Sociology presentation ppt final Engineering

Deviance and social control are foundational concepts in sociology that help us understand how societies define, manage, and respond to behavior that deviates from accepted norms. Deviance refers to actions or behaviors that violate societal expectations or norms, while social control encompasses the mechanisms and strategies used by society to regulate individual behavior and maintain order. This presentation will explore these concepts, their theoretical frameworks, and their implications for understanding social order and disorder.

1. MODULE 6: DEVIANCE, CRIME, AND SOCIAL CONTROL Presented By: Isra Hassan (210401002) Fasiha Sehar (210401004) Talha Zulfiqar (210401005) Naba Ahmad (210401020) Saad Mumtaz Kayani (210401003 ) Shahrukh (210401009)

2. INTRODUCTION TO DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL Fasiha Sehar 210401004

3. 1 ) An Introduction to Deviance Breaking the Norm:

4. Deviance Deviance refers to any behavior that violates social norms, values, or expectations. These norms can be formal, such as laws, or informal, such as customs and traditions. It can range from minor infractions to serious offenses.

5. Different aspects fosters social change. Dependent On Varies From

6. 2 ) Social Control Maintaining social order

7. Social Norms and Social Control Social Norms: Social norms are shared expectations and rules that guide behavior within a society. They provide a sense of order and predictability and are reinforced through socialization processes. Social Control: Social control refers to the ways in which societies regulate and enforce conformity to social norms.

8. The means of enforcing rules Sanctions:

9. ÉMILE DURKHEIM, ROBERT MERTON AND SHAW AND MCKAY ’S PERSPECTIVE ON DEVIANCE Isra Hassan 210401002

10. 1) Émile Durkheim The Essential Nature of Deviance

11. Émile Durkheim and Deviance Durkheim argued that deviance itself was functional, normal and inevitable. Durkheim suggested that deviance had the following functions: Boundary maintenance Social change Clarifying Norms French sociologist Émile Durkheim viewed deviance as an inevitable part of how society functions.

12. 2) Robert Merton Strain Theory

13. Robert Merton and Deviance Merton argued that when individuals are faced with a gap between their goals (usually finances/money related) and their current status, strain occurs. When faced with strain, people have five ways to adapt:

14. 3 ) Shaw and Mckay's Social Disorganization Theory

15. Social Disorganization Theory The theory of social disorganization states a person’s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that a person makes.

16. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY DEVIANT SUBCULTURES CONFILICT THEORY Talha Zulfiqar 210401005

17. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY Proposed by Travis Hirschi This theory stresses about how ties and bonds between an individual and the society can tell if that individual would participate in deviant acts or not. An individual having weak ties or bonds with the society is more likely to engage in crimes than those with strong ties. Travis Hirschi explained that there are four bonds that we have with society. These bonds are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

18. DEVIANT SUBCULTURES Deviant subcultures are social groups or communities that form around values, beliefs, and behaviors that are considered deviant or outside of mainstream societal norms. Deviant subcultures can vary widely in their characteristics and practices, but they typically involve shared deviant behaviors, attitudes, and lifestyles that challenge or oppose dominant cultural norms. Examples of deviant subcultures: 1. Hacker and Cybercriminal Networks 2. Drug Subcultures 3. LGBTQ community

19. SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY The conflict theory of deviance examines how social inequality, power dynamics, and social structures contribute to the production and labeling of deviant behavior Conflict theory of deviance focuses on the social and economic factors that shape the production of deviant behavior and the societal reactions to it. Deviance is seen as a response to social inequalities, economic disparities, and oppressive systems. For example, a homeless person living in the street is more likely to be labeled deviant than an executive who embezzles funds from the company he or she runs.

20. Feminist Theory, Differential Theory and Deviance Naba Ahmad 210401020 Edwin Sutherland

21. Conflict Theory: Exploring Feminist Theory's Insights on Deviance: Gender, Inequality, and Power Dynamics Gendered Double Standards: Feminist theory highlights the unequal treatment of women engaging in deviant behavior, where derogatory labels are often used for women while men may be praised for the same actions. Challenging Stereotypes: Feminist analysis questions the notion that women's deviance stems solely from personal flaws, instead examining how societal factors contribute to their behavior, such as reacting to unfair treatment against gender discrimination. Addressing Gender Inequality: Feminist theories focus on the unequal treatment of women in relation to crime, exploring how societal expectations and norms perpetuate this inequality, such as harsher judgment for economically disadvantaged women resorting to shoplifting compared to similar circumstances for men. Intersectionality and Reproductive Rights: Feminist perspectives recognize the impact of race and income on women's reproductive rights, with limited access to affordable contraception and barriers to safe abortions disproportionately affecting lower-income women, particularly women of color. Violence Against Women: Feminist theories address sexual violence's prevalence and impact on women's lives, with movements like #MeToo highlighting the need to challenge power imbalances and create safer environments for women.

22. 4) Edwin Sutherland Differential Theory

23. Symbolic Interactionism: Understanding Differential Association Theory: Social Learning and Deviant Behavior D ifferential association theory proposed by Edwin Sutherland. Social Learning and Deviance: Deviant behavior is learned through social interactions, particularly when individuals consistently interact with deviant peers and family members who endorse such behavior. Normative Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement from deviant individuals strengthens the association between deviance and positive outcomes, increasing the likelihood of engaging in deviant acts. Differential Definitions: Exposure to social groups that downplay or justify deviance leads to altered definitions of acceptable behavior, resulting in a higher tolerance for deviance and increased likelihood of engaging in deviant acts. Peer Influence: Peer groups significantly influence individual behavior, as individuals may face social pressure to conform to deviant norms to maintain acceptance and avoid social rejection. Environmental Factors: Factors such as living in high-crime neighborhoods or having family members involved in criminal activities increase exposure to deviant behaviors, contributing to the development of deviant behavior through unequal contexts.

24. Critique: Differential Association Theory: Overemphasis on Social Learning: Critics argue that the Differential Association Theory places excessive emphasis on social learning as the primary driver of deviance, potentially overlooking other important factors. Lack of Causality: Critics highlight that the theory does not provide a clear explanation of how differential associations lead to deviance. It does not adequately address why some individuals exposed to deviant influences do not engage in deviant behavior or why individuals with limited exposure to deviant influences still engage in deviance. Feminist Theory: Overgeneralization: Critics argue that feminist theory sometimes tends to generalize women's experiences and overlooks individual differences and agency. They argue that not all women experience deviance in the same way, and it is important to consider diverse perspectives and experiences. Doubly Deviant perspective: Why Doubly Deviant perspective exists? It is unfair but there are reasons. ‘Female crime has a much worse effect on the morals of young men, if it be there, exists in the source(mother) and must taint the stream(children).’ Lenient sentences and societal reactions: Despite the doubly deviant perspective, women may be more likely to receive lenient sentences, be diverted to alternative programs, or face different societal reactions, potentially contributing to lower reported crime rates.

25. SAAD MUMTAZ KAYANI 210401003

26. Labelling Theory Labeling Theory emphasizes how individuals and groups are labeled by society, and how these labels influence their behavior and societal interactions. The process of labeling can contribute to the development of deviant identities and behavior, creating a cycle of stigmatization and social exclusion.

27. LABELLING THEORY LEADING TO DEVIANCE PRIMARY DEVIANCE SECONDARY DEVIANCE

28. Stigmatization Deviant Subcultures Criminalization Differential Treatment EFFECTS OF LABELLING THEORY

29. Crime A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. Societies have legal codes to maintain social control through laws.

30. PUNISHMENT Punishments are normally relative to the degree of the crime and importance to society of the value underlying the law, but other factors influence sentencing.

31. Criminal Justice System and Types of Crimes SHAHRUKH 210401009

32. Introduction to Criminal Justice System:

33. Components of the Criminal Justice System: Police: Role of the police in maintaining public safety: The police are responsible for enforcing laws, investigating crimes, making arrests, and gathering evidence. Examples of law enforcement agencies: Local police departments, state troopers, federal agencies (FBI, DEA, etc.). Prosecution: The prosecution is the agency which plays an intermediary role between the judiciary and the police. It is they who take the polices case forward to the courts. Courts : Role of the courts in the criminal justice process: The judiciary is responsible for adjudicating cases, interpreting the law, and handing out sentences. Examples of judicial bodies: Trial courts, appellate courts, and the highest court in the country (Supreme Court). Correction : Role of correctional institutions in the criminal justice system: Corrections involve the punishment, rehabilitation, and supervision of offenders. Examples of correctional facilities: Prisons, jails, probation offices, parole boards.

34. Types of Crimes: VIOLENT CRIMES: A violent crime is when someone physically hurts or threatens to hurt someone and includes crimes where a weapon is used. The police would record a crime as violent if the offender clearly intended or intends to physically harm you, regardless of whether it results in a physical injury. Violent crimes can include: assault gun and knife crime Sexual violence  (such as rape or sexual assault) alcohol and drug-related violence

35. Types of Crimes: NONVIOLENT CRIMES: a crime is considered non-violent if there was no use of force or injury to another person. There are a wide range of crimes that fall under this category of crimes, including: Alcohol and non-violent drug-related crimes Bribery Embezzlement Gambling and racketeering Insurance fraud

36. OTHER TYPES OF CRIMES: Street Crimes: Street crimes refer to offenses committed by individuals against other people or organizations in public spaces. These crimes can include assault, robbery, theft, vandalism, and drug dealing, among others. Corporate crime/white-collar crime: This type of crime is typically committed by individuals in business or professional environments. It involves non-violent offenses such as fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, money laundering, and other illegal activities carried out for financial gain. Victimless crimes: Victimless crimes occur when the actions of an individual do not directly harm another person. Examples of victimless crimes include drug use, gambling, prostitution, traffic citations, and engaging in certain forms of pornography. These offenses are often considered consensual acts that may be subject to legal restrictions due to social or moral concerns. Cybercrime: Cybercrime refers to criminal activities carried out using computers, networks, or the internet. It involves the use of technology to commit illegal acts or to target individuals, organizations, or computer systems for financial gain, disruption, or malicious intent. Cybercrime can take various forms and can affect individuals, businesses, and governments alike.

37. Conclusion: The criminal justice system is a complex framework of institutions, laws, and procedures designed to maintain social order, deter criminal behavior, and administer justice in society It encompasses the police, courts, and correctional system, with the primary goal of ensuring public safety while upholding the rights and liberties of individuals. There are various types of crimes within the criminal justice system. Violent crimes involve physical harm. Nonviolent crimes do not involve force or injury to another person and can include bribery. Street crimes are offenses committed in public spaces, such as robbery. Corporate crime, or white-collar crime, occurs in business or professional environments and typically involves non-violent offenses for financial gain. Victimless crimes are actions that do not directly harm others, like drug use or gambling. Lastly, cybercrime refers to criminal activities conducted using computers, networks, or the internet, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments.

38. Thank you for paying attention! Any questions?