Sociology

Organizational culture,Culture lag,complex,pattern,traits.

1. Tittle: SOCIOLOGY

2. Organizational Culture: Organizational culture  is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations. The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization.

3. Cultural Traits: The smallest unit of culture is called a trait.  There are millions of culture traits, a trait can be an object, a technique, a belief or an attitude. A culture trait is a learned system of beliefs, values, traditions, symbols and meanings that are passed from one generation to another within a specific community of people.  For example; a pencil is a culture trait, football, bat, fishhook, keeping cattle, handshake, gestures, and house.

4. Hoebel has defined cultural trait as : “Trait is a reputedly irreducible unit of learned behaviour pattern or material product thereof.” Traits of the material culture would include such things as the nail, the screwdriver; the pencil etc. The nonmaterial culture would be shaking hands, driving.   It can be physical or spiritual just as  Ajrak   is part of Sindhi cultural trait. Green flag is cultural trait of Pakistani culture. Invitation for tea is a cultural trait of Indian Pakistani culture.

5. Characteristics : Culture is  dynamic .  Culture is  integrated . Based on symbol.  Culture is  shared . Culture is  learned . Cant stand alone. Make rule of life. Adaptive. It is not static or rigid.

6. Elements of culture Culture complexes Culture patterns

7. Cultural Complex: A number of traits when organized together make a cultural complex . A cluster of related traits is called  'culture complex ' . A group of culture traits all interrelated and dominated by one essential trait. Nationalism is a culture  complex .

8. Examples As such, a complex that is made up of supportive cognitive, affective, and conative  traits  for creativity A pencil is a  culture  trait, football, bat, fishhook, keeping cattle, handshake and hug  and  house. . Such as a football is a  culture  trait , and the  football match is a  cultural complex . a political party, a constitution, an industrial unit, an examination system . A country may possess many cultural complexes. Eating with and using of utensiles .

9. Complex organizations Complex organizations  may refer to:  organizations  that have many people, processes, rules, strategies, and basic units. According to Tylor:  “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”  

10. Cultural patterns Collection and combination of cultural complexes is called cultural patterns. Cultural patterns  are interrelated and do not operate in isolation. To say that certain  cultural patterns  apply to all members of culture  is unwise.  Cultural patterns  change.

11. Common Cultural Pattern All peoples have a family system, All have a language, All have developed some sort of a system relating to food, clothing, shelter, etc. Every social group has some kind of government and patterns of social control, Property systems and inheritance rules are found in all lands, People in all groups worship a Higher Power. We may suggest in this way still other universal patterns of culture.

12. Continued………. At a much lower level of abstraction, however, we find almost endless diversity in cultural patterns. Thus, Hindus refuse to eat beef, while the Christians and Muslims have no such taboo in respect of beef. Even differences in attitudes and behaviour -patterns persist among groups within the same society — for instance, among rural folk and urbanites.

13. Culture Lag : ثقافتی عدم دستیابی Definition: It is the gap between Material and non-material culture. Culture lag occurs when not all parts of culture change at the same pace. ثقافتی عدم دستیابی

14. History William F. Ogburn . 1922 C hange with respect to culture and original nature .

15. Features: Some cultural lag takes longer time to be accepted. Material culture changes at a faster rate. Often, technology change results in cultural lag.

16. Example: Co-education System Health Advances(Polio vaccines) Genetic Engineering Technological Advancements