mandagni for 3 days (intermittent heating) till the paka siddhi lakshanas are observed. 5) Filteration is done immediately for maximum acquisition of oil and filled in bottle and placed in proper storage condition. 7

8. Tila Taila Murchana : (Bh.R.5/1286) Murchana of Erand Taila and Katu Taila have been also described in Bhaishjya ratnavali . (Bh.R.5/1288-91) Ingredients Quantity Kalka Manjista 1/16 of oil Haridra 1/16 of oil Lodhra 1/16 of oil Musta 1/16 of oil Nalika 1/16 of oil Triphala 1/16 of oil(each drug) Vatankur 1/16 of oil Hriber 1/16 of oil Sneha Tila Taila 1 prastha Drava Water 1 prastha 8

9. Procedure of Tila Taila Murchana :- Fresh Tila taila is warmed to remove the moisture content and allowed to cool. Kalka dravya is added slowly and gently to the vessel containing oil and mixed. 3) Even though water is not mentioned in the textual references but four times of water from Ghrita is added and mixed homogenously. 4) Taila paka is carried out in Mandagni for 3 days (intermittent heating). After Taila paka Siddhi , oil is filtered and collected in glass bottle and used. 9

10. General Ratio of preparation of Sneha Kalpana :- Sneha kalpana is prepared by using 1 part of kalka dravyas , 4 parts of Sneha dravyas and 16 parts of Drava dravyas . कल्काच्चतुर्गुणीकृत्य धृतं वा तैलमेव वा l चतुर्गुणे द्रवे साध्यं तस्य मात्रा पलोन्मिता ll (Sh.Ma.9/1) Materials - Sneha Kalpana needs the following materials- Kalka dravya - Paste of various parts of medicinal plants is used. Drava dravya - Jala , Swarasa , Kwath , Kanji, Ksheer , Takra etc. 3) Sneha dravya - Ghirta , Taila , Vasa, Majja 4) Gandha dravya - To give good odour, perfuming substances like Ela , Twak , Patra , Kakkola,Karpoor , Lavanga etc. 10

11. Murchit Sneha taken in a vessel When fumes starts in Sneha the specific Kalka added When kalka mix in Sneha then added drava dravya Boiled it continued with frequent stirring until Sneha sidhhi lakshana are attained Later the Sneha is filtered Procedure of Sneha Paka : - 11

12. Drava- dravyas :- Any of the ‘Natural liquids’ (Water, Milk) or the Classical ‘liquid preparation’( Swaras , Kwath etc.) can be used as Drava- dravyas . However Kwath is the one which is widely used as Drava dravya . Method of Kwatha prepration is separately explained by Sharngdhara in chapter of Sneha kalpana . 1 These methods are different from general method of Kwatha prepration explained in Kwatha Kalpana chapter of same author. 12 Sharangdhar Samhita with “ Dipika Hindi Commentary”, Edited by Brahmanand Tripathi ; Reprint 2015. Madhyam Khanda,9/2-5

13. Kwath preparation depending on the Drug’s nature:- Nature of Drug Qt . of water added Reduce to Examples Soft drugs 4 times 1/4 th Guduchi , Shatavari,Amalaki Medium drugs 8 times 1/4 th Aaragvadha , NimbaTwaka Hard drugs 8 times 1/4 th Dashamoola , Lodhra Very hard 16 times 1/4 th Daruharidra Based on Quantity of Drug: - Drug Quantity Water 1 karsh (12gm) to 1 pala (48gm) 16 times 1 pala (48gm) to 1 kudava (192gm) 8 times 1 kudava (192gm) to 1 khari (196kg) 4 times Its reason that maintained heat and duration of heating. We should be get more active principle. 13

14. Kalka should be added while preparing Sneha Paka so that the Sneha is in constant contact with the Kalka dravya thus the active principles of Kalka enter into the Sneha and because of the Kalka , the duration of procedure gets enhanced. This Kalka also maintains equal distribution of temperature all over the preparation. Kalka dravya should be added in Yavakuta form. If fine powder( Churna ) is added, it spoils the preparation Importance of Kalka : 14

15. Specific rules of Sneha preparation : Rule 1:- अम्बुक्वाथरसैयत्र पृथक् स्नेहस्य साधनम् l कल्कस्यांशं तत्र दधाच्चतुर्थ षष्ठंमष्टमम् ll 1 The quantity of kalka dravya differs from general ratio depending on different drva – dravyas used. In case of Jala , Kwatha , Swarasa , the kalka quantity will be 1/4th, 1/6th and 1/8th respectively. Rule 2:- दुग्धे दध्नि रसे तक्रे कल्को देयोअष्टमांशक: l कल्कस्य सम्यक पाकार्थ तोयमत्र चतुर्गुणम् ll 1 In case of Godugdha , Dadhi , Mamsarasa , Takra used as drava dravya the quantity of kalka dravya should be 1/8 th . However, 4times of water is also added. 15 Rule 3:- द्रवाणि यत्र स्नेहेषु पन्चादीनि भवन्ति हि l तत्र स्नेह्समान्याहुयथापूर्व चतुर्गुणम् ll 1 If 4 or less they have to be four times to the quantity of Sneha in total. If drava dravyas are 5 or more in number then each should be taken equal to that of Sneha.

16. 16 Rule 4: - द्रव्येण केवलेनैव स्नेह्पाको भवेद यदि l तत्राम्बुपिष्ट: कल्कः स्याज्जलं चात्र चतुर्गुणम् ll 1 If only Dravyas are mentioned for a Sneha preparation, then Kalka of the same drugs is prepared and used. Rule-5:- क्वाथेन केवलेनैव पाको यत्रेरित: क्वचित् l क्वाथद्रव्यस्य कल्कोडपि तत्र स्नेहे प्रयुज्यते ll 1 If only Kawatha dravyas are given in a Sneha preparation then Kalka of the same drugs is used.

17. 17 Dr. Nidhi patel Sneha Kalpana 2nd year PG scholar R.S.B.K. Rule 6: कल्कहीनस्तु यः स्नेहः स साध्य: केवले द्रवे l l 1 In case Kalka is either not indicated or restricted, then Sneha can be prepared without Kalka. Rule 7: पुष्पकल्कस्तु यः स्नेहस्तत्र तोयं चतुर्गुणम् l स्नेहे स्नेहाष्टमाशश्च पुष्पकल्क: प्रयुज्यते ll 1 In case of Pushpa Kalka, it should be taken in 1/8th part to that of Sneha.

18. Sneha Patra : Depending upon the batch size and the type of Taila / Ghrita selection of Sneha Patras are decided. For Sneha paka wide mouthed vessels should be used. In the preparation of Sneha paka copper or Iron pan or earthen pot can be used. It should be wide mouthed for avoiding the evaporation of Sneha during the process. In Kerala, Tin Coated Copper vessel is used for Sneha preparation, so that constant temperature is distributed through out the preparation. Type of Agni:- Madhyamagni showed be maintained with continuous stirring ( Dalhana Su Sa chi 3/55, Su Chi 4,) Charaka and Sushruta have mentioned Mriduagni for Sneha preparation (Ch. Chi. 2/1/36, Su. Chi. 14,Su. Chi. 3) 18

19. Paka Siddhi lakshana :- वर्तिवत् स्नेहकल्कः स्याद् यदाडगुल्या विमर्दितः l शब्दहीनोडग्निनिक्षिप्त: स्नेहः सिध्दौ भवेत्तदा l यदा फ़ेनोदगमस्तैले फेनशान्तिश्च सर्पिषि l गन्धवर्णरसोत्पति: स्नेहसिध्धिस्तदा भवेत् ll ( Sa.Ma.Kha.9/12-14) वर्तिवत् स्नेहकल्कः – Sneha kalka attains ‘perfect wick shape’ when rolled between thumb and index finger. 2. शब्दहीनोडग्निनिक्षिप्त: – If a part of Sneha kalka is put into the fire, no sound is produced indicating the ‘loss of moisture’ in it. 3. फ़ेनोदगमस्तैले फेनशान्तिश्च सर्पिषि – Foam appears in ‘ Taila paka ’ and it disappears in ‘ Ghrita paka ’ during completion of preparation. 4. गन्धवर्णरसोत्पति: - Desired colour, odour and taste of the ingredients become appreciable as the preparation is properly done. 19

20. The preparation of Sneha paka is mainly divided into 3 stages Stage I – Mrudu Paka Stage II – Madhyam Paka Stage III – Khara paka Harita Adds one more stage of Sneha , Vishesha Paka – which succeeds Khara Paka (H.S.4/4/1). Vagbhata and Sharangadhara mentioned two more stages preceding and succeeding to above 3 stages respectively. i.e. Ama and Dagdha Paka , which are not suitable for therapeutic uses. Vagbhata has named Mruda Paka , Madhyam Paka and Khara Paka as Manda Paka , Chikkana Paka and Khara Chikkana Paka respectively. 20

21. Sr. No. Stage of Paka Kalka Sneha 1 Amapaka Water content(+) Cracking sound Water content(+) Cracking sound 2 Mridupaka Sticky Trace of water(+) Cracking sound Traces of Water(+) Cracking sound 3 Madhyapaka Non-sticky Free from water content No cracking sound Varti can be made Water content(-) Cracking sound(-) Forth appearance( Taila ) Subsidization of forth( Ghrita ) Desired colour, order and taste 4 Kharapaka Kalka become hard rough Darkened Water-free and dry colour, order and taste may change 5 Dagdhapaka Rough,dry and black often charred burnt Essential contents of Sneha particularly loss of colour, order and taste 21

22. Precautions for the Sneha kalpna :- There is an essential attention required during Sneha paka process. Before the process:- The Sneha must be pure, clear and without slurry. The Sneha should be taken after performing Murchana samskara . The raw material used must comply with its identify, purity and strength. Sneha patra should be wide-mouthed and of suitable size. 2. During the process:- : Madhyamagni should be maintained throughout the process. The mixture should be stirred in the initial stage for facilitation of homogenous mixing and stirring in a later stage to avoid sticking of kalka to the vessel resulting in carbonization. Care should be taken to determine the proper stage of Sneha paka 22

23. If Saindhava Lavana and Kshara Dravya are used in preparation , they are added to Siddha Sneha Kalapna then filtered. If Sarkara is mentioned in the formula, then it should be added to the final product after complete cooling . 3. After the process:- To obtain maximum yield, the finished Sneha should be filtered in hot condition itself. It Sugandhadravya has to be added, then it should be added gently and carefully when the Sneha is in a lukewarm condition. If Sarjarasa , Madhu and Madhuchista have to be added, then it should be added after Sneha is filtered in the vessel. The containers utilized for storage or packing should be free from moisture. 23

24. Duration of Paka :- Sneha Paka should not be completed within a day. Longer the duration of preparation, more of the absorption of fat soluble constituents of the ingredients takes place. Duration of Paka depends upon the nature of the liquids added to the Sneha . No. Liquid Media Days 1 Mamsa Rasa, Vrihi dhanya 1 day 2 Dugdha 2 days 3 Swarasa 3 days 4 Kwath,Aranala,Takra 5 days 5 Valli , Mula 12 days 24

25. Rationality for the duration of Paka :- Acharyas have fixed duration of Sneha paka because Mamsarasa , Vasa, Vrihi and Dhanya are easily get fetid and impart bad odour within a day due to biodegradation. Dugdha also gets spoiled within a day or two. Swarasa as such is a thicker media when compared to above two liquid media , and due to daily paka process, it may not decayed and it may take longer time period to give out solute active principles to the oleaginous media so the time period of Sneha paka 3 days prescribed. 5 days are prescribed when liquid media used for Sneha paka are Kwatha , Aranala or Takra and their nature to impart chemical constituents may take a longer time. Valli (climbers) and Mula (roots) are dried and hard substances, these may take as much as 12 days of longer period to give out their therapeutically potent principles to the oleaginous media. 25

26. Therapeutiec uses of each stage of Paka :- Sr no. Name of Paka Charak Samhita Sushrut Samhita Ashtanga Hridaya Sharngdhar Samhita 1 Ama - No therapeutic use No therapeutic use No therapeutic use 2 Mridu Paka Nasya Pana Nasya , Pana Nasya 3 Madyam Paka Basti , Pana Abhyanga Pana , Basti All Purposes 4 Khara Paka Abhyanga Basti , Nasya Abhayanga Abhyanga 5 Dagdh Paka Not mentioned Not mentioned No therapeutic use No therapeutic use Rationality for Effect of Paka on Therapeutics :- Mrudu Paka sneha which contain even a little amount of water may act as “ Saumya ” and it may not produce irritation to nasal mucosa. It may allow only required quantity of oil to absorb in the mucosal membrane of the nose. 26

27. Active chemical constituents are in its optimum in Madyama Paka , it is evident that this may help to achieve the desired effect, if administered orally. Simultaneously, chances of reduction in appetite(in Mrudu Paka ) or burning sensation in stomach (in Khara Paka ) are less possible if Madhyama Paka Sneha is administered. Khara Paka ,as it is absolutely free of moisture, quickly absorbed from the skin surface.It was also found true that sesamin and sesamol contents go to its peak in Khara Paka of Tila taila which ultimately provides a better anti oxidative property, which is desired during external application. It is quite natural that Ama Paka , may not give any therapeutic effect as it contain much water content and also having less medicinal properties. Dagdha Paka may not be beneficial for external or internal purposes as it possesses least chemical constituents and the chance of producing burning sensation in the stomach is high If administered orally. 27

28. 28 Concept of Avartana :- The meaning of the term Avartana is repetition, doing over and over again. Avartana of Sneha is a special pharmaceutical procedure in which prescribed quantity of ingredients are added and Sneha paka siddhi is being carried out repeatedly till the desired quantity of potency is attained. Avartana helps in- Requirement of minimum dose Increased drug absorption Early action Good clinical efficacy Doing Avartana in a Sneha kalpana is that the properties of non-lipid substances can be easily transferred to a lipid substance by repeating the process. Therefore this Avartita Sneha penetrate Blood-CSF barrier where the entry of non lipid soluble drugs is limited. Disadvantages:- Increased cost Long duration requirement of preparation Loss of quantity Examples:- Dasha paka - Sata paka - Sahastra paka – Bala Taila

29. Aditya paka :- In this type of paka sneha is heated by mild temperature produced by exposure of Sneha to Sunlight for specific time period. Sometimes drava dravyas may also be added along with kalka dravyas . As such there are no specific siddhi lakshanas are mentioned, but few opinion that the patra’s (vessel) colour should change after the proper paka . Drugs having more volatile principles and ras dravyas are commonly used in this method of paka . Aditya Paka Sneha is used externally especially in skin disorders as this sneha absorbs the UV rays and UVB rays. UVB rays are more effective at treating skin disorders because they penetrate more and helps for rapid skin shedding and growth.it hepls to reduce the inflammation of skin. e.g. Manjishtadhya surya paka taila Kasisadi Ghrita 29

30. Gandhpaka / Patra paka :- It is the process by which Sneha is flavoured by certain aromatic substances like Ela , Twak , Lavanga , Gandhbiroja , Kesara , Tamalpatra , Chandana , etc. The fine powder of aromatic substances are placed in a vessel, i nto which the luke warm Sneha is mixed well. Later when the Sneha is relatively cooler, it is filtered once again and packed into suitable containers. Karpura , Kasturi , Nakhi should be added at the end after the process of gandha paka is over. In Bhaisajyaratnaval i for Gandhapaka Vidhi of Taila specific method is mentioned. Gandhapaka enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Sneha . It is more used for Taila rather than Ghrita because Taila are extensively used for external purpose. Gandha dravya ratio: The quantity of aromatic substances should be 1/16 th of Sneha 1 30 Bhaishajya Ratnavali Siddhiprada ; Hindi Commentary by Kaviraj Govind Das Sen , Chaukhamba Subharti Prakashan,Jwar chikitsa-5/1286

31. Storage : - Snehas are preserved in glass, polythene or aluminium containers Dose : one pala (48 ml) Anupana : Warm Water Shelf Life :- According to Acharya Sharagadhara Taila and Ghrita lose their potency after 16 months. According to Govt. of India Gazette notification Taila – 3 years Ghrita – 2 years 31

32. Organoleptic parameters Physiochemical parameters Colour Weight per ml Odour Refractive index Taste Viscosity Iodine Value Saponification Value Acid Value Peroxide Value Assay by Gas Chromatographic Analytical parameters for Ghrita & Taila : 32

33. Conclusion:- Sneha kalpana is supposed to be a secondary formulation in the Ayurvedic classics . Sneha kalpana are the only dosage form which can be used both internally as well as externally. It is used to extract the fat soluble active principles from the raw material, enhance and absorption of drugs, when used topically in fat media. It also has extra benefits of specific Taila / Ghrita which is used to preserve the drugs for longer time as it increases the bioavailability of drugs due to its Sukshma , Vyavayee Gunas . The herbal drug employed in the Murchana may acts as antioxidant thereby enhancing the chemical stability of oils. Morden sciences are indicating the unique methodology of general, sustain and control pattern of drug delivery at target which is possible with dosage forms of Sneha kalpana . 33

34. 34 Dr. Nidhi patel Sneha Kalpana 2nd year PG scholar R.S.B.K.