SOCIOMETRY final.pptx

Sociometry

1. SOCIOMETRY Course Instructor Dr Rupasi Tiwari Principal Scientist ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar , Bareilly

2. Sociometry The word sociometry comes from LATIN word SOCIOUS-partner/friend/ campanion & METRUM- measure. MORENO - coined the term and conducted 1 st sociometric study from 1932 to 1938 at NEWYORK. SOCIOMETRY- it is a technique which measures the social relationships among the individuals in a group (kothari,1996). - it is the study of inerpersonal relationships between people in a group. - it is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships.

3. Franz defines sociometry as “a method used for the discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group”. Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships. The measurement of social interaction is termed Sociometry . Sociometry is based on the fact that people make choices in interpersonal relationships. Whenever people gather, they make choices:- where to sit or stand; choices about who is perceived as friendly and who not, who is central to the group, who is rejected, who is isolated . Sociometry

4. Jacob Levy Moreno coined the term Sociometry and conducted the first long-range sociometric study from 1932-38 at the New York State Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York. Moreno defines sociometry as “the mathematical study of psychological properties of populations, the experimental technique of and the results obtained by application of quantitative methods”. It is an empirical, phenomenological approach to the study of group structure. Sociometry

5. The study of the patterns of interrelations among people in groups, and the process of their measurement. Way of mapping preferences among group members. Reveal relation of individual to group. Reveal(sub) structure of group. Reveal role (s) played by members. Predict amount / direction of interaction Sociometry

6. Purpose of sociometry The purpose of sociometry is to facilitate group task effectiveness and satisfaction of participants by bringing about greater degrees of mutuality amongst people and greater authenticity in relationships. Measurement of relatedness can be useful not only in the assessment of behavior within groups, but also for interventions to bring about positive change and for determining the extent of change. Sociometry can be a powerful tool for reducing conflict and improving communication because it allows the group to see itself objectively and to analyze its own dynamics. It is also a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and development in groups devoted to therapy or training. It shows the patterns of how individuals associate with each other when acting as a group toward a specified end or goal.

7. Purpose of sociometry To learn the interaction & the structure of group. To discover where exactly individual exists in the group. To elicit social relationship & the organization type of group through analyzing attitudes & optitudes of group members among each other. To identify subgroups, leaders & cliques of a group. To obtain objective information about the real structure of a group & group integrity.

8. Application of Sociometry In sociology, psychology, extension, communication, marketing Industry Service & public sector etc ….

9. Sociometric techniques used to study Social adjustment Group dynamics Learning Motivation discipline

10. Types of sociometry Sociometry has two main branches: Research sociometry , and Applied sociometry . Research sociometry is action research with groups exploring the socio-emotional networks of relationships using specified criteria. Example : – Who in this group do you want to sit beside you at work? – Who in the group do you go to for advice on a work problem? – Who in the group do you see providing satisfying leadership in the pending project? Sometimes called network explorations, research sociometry is concerned with relational patterns in small (individual and small group) and larger populations, such as organizations and neighborhoods.

11. Applied sociometry utilize a range of methods to assist people and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-social networks of relationships. Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their application, greater spontaneity and creativity of both individuals and groups. Types of sociometry

12. Sociometric measurements can be used to study the type of interaction and factors affecting the interaction. It is also used to measure group characteristics- such as cohesiveness, morale, bonding etc. It can also be used to measure individual characteristics such as leadership, aggressiveness, liberalism and conservatism. Any personality factor that is related to interpersonal attraction can be measured sociometrically . Sociometry provides a bird’s eye view of group structure and at the same time indicates the degree of social attraction possessed by members of the group. Uses of sociometric techniques

13. Analysis of sociometric data sociometric matrix ( sociomatrix ) Sociogram sociometric indices

14. Sociometric matrics a convenient method of tabulation of sociometric data. Sociometrc matrix is the tabular representation of the social links. data is arranged in the form of n*n matrix. And that matrix interpretates the social group details . easy method & better representation of data. Sociometric matrix is a process that attracts individuals to each other or which repels them, that flow of feeling of which the social atom and the networks are apparantely composed. Let us take a hypothetical group of 11 persons , designated as A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J and K. Each of them asked a question “ which 2 members of this group you like to go for informaion and advice on improving livestock farming?” Each of them had two choices, but they could reply for two , one or none. The data are arranged in the form of a 11* 11 matrix showing choosers and chosen.

15. C H O S E N A B C D E F G H I J K A - 1 1 C B - 1 1 H C - 1 O D 1 - 1 S E 1 - E F 1 - R G - S H 1 1 - I - 1 1 J 1 - 1 K 1 1 - T 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 B- received 4 choices in the group. Means it choosen by 4 members. E,H,I,J & K – 2 choices each. D,C,F- 1 choice each. Sociomatrix provides us with limited information about members of the group.

16. Sociometric matrics

17. question Which among the group you would like to go to mam to persue her not to take any more classes ( choice-1 , rejections – 0 ) S A J N K C S 1 1 A 1 1 J 1 1 N 1 1 K 1 1 C 1 1 Sum 3 1 5 1 2 J is chosen with 5 choices, while C is not chosen at all

18. Sociogram Sociogram is a diagrammetic representaion of the internal struct ure of choices of the members of a group. Sociograms are charts that depict the sociometric choices. Sociograms are constructed to identify leaders and followers. A sociogram can be drawn on the basis of many different criteria, social relations, channels of influence, lines of communication etc. A simple one way arrow is used to represent one way choice. A double headed arrow is used to represent mutual or two way choice. In case of no choice represented by no line exists. In preparing sociogram- the individual who has got maximum choice is put at the centre , follwed gradually by others who have received lesser no. of choices, towards the periphery .

19. Those points on a sociogram who have many choices are called stars. Those points in sociogram with no choices are called isolates. Individuals who choose each other are known to have made a mutual choice. choice refers to individuals who choose someone but the choice is not reciprocated is called one-way choice. Cliques are groups of three or more people within a larger who all choose each other/ mutual choice . Sociogram

20. Sociogram

21. Sociogram Smaller population or fewer choice group is very well represented . It can tell the investigator only which person to choose and which person to be reject for a particular purpose. But, do not provide any reason for their accepting and rejection over a period of time. Sociogram may yield vary for the same group , for the same topic over a lapse of time. Choices in a group may be effected by certain factors like caste, age, gender, prestige, and rivaleries etc ….

22. For a deeper understanding of the sociometric choices it is necessary to compute some indices, these are called sociometric indices. One common index is the choice status of a person, which is obtained by: CS = ∑C / n-1 Where, CS = Choice status of the person ∑C = Sum of choices a person receives n = number of persons in the group for eg : choice status of B as per above example. B=4/11-1= 0.40=40%. the value of choice status is the direct index of an individuals popularity in the group. The value of choice status is the direct index of anidividual’s popularity in the group. This is also known as sociometric status index. Sociometric indices

23. Group cohesiveness : Extent to which the members of a group find staying together to be in mutual interest. Group cohesiveness may be obtained by the formula CO = ∑( i ↔ j )/ n(n-1)/2 Where, CO = group cohesiveness ∑( i ↔ j ) = sum of mutual choices (mutual pairs) n = number of persons in the group for eg : from above example BH,BD,IJ,IK,KI,CF are mutual pairs . group cohesiveness shall be CO= 6/[11(11-1)/2]=6/55=11%. However group cohesiveness of the clique represented by I,J &K shall be follows: cohesiveness of clique=3/[3(3-1)/2]=1 or 100 %. is completely cohesive and for social action it is treated as a singular body. Sociometric indices

24. Social compatibility index : It represents the long-term interaction between two or more individuals in terms of the ease and comfort of communication. Social compatibility index is determined by the number of mutual choices (pairs), divided by the one less than the group size. Social compatibility index of the group= N/ n-1 Where, N = number of mutual choices (pairs) n = group size social compatibility index of the group= 6/11-1=0.06=60% Sociometric indices

25. emotional expansiveness is determined by the amount of utilization of available choices, expressed in percentage . in the present eg ., the sum total of choices made was 17 and the choices available was 22. Emotional expansiveness of the group = 17/22*100 = 77% Sociometric indices

26. Importance of sociometry It enables us to learn about the group dynamics and evaluate socialization levels of students after some social activities and their effect on reaching the intended goal. It helps school administration, teachers and counselling department by providing information about the general structure and the social relationship of the group. It helps in preparing social plans and programmes to develop social groups in a better way and to find solutions to the problems. After applying these regulations, groups can be reconstructed to increase efficiency in their performance. Sociometry also gives us a chance to identify the distance/closeness of the group members with each other and the interaction among them.

27. Thank You