Soil classification

Presentation is about all the types of soil and what are the features of each soil type

1. Soil Classification Introduction To Soil Sciences

2. Definition How Soil Is Classified Soil Survey Types Of Soil Survey Soil Order And Soil Groups Soil Orders And Soil Groups In Pakistan Land capability classification Its classes and sub-classes CONTENTS

3. USDA soil taxonomy (ST) developed by United States Department of Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters (most commonly their properties) and in several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series. The classification was originally developed by Guy Donald Smith , former director of the U.S.D.A Defination

4. Soils are named and classified on the basis of physical and chemical properties in their horizons (layers).  Soil classification uses color, texture, structure, and other properties of the soil into a classification system to help people use soil information.  This system also provides a common language for scientists. How soil is classified ?

5. Soil are classified into groups and sub groups according to some parameters such Parent material Time Climate Biological factors Topography

6. Soil survey, soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns Soil survey

7. Single purpose soil survey Basic soil survey Exploratory survey Detailed soil survey Reconnaissance soil survey Types of soil survey

8. This survey carried out for single purpose and only those soil characteristics which concern that purpose is recorded.survey to assess soil salinity,waterlogging is the example of single purpose survey Single purpose soil survey

9. A basic soil survey envisages collecting data on all fundamental soil properties and classifying soils on the basis of significant differences in any of the properties. The differentiating criteria is selected in such a way to represent all the soil properties . Basic soil survey

10. Expolatory survey is made to get a general idea of the soil resources of a country or a large region. In this case,board soil groups such as great groups are differentiated and shown on soil maps. Sometimes soil groups are made on the basis of soil texture,soil parent material,physiography Exploratory soil survey

11. In this, soil boundaries are plotted accurately on maps on the basis of observations made throughout the surveyed area. In this, geographical distribution of soil is also described. Detailed soil surveys are important in the sense that they provide information’s needed for planning land use and management and formulating agricultural research and extension programmers. Detailed soil survey

12. In this, soil boundaries are plotted from the observations made at intervals Reconnaissance Survey

13. Soil taxonomy at the highest hierarchical level identifies 12 soil orders.   Sixty-four suborders are recognized at the next level of classification.  There are about 300 great groups and more than 2,400 subgroups .  Soils within a subgroup that have similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to management and manipulation are families.  The soil series is the lowest category in the soil classification system . Soil orders and soil groups

14. Alfisols Andisols Aridisols Entisols Gelisols Histosols Inceptisols Mollisols Oxisols Spodosols Ultisols Vertisols The 12 soil orders are presented below in the sequence in which they “key out” in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s dichotomous Soil Taxonomy system .

15. Moderately weathered forest soils most widespread of soil orders (latitude) pale,grayish brown to bed fertile, depends on moisture & temp . Alfisols

16. Formed by weathering of volcanic material Very productive and fertile soil High nutrient holding capacity Occurs in areas with moderate to high rainfall and cool temperature Highly erodible when slopes Andisols

17. Last order in soil classification Recently developed soil Entisols makeup the second largest group of soils,occupying 16% of the earth surface Exhibit little to no soil development other than presence of an identifiable topsoil horizon Entisols

18. Desert Soils largest soil order, 19% earth (12% US) Lack organic matter of any significance Pale in color Area of high TEMP & low PRECIP contains salts,gypsum,carbonates,etc Ardisols

19. Formed in humid areas and are intensly weathered They typically contain a subsoil horizon that has an appreciable amount of translocated clay, and are relatively acidic Contains most of the nutrients Low fertility but become productive with addition of lime and fertilizer Ultisols

20. Grassland Soils Most important agricultural soils dark, organic surface layer soft soils, rich in HUMUS, very fertile Fertile soil Found in dry climate Moliisols

21. Tropical Soils Heavy precip . leaches minerals from 'A' horizon Low in nutrients Dominated by iron oxides, quartz, kaolinite Highly weathered soil Have low fertility Found in 8% of the glacier-free earth surface Oxisols

22. Exhibit the moderate degree of soil development Have wide range of characteristics Occur over a wide range of parent material,climatic conditions Occupy the 17% of the glacier-free earth surface Inceptisols

23. Clay-rich soil conatain a type of expensive clay Highly fertile due to their high clay content Vertisols are located in areas where the underlying parent materials allow for the formation of expansive clay minerals They occupy about 2% of the glacier-free land surface. Vertisols

24. Northern coniferous forest soils form from sandy parent material in spruce, fir, and pines ashen gray color agriculture is difficult Acidic Have low clay content Form when rainfall react with acidic vegetative litter Spodosols

25. Soil that is permanently frozen or conation evidence of permafrost Found in Arctic and Antartic Form in tundra at high latitude and elevation Makeup 9% of the glacier-free Earth surface Gelisols

26. Organic material is dominant Highly productive farmland when drained Not suitable for foundations, roadways etc Acidic to some extent Histols makeup about 1% of the glacier free earth surface Histosols

27. Main soil orders and soil groups in Pakistan

28. Land Capability Classification (LCC) is a system of grouping soils primarily on the basis of their capability to produce common cultivated crops and pasture plants without deteriorating over a long period of time. Each soil map unit is assigned a capability class of I through VIII, and classes II through VII are assigned a sub-class describing limitations or hazards for agricultural purposes. Land capability classification

29. Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require moderate conservation practices. Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require very careful management, or both. Classes

30. Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes .

31. Subclass e is made up of soils for which the susceptibility to erosion is the dominant problem or hazard affecting their use.. Subclass w is made up of soils for which excess water is the dominant hazard or limitation affecting their use. Poor soil drainage, wetness, a high water table, and overflow are the factors that affect soils in this subclass. Subclass s is made up of soils that have soil limitations within the rooting zone, such as shallowness of the rooting zone, stones, low moisture-holding capacity, low fertility that is difficult to correct, and salinity or sodium content. . Subclasses

32. Subclass c is made up of soils for which the climate (the temperature or lack of moisture) is the major hazard or limitation affecting their use. Subclasses

33. Thank you