Soil and mineral resources

This will help you about the main resources of soil and minerals in detail.

1. SOIL & MINERAL RESOURCES By Mr . Muhammad Ullah Afridi

2. SOIL RESOURCES Formation of soil from rocks Factors acting together on rocks to form soil

3. SOIL --is formed when rocks and other materials near the Earth’s surface are broken down by a number of processes collectively called weathering .

4. WEATHERING It is the process by which rocks are chemically altered or physically broken down into fragments at or near Earth’s surface. Two Forms: Mechanical Weathering – the process of physically breaking rock into smaller fragment. Chemical Weathering – a process in which rock is broken down by chemical reactions.

5. SOIL FORMATION 1. When a piece of rock is exposed to the sun, its outer part expands.

6. SOIL FORMATION 2. On cooling, at night time, the outer part of the rock contracts or shrink.

7. SOIL FORMATION 3. Once broken down, water enters the cracks causing some minerals to dissolve .

8. SOIL FORMATION 4. Air also enters the cracks, and oxygen in the air combines with some elements. Once soft and broken, bacteria and small plants start to grow in the cracks of the rock.

9. FACTORS ACTING TOGETHER ON ROCKS TO FORM SOIL 1. CLIMATE – expressed as both temperature and rainfall effects, is often considered the most powerful soil- forming factor. A. Temperature – controls how fast chemical reactions occur. Mature soils have more silt and clay on or near the surface.

10. FACTORS ACTING TOGETHER ON ROCKS TO FORM SOIL B. Rainfall Water directly affects the movement of soluble soil nutrients from the top soil to deep under the ground (leaching). Acidic Rainwater may also contribute to the loss of minerals in soil resulting in low field

11. MINERAL RESOURCES

12. MINERALS --Are naturally occurring, nonliving, solid with a definite structure and composition.

13. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Luster – is the way in which its surface reflects light. Metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal Non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull(earthy), greasy, etc.

14. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 2. HARDNESS – is the resistance of a mineral to scratching. MOHS HARDNESS SCALE

15. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 3. COLOR – depend on what element is present and abundant to a particular mineral

16. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 4. STREAK –the color of minerals in its powder form.

17. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 5. Fracture – minerals that break with rough or jagged edger.

18. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 6. CLEAVAGE –way the mineral breaks along flat smooth surface.

19. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 7. DENSITY – depends on its chemical composition. Minerals made up of elements with higher atomic masses have higher densities.

20. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS MAGNETISM – minerals containing iron are magnetic. ACID TEST – use to find out if the minerals contain CO 3 .

21. MINERAL RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN

22. Important METALLIC MINERALS found in various parts of the Pakistan Gold Copper Iron Chromite Nickel Cobalt Platinum

23. P akistan has also varied NONMETALLIC RESOURCES Sand Gravel Limestone Marble Clay Other quarry materials

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