SOCIAL GROUPS sociology for physioth🙏.pptx

Sociology for physiotherapy

1. SOCIAL GROUPS 02-03-2024 1

2. Definition of group Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence, they may said to constitute a social group. According to Maclver and page (1949 ), “ By group, we mean any collection of human beings, who are brought into social relationships with one another ’’. 02-03-2024 2

3. Characteristics of social group • Collectivity • Interaction • Mutual Awareness • Reciprocity • We Feeling ` ` 02-03-2024 3

4. Collectivity The basic pre – requisite of a group is the existence of more than one individual. Groups vary in size from two members to several hundred million. These members are aware of the fact that they belong to the same group. 02-03-2024 4

5. Identifiability: Every group is different from every other group, or we may say that there are certain distinguishing features of all groups. A family is different from a club or trade union. 02-03-2024 5

6. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Groups has definite social structure. Structure means pattern of relationships. The interpersonal relationship inside a group is well-fixed. The family has husband-wife, parent-child, and brother-sister relationships 02-03-2024 6

7. Individual roles In every group, every member is assigned some role to play. In a family, father has to play a definite role, and mother has to some other role. There is close relationship between role and status of members. 02-03-2024 7

8. Reciprocity Reciprocal relationships are important in groups. There is give and take relationship between members. 02-03-2024 8

9. Norms of behavior Every group has certain norms or expected behavior pattern for every individual member. Members know what is expected of them for the good of all members and the group as a whole E.G CLASS RULES 02-03-2024 9

10. Common interests and values Because of common living or close interaction between members, they develop some common values. Many groups are formed due to common interests. e.g EXtracurricular group 02-03-2024 10

11. Goal or goals All groups have certain goals, aims and purposes. The family has certain basic purposes such as love and affection, procreation and upbringing of children. 02-03-2024 11

12. Relative permanancy: Most of social groups last at least for sometime. Many groups are more or less permanent and may continue even when the members constituting them die and vanish. Of course, some groups are permanent (e.g., family) and some other temporary (e.g.,an audience). 02-03-2024 12

13. Interaction The most important characteristics of a group is the distinctive(special) interaction that occurs among its members . When the patterns of interaction become more involving, we can think of a group . For e.g. in a class –room, students exchange greetings and share information with each other and they are treated as a group by teachers. 02-03-2024 13

14. Mutual Awareness There is physical and symbolic interaction among the members of a group . They are aware of the reality of other members . 2. Mutual awareness makes them respond and behave in a particular ways and thus affect one another . 02-03-2024 14

15. 3. Each member recognizes that he is a part of the group. Greater importance is given to the group life in comparison with individual life. 4 . It indicates that members derive their meaning and significance only in relation to one another. 02-03-2024 15

16. We - Feeling We –feeling means that group members have common loyalties. They share some similar values and see as well as set themselves apart from the rest of the world because of their membership in one particular group. 02-03-2024 16

17. 2 . In this sense, citizens of a nation, who are united by common political processes and who share a number of similar loyalties, a common history and a sense of common future , are considered a group. 02-03-2024 17

18. 3. Among the members of the group, there is as sense of belongingness which is exhibited through common ideas, values, goals and activities . 02-03-2024 18

19. CRITERIA Social groups are formed when the following conditions are fulfilled: 1. Two or more individuals get together at a place. 2. Interactions develop among these people. 3. These individuals come to certain understanding among themselves due to common goals and interests. 4. There is mutual awareness among members. 5. Because of interactions, a definite structure of the group is formed. 02-03-2024 19

20. Functions of a social group To ensure the continuity of society. The family group is actually entrusted with this essential functions. To maintain and spread culture: one group of people maintains culture and transmits it to the coming generation. 02-03-2024 20

21. Groups develops the progress of culture and civilization. Groups promote ‘we feeling’ Groups function as important units of human social system. 02-03-2024 21

22. Essential conditions for the formation of social group Social relations: people have to established the contacts and relationships with each other so that social group can be formed. To build the social relations , social interaction is necessary. Common aims : There should be similarity in aims for the formation of groups. 02-03-2024 22

23. Ability to influence each other : This comes as a result of interaction of inter relationship. These both involves mutual influence. Example : classroom Physical presence : To form a social group people should present physically. 02-03-2024 23

24. Classification of Groups There is an extraordinarily large number of groups and there is a great diversity among them. Groups vary in size. The number of groups in every society is countless ; It surpasses the number of individuals because each individual belongs to more than one group. Various sociologists have considered different bases for classifying groups. 02-03-2024 24

25. According to MacIver and Page, Groups are classified on the basis of: 1. Size 2. Quality of Social Interaction 3. Degree of intimacy 4. Range of group interests 5. Duration of Interests 6. Degree of Organization 02-03-2024 25

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27. Vertical group : large, include nations, religious organizations, political parties Horizontal group : small, economic classes which give the individual the status and rank in society In group: a group in which person feels he/she belongs to family, people of same age group. Ex. his family, friends and peers, students of class, workers in factory Out group: any group to which person feels he/she does not belong to same family. For ex. others ’ families, other Nations, people of other caste, other religion. 02-03-2024 27

28. Primary group Primary group means “ two or more persons behaving in relation to each other in a way that is intimate, cohesive and personal. Examples of primary group The family Play ground of children Neighbourhood Small village community Work team 02-03-2024 28

29. Characteristics of primary group : Physical conditions Internal characteristics 02-03-2024 29

30. Physical conditions Physical proximity : The members of a group share close relationship and they have intimate contact with each other. 2. Small size of the group : 50 to 60 people in one group 3. Durable relationship : The duration of relationship in primary group has to exist for long time. Family relations are life long. 02-03-2024 30

31. Internal characteristics : Identity of ends : In a primary group, the aims, objectives and ambitions of the members are identical to a great extent . Every one is interested in the intimate well-being of others in the group . The relationship is an end in itself . The relationship is not for attaining any particular end but it is only for the sake of relationship. If the relationship is established to achieve certain personal purposes, it cannot be termed as a primary relationship. For example, if a person marries in order to get a huge dowry, the marital relationship cannot be termed as primary. 02-03-2024 31

32. 3.The relationship is personal . For example, the parent-child relationship , the husband-wife relationship, etc are quite personal . All members know the ideals, desires, ambitions, likes and dislikes, weaknesses, and strong points of a member. 4. Primary group relationship is spontaneous . Such relationship is not made but it develops spontaneously without effort from the side of the any person. A person enters into a primary group relationship out of his own free will and according to his innermost wishes . 5. Relationship possesses power to control the individual . The control in the primary group is not due to external pressure but it is voluntary. A person may be willing to please another or even undergo hardship and adverse conditions out of free will. A mother or father may sacrifice her/his comforts and interests for the sake of the child. In extreme cases, a person is even willing to sacrifice his life for the sake of others in the primary group . 02-03-2024 32

33. 6.Stability in nature: Stability promotes closeness 7. Continuity in relationship: By meeting frequently and by exchanging thoughts, intimacy increases. 8. Common commitments among members 9. Maximum control over group members: Family members control over family affairs. 02-03-2024 33

34. Functions of primary group : 1. To develop the personality 2. The efficiency of members increases and persons of the group get help, inspiration and cooperation from one another. 3. Satisfaction of total needs of the individuals: Primary groups help fulfilling physical, emotional , psychological, social and spiritual need of the individual. 02-03-2024 34

35. 4. Group members provide love, security, belongingness and friendship to one another . 5. Socialization process initiates within the primary group . 6. Primary groups are responsible for maintaining social order . In fact, social organization depends upon the members of the primary groups. 02-03-2024 35

36. Secondary group “ Two or more persons behaving toward each other in a way that is impersonal, concerned with specialized interests and guided by consideration of efficiency.” examples of secondary group Trade unions Political parties Clubs Occupational associations 02-03-2024 36

37. Characteristics of secondary group : 1. Position of a member depends upon their role and status. 2 . Individuality develops in the persons because their relations are based on self-interest. 3. Self-dependence among members. 4. It is large in size but Duration of relationship may be short: Secondary group relationship may not be long lasting. Some of the secondary groups like audience or crowd may last only for a short while, whereas some others like a nation or an association may last longer 02-03-2024 37

38. 5. No physical closeness . 6. Formed for some purpose after attaining it they are no more required. 7. Spatial distance: Members of the secondary group are dispersed and may not even meet each other personally . 8.Specialized and limited knowledge regarding the other persons: In secondary groups, people have very limited knowledge regarding the other persons. Usually, a person is known only as a functionary, e.g. shopkeeper, driver, newspaper vendor and vegetable dealer, etc. Even the name of the other person may not be known . 9.The relationship is formal and superficial . There is no depth in secondary group relationship. 02-03-2024 38

39. 10.Disparity in ends: In secondary groups, members have different types of goals. Because of lack of close interpersonal relationship , the goals of one person may not be even known to other. 11. Extrinsic valuation of relations: The relationship is valued only for the gain out of it. When there is no utility out of a relationship, it is unusually discontinued. 12. Extrinsic valuation of other persons: The other persons are evaluated not as individual person but in relation to the function he is performing. For example, a teacher is evaluated as to how well he can teach. All his other personal qualities are often forgotten. 13.The control in secondary group is formal, and through external forces . Rules, regulations, byelaws, legislation, constitution, etc . form the courts of behavior in secondary group 02-03-2024 39

40. Functions of secondary group 1.The needs are satisfied in the group with the advance of technology and associated with social change. 2.This group satisfies the changing needs of society and individual. 3.Rules formed by the group, will increase the efficiency of the work. 02-03-2024 40

41. 4. Delegation of the authority, coordination and planning of the activities will be implemented. 5 . Secondary groups accommodate large number of members/localities which widens the outlook of groups . 6.It breaks the barriers of class, caste, and province . 7.Channels of opportunity is wide, individuals can develop themselves by using their talents. 02-03-2024 41

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44. IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS Sumner has classified groups as, in-groups and out-groups. An in-group is any group or social category to which a person feels he or she belongs—family, people of the same age group, students of a class, workers in a factory, etc. Out-group is any group or social category to which a person feels he or she does not belong—other families, people of the other castes, people of other religions . Out-groups include both people an individual rejects or ignores and those who reject or ignore that individual. People feel comfortable and secure with member of their in-groups because they know they certain experiences and beliefs . ‘We go to church every sunday .’ ‘My school is the best in the city.’ Those statements denote the feeling of being a member of an in-group. 02-03-2024 44

45. Often people are hostile towards out-groups. Lack of contact with other group can lead to misunderstanding and suspicion . Hence members of an in-group assume that they would feel uncomfortable with members of out-groups . Strangeness and ignorance of other people’s ways set the stage for the prejudice, avoidance, hostility, and out right aggression . Negative impressions harden into stereotypes; the in-group is glorified, the out-group, dehumanized. Intense competition and frustration also promote hostility toward outgroups and the formation of negative stereotypes. The same forces that create solidarity within a group create hostilities between groups . 02-03-2024 45

46. According to Federico , “ What sumner meant is that when an individual develops the sense of belonging with one group of people, he automatically begins to feel he does not belong with others. There is no “we” without a corresponding “they ”, in-groups and out-groups are two sides of the same coin.” 02-03-2024 46

47. Role of Primary Group in Health and sickness Child Rearing. Socialization . Personality formation. Care of dependent adults: Care of the sick and injured. Care of women during pregnancy and child birth . Care of the aged and handicapped . 02-03-2024 47

48. FAMILY Familial susceptibility to disease: Common gene pools and environment Playground for communicable Broken family May lead to psychopathic behaviour, immature personality and even retardation of growth, speech and Intellect in children. Problem family : Forms the basis of various social problems. 02-03-2024 48

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51. PEER GROUP Positive and negative influence of peer groups Individual behaviour in positive and negative manner. Eg : avoiding eating food from unhygienic environment , etc. are some of the positive influences. The negative influences by the peer group are; cultivation of bad practices like smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse, Role of Peer Group during Sickness Peer group spares their time and energy in taking care of their friends during sickness such as meeting emergency needs, psychological support by staying with the client and meeting the primary needs, they may provide situational support. Peer group forms liaison between family and client in transforming the needs of the client, they provide informal counselling by means of suggestion, positive thinking approach, also help in preparation of notes, gathering and providing study materials which the client misses during sickness. 02-03-2024 51

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55. Role of Secondary group in health and sickness At birth: Health care personnel provide immunization services, feeding, bathing , bedding etc to the child. Toddler/Pre-school: The play school, balawadi , anganwadi etc teaches the child the art of sharing, playing , singing eating, rest pattern, sleeping etc. School Age: The schoolmates help the child to develop good friendship , sharing and indulging in constructive activities. 02-03-2024 55

56. Adolescence: Teachers serve as role models for teaching healthy habits in the individuals resulting in development of responsible citizens . Sex education Shouldering responsibilities. Adulthood: Healthy working environment with congenital employee – employer relationship promotes and protects the individual. Old age Health promotion activities by the different members of the society. E.g Old age home, pension schemes etc 02-03-2024 56

57. In sickness…. Hospitals : Data collection regarding health problems, examination, lab investigations, diagnosis, selection of treatment or intervention measure , counselling etc. Health camps conducted by health personnel. Rehabilitation center , team members provide the required services Insurance schemes like ESI benefit, health insurance schemes, provision of safe drinking water etc. 02-03-2024 57

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60. Formal group Formal groups are social structures organized for the attainment of specific goals which meet the fundamental needs of the members. Examples: Schools , churches, hospitals, industrial establishments , trade unions, government agencies , political parties, military, and civic organizations. 02-03-2024 60

61. Informal group Informal groups are smaller groups formed within the Formal group. T hey may be dyads or triads. 02-03-2024 61

62. Conclusion Therefore we can say that a social group is any number of people who share common goals and/or beliefs. A true group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line. Characteristics shared by members of a group may include interests, values, representations, ethnic or social background. 02-03-2024 62

63. THANK YOU 02-03-2024 63