Soil enrichment nutrition regarding the soil

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process that outlines the stages involved in developing software applications. It provides a systematic approach to planning, designing, building, testing, deploying, and maintaining software. The purpose of SDLC is to ensure the final product is high quality, cost-effective, and delivered within the specified time frame. By following a defined life cycle, organizations reduce risks, improve efficiency, and align software with business goals.

The SDLC typically consists of seven key phases.

1. Planning – This is the foundation stage where the project’s scope, objectives, feasibility, resources, and timeline are defined. Effective planning helps avoid cost overruns and delays.


2. Requirements Analysis – Stakeholders and analysts gather and document functional and non-functional requirements. Clear requirements prevent misunderstandings later in development.

3. Design – The software’s architecture, database structures, user interfaces, and technology stack are planned. High-level design (HLD) provides a system overview, while low-level design (LLD) details modules and workflows.


4. Development – In this phase, developers write code according to the design documents and coding standards. It involves unit testing and integration of modules.


5. Testing – The software is validated to ensure it meets requirements and functions correctly. This includes functional, performance, security, and user acceptance testing. Testing helps detect and fix defects before release.


6. Deployment – After testing, the software is released to the production environment. Deployment may happen in phases (pilot release, staged rollout) or in full, depending on project strategy.


7. Maintenance – Once deployed, the software requires continuous monitoring, updates, and bug fixing. Maintenance ensures the system remains reliable and adapts to changing user needs.



Several SDLC models define how these phases are executed. The Waterfall model is sequential, where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The Agile model is iterative and flexible, emphasizing collaboration and adaptability to changing requirements. The Spiral model combines iterative development with risk analysis, while the V-Model emphasizes verification and validation at each stage.

The benefits of SDLC include improved project control, better risk management, high-quality software, and alignment with business objectives. However, challenges such as changing requirements, limited budgets, tight deadlines, and communication gaps may affect success. To overcome these, organizations often choose an SDLC model that suits their project type and team structure.

In conclusion, SDLC is not just a methodology but a framework that guides software teams from the idea stage to deployment and beyond. It ensures a disciplined, organized, and efficient approach to software creation, enabling businesses to deliver reliable applications that.

1. WELCOME

2. NAME - DURVA SANJAY PATIL REG. NO - ADO/104/2019 COURSE NO - SRF-ELM-SSAC 405 COURSE TITLE - IDENTIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN SOIL MODULE INCHARGE -PROF. AKSHAY D. PADGHAN SIR

3. TOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN SOIL

4. General Laboratory Safety Rules Avoid skin and eye contact with all chemicals Avoid distracting or startling persons working in the laboratory. Never leave containersof chemicals open. All containersmust have appropriate labels. Unlabeled chemicals should never be used. Laboratory coats should not be stored in offices or break rooms as this spreads contaminates to other areas.

5. 1) PH METER USE PH METER, ELECTRIC DEVICE USED  TO MEASURE HYDROGEN-ION ACTIVITY (ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY) IN SOLUTION .

6. 2) ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY METER AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY METER (EC METER) MEASURES THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN A SOLUTION.

7. 3)HOT AIR OVEN HOT AIR OVENS USE EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURES OVER SEVERAL HOURS  TO DESTROY MICROORGANISMS AND BACTERIAL SPORES . 

8. 4) NITROGEN ANALYSERS NITROGEN ANALYZERS / TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYZERS CAN  REVEAL IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON EVERYTHING FROM FERTILIZERS, WATER QUALITY, FOOD, PLANT BIOLOGY, AND MORE . THESE INSTRUMENTS, WHICH ARE OFTEN COMBINED WITH OTHER TYPES OF ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS, MEASURE EVOLVED GASES THAT EMERGE FOLLOWING THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF A SAMPLE.

9. 5) SPECTROPHOTOMETER THESE INSTRUMENTS ARE  USED IN THE PROCESS OF MEASURING COLOUR AND USED FOR MONITORING COLOUR ACCURACY THROUGHOUT PRODUCTION . Determination of phosphorus

10. 6) ROTARY SHAKER ROTARY SHAKERS ARE IDEAL FOR  MIXING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURES, CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS, ASSEYS, ETC.   AND FOR PRODUCTION OF BASIC CHEMICALS, PATHOLOGICAL WORK, AND VARIOUS OTHER APPLICATIONS

11. 7) DISTILLATION UNIT DISTILLATION IS USED  TO SEPARATE LIQUIDS FROM NONVOLATILE SOLIDS , AS IN THE SEPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS FROM FERMENTED MATERIALS, OR IN THE SEPARATION OF TWO OR MORE LIQUIDS HAVING DIFFERENT BOILING POINTS, AS IN THE SEPARATION OF GASOLINE, KEROSENE, AND LUBRICATING OIL FROM CRUDE OIL.

12. 8)FLAME PHOTOMETER FLAME PHOTOMETER IS AN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT USED  IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES FOR DETERMINING OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM , LITHIUM AND CALCIUM IONS IN BODY FLUIDS .

13. 9) WEIGHING BALANCE A WEIGHING BALANCE IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT IS USED  TO DETERMINE THE WEIGHT OR MASS OF AN OBJECT . 

14. 10) REFRIGERATOR THE FUNDAMENTAL REASON FOR HAVING A REFRIGERATOR IS  TO KEEP FOOD COLD . COLD TEMPERATURES HELP FOOD STAY FRESH LONGER. THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND REFRIGERATION IS TO SLOW DOWN THE ACTIVITY OF BACTE- RIA (WHICH ALL FOOD CONTAINS) SO THAT IT TAKES LONGER FOR THE BACTERIA TO SPOIL THE FOOD.

15. 11)WASH BOTTLES A WASH BOTTLE IS A SQUEEZE BOTTLE WITH A NOZZLE, USED  TO RINSE VARIOUS PIECES OF LABORATORY GLASSWARE, SUCH AS TEST TUBES AND ROUND BOTTOM FLASKS . 

16. 12) BURRET STAND A TITRATION STAND (OR BURETTE STAND, RETORT STAND) IS A PIECE OF LAB EQUIPMENT, WHICH BURETTE CLAMPS CAN BE ATTACHED TO THE METAL ROD AND HOLD THE BURETTE,  COMMONLY USED FOR TITRATION EXPERIMENTS .

17. 13) PIPETTE STAND A PIPETTE STAND IS A HOLDER DESIGNED TO  PROVIDE SAFE AND CONVENIENT STORAGE FOR MANUAL AND ELECTRONIC PIPETTES . 

18. 15) Double Ring Infiltrometer The double ring infiltrometer is a simple instrument which is used to determine the infiltration rate of water into the soil. The infiltration rate is determinated as the amount of water per surface area and time unit, which penetrates the soils.

19. 16) Rectangular Water Bath A Rectangular Water Bath is laboratory equipment made from a container filled with heated water. It is used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time. All water baths have a digital or an analogue interface to allow users to set a desired temperature.

20. 17) Heating Metal A heating mantle, or isomantle, is a piece of laboratory equipment used to apply heat to containers, as an alternative to other forms of heated bath.

21. 18) Hot Plate electronic devices used to uniformly heat the liquid with or without stirring it. The principle of working is same as in the one used in a kitchen, its usage is in chemistry and biology lab.

22. 20) Centrifugal Machine centrifuge machine is one of the essential equipment in any laboratory. It is a simple device used to separate liquids of different densities by rotating them at high speed. This is mainly used to separate components of the blood and perform tests on them

23. 21) Soil Testing Kit By using Hanna's Quick Soil Test Kit, it is possible to measure pH and the most important elements for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). This kit is equipped with all the necessary reagents and equipment to perform over 10 tests for each parameter.

24. 22) Muffle Furnace Muffle Furnaces are used for high-temperature testing applications such as loss-on-ignition or ashing. Muffle Furnaces are compact countertop heating sources with insulated firebrick walls to maintain high temperatures .

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