SOLAR PV PROJECT by Md.Alamin bangladesh.pptx

The sun is an incredible and renewable resource that has the power to fuel life on earth and provide clean, sustainable energy to all of its inhabitants. In fact, more energy from the sun reaches our planet in one hour than is used by the entire population of the world in one year. The sun’s energy can be converted into electricity through solar photovoltaic (PV) modules (photo = light, voltaic = electricity).

1. SOLAR PV PROJECT-1 Md. Al -Amin National polytechnic Institute,dhaka

2. SOLAR CELLA Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert light energy directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are made from semiconductor materials (like silicon) and work by absorbing photons (particles of light) from the sun. When sunlight strikes the solar cell, it excites electrons within the semiconductor material, generating an electric current.

3. . 4. **Electric Field**: Within the solar cell, there is an internal electric field created by a junction between two different types of silicon (p-type and n-type). This junction is essential for separating the electron-hole pairs and directing the flow of electrons in a specific direction. 5. **Current Generation**: When the sun is shining on the solar cell, the movement of electrons and holes creates an electric current. Metal contacts on the top and bottom of the solar cell allow this current to be drawn off as usable electricity. 6. **Direct Current (DC) Output**: The electricity produced by a single solar cell is typically direct current (DC), which is suitable for charging batteries or for use in DC-powered devices. In grid-connected systems, inverters are used to convert DC electricity from solar panels into alternating current (AC) that is compatible with the electricity grid. 7. **Efficiency and Output**: The efficiency of a solar cell is determined by how effectively it converts sunlight into electricity. Factors such as the material quality, design, and environmental conditions (like sunlight intensity and temperature) affect the overall efficiency and output of a solar panel system. In summary, solar cells work by converting sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, utilizing semiconductor materials to generate and collect electric charges. This process forms the basis of solar energy technology, providing a renewable and sustainable source of electricity.

4. . Key points about solar cells: 1. **Structure**: Solar cells are typically made of layers of semiconductor materials. The most common type is crystalline silicon, but there are also thin-film solar cells made from materials like cadmium telluride or amorphous silicon. 2. **Efficiency**: The efficiency of solar cells refers to how much of the sunlight that strikes the cell is converted into usable electricity. Efficiencies vary depending on the type of cell and its manufacturing process, with commercially available solar panels typically ranging from 15% to 22% efficiency. 3. **Applications**: Solar cells are used in solar panels to generate electricity for a wide range of applications, from residential and commercial rooftops to large-scale solar farms. 4. **Environmental Benefits**: Solar cells generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants, making them a clean and renewable energy source. 5. **Advancements**: Research continues to improve solar cell efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs. Innovations include new materials, improved designs, and integration with energy storage systems like batteries. 6. **Challenges**: Challenges include the intermittency of sunlight (requiring energy storage solutions), the initial cost of installation (though it has been decreasing over time), and the need for space, especially for large-scale installations. Overall, solar cells play a crucial role in the transition to renewable energy and reducing dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation.

5. WORK PRINCHIPAL The working principle of solar cells is based on the photovoltaic effect, which is the process by which certain materials generate electric current when exposed to light. Here’s a more detailed explanation of how solar cells work: 1. **Semiconductor Material**: Solar cells are typically made from semiconductor materials such as silicon. Silicon atoms are arranged in a crystalline structure, and these materials have unique electrical properties that make them suitable for converting light into electricity. 2. **Absorption of Photons**: When sunlight (which is composed of photons) strikes the solar cell, the photons transfer their energy to electrons in the semiconductor material. This process excites some of the electrons, giving them enough energy to break free from their atomic bonds and move freely within the material. 3. **Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs**: The energy from absorbed photons creates electron-hole pairs. Electrons are negatively charged and move towards one side of the semiconductor material, while positively charged "holes" (the vacancies left by the freed electrons) move in the opposite direction.

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