Social institutions ( Sociology )

Sociology
Social Psychology

1. Sociology Sociology
Social PsychologySocial Psychology

2. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
DefinitionDefinition
Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations
The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics
Markets and EconomicsMarkets and Economics
Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility
Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief

3. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Definition:Definition:
““Structures in society, manifested as Structures in society, manifested as
groups of social positions and associated groups of social positions and associated
social relations, invested with legitimate social relations, invested with legitimate
authority, that serve to maintain and carry authority, that serve to maintain and carry
out essential social functions and out essential social functions and
perpetuate the social order. “perpetuate the social order. “

4. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations

All institutions are structures composed of social groups.All institutions are structures composed of social groups.
A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of statuses.A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of statuses.

All statuses are reflected in role behaviorAll statuses are reflected in role behavior
Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their occupants.Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their occupants.
Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.

5. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics

6. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Approaches to DevianceApproaches to Deviance
–Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Strain)Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Strain)
Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the meansInnovator desires ends but hasn’t the means
–Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling)Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling)
Attributions via sanctioned legal process Attributions via sanctioned legal process
(Law and Politics)(Law and Politics)

7. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Court SystemCourt System
Federal:Federal:
- The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)- The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)
- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)
- District Courts (94 @ 1)- District Courts (94 @ 1)
- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)
StateState::
- Superior (58 @ 1) - Superior (58 @ 1)
merged with municipal in 2001merged with municipal in 2001
(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)

8. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
State Court SystemState Court System
–Superior Court (58 @ 1)Superior Court (58 @ 1)
One for each countyOne for each county
–Municipal Court Municipal Court
Merged with Superior Courts in 2001Merged with Superior Courts in 2001
(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)

9. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
The Criminal ProcessThe Criminal Process
Arrest Arrest
Preliminary HearingPreliminary Hearing
ArraignmentArraignment
Pre-Trial HearingsPre-Trial Hearings
TrialTrial
VerdictVerdict
SentencingSentencing
IncarcerationIncarceration
ParoleParole
(Law and Politics)(Law and Politics)

10. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations

Arrest and ArraignmentArrest and Arraignment
–Memory / Cognitive consistencyMemory / Cognitive consistency
Pre-Trail and Trial JudgmentsPre-Trail and Trial Judgments
–Attribution of cause / Distributive JusticeAttribution of cause / Distributive Justice
Sentencing PracticesSentencing Practices
–Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation statesLabeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation states
(Law and Politics)(Law and Politics)

11. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Markets and Markets and
EconomicsEconomics

12. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Approaches to MarketsApproaches to Markets
–Structure (Adam Smith - Supply/Demand)Structure (Adam Smith - Supply/Demand)
Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption
–Process (Arrow – Rational Choice)Process (Arrow – Rational Choice)
Interpersonal Utility. Risk PreferenceInterpersonal Utility. Risk Preference
(Markets and Economics )(Markets and Economics )

13. Disintermediation and The Monetary System:Disintermediation and The Monetary System:
–The Federal Reserve – 13 DistrictsThe Federal Reserve – 13 Districts
–Debt – Banks / BondsDebt – Banks / Bonds
–Equity – Stocks / VCEquity – Stocks / VC
Social Institutions Social Institutions
(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)

14. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption
–Utility / Exchange Equity Utility / Exchange Equity
Risk PreferenceRisk Preference
–Opportunity Costs / Comparison LevelOpportunity Costs / Comparison Level
GNPGNP
–Generalized Exchange Generalized Exchange

15. Social Institutions Social Institutions
(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Risk PreferenceRisk Preference
Risk
Reward
Value
CL
Salience

16. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Money and Meaning:Money and Meaning:
Earned IncomeEarned Income
Wages, SalariesWages, Salaries
Unearned IncomeUnearned Income
Dividends, InterestDividends, Interest
Capital GainsCapital Gains
Real & Personal PropertyReal & Personal Property
TaxesTaxes
To 40%To 40%
To 77%To 77%
To 28%To 28%

17. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility

18. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Structure (Status Attainment Model)Structure (Status Attainment Model)
–Parents Status, Education & 1Parents Status, Education & 1
stst
Job status Job status
Family
SES
GradesAbility
Ambition
Education

19. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
Attribution and achievementAttribution and achievement
–Status Characteristics and Success AttributionStatus Characteristics and Success Attribution
Costs, Reward & Delayed GratificationCosts, Reward & Delayed Gratification
–Delay as Dissonance ReductionDelay as Dissonance Reduction
Role ModelingRole Modeling
–Role Self MergerRole Self Merger

20. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Family
SES
GradesAbility
Ambition
Education
Self Attribution
Role Modeling
Delayed
Gratification
Process (Soc Psych Model)

21. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief

22. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
StructureStructure
–Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)
–Bound by Symbols, Belief and RitualBound by Symbols, Belief and Ritual
Symbols
Beliefs
RitualOrganizations
However, cognitive mediation => disassociation from task => rise of
denominations and ultimately cults and sects, where the membership
is based more on the beliefs, symbols and ritual than on the
organizational membership.

23. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
BeliefBelief
–Dissonance ReductionDissonance Reduction
SymbolsSymbols
–Significant SymbolsSignificant Symbols
RitualRitual
– Intermittent Reinforcement / RewardIntermittent Reinforcement / Reward

24. Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
Symbols
Beliefs
Ritual
Dissonance Reduction
Intermittent Rewards
Organization
S-I’s Significance
• Process (Soc Psych Model)