Somatometric measurements generally used for identification.pptx

The presentations has important somatometric measurements

1. Somatometric measurements generally used for identification

2. INTRODUCTION: Anthropometry refers to the measurements of the human body. Anthropometry is categorized into three groups for convenience. They are somatometry (measurement on living human body), osteometry (measurement on skeletal long and short bones) and craniometry (measurement on the skull). Measurements on the living human is made using well defined anatomical landmarks. Somatometry is useful to compare different populations, designing aircrafts, space ships, furniture and uniforms to defense and paramilitary personnel; assessment of nutritional status; to study the effect of interventions; developing non-invasive markers for diagnosis; to formulate policy and; to understand micro-evolutionary process as they are reflected in genetic and morphological traits in human populations (Bhasin, 2006). Variations in human body dimensions are hypothesized to be due to interaction of environment with biological, nutritional, economic and cultural factors.

3. Guidelines for measurements of somatometric parameters: Measurements are recorded in a standing position with minimal clothing without shoes and the head should be in the ear-eye plane (Frankfurt plane). Measurements are generally made on the right side of the body unless there is evidence of extra musculature in which case, measurements should be made on the left side. In the case of infants or children, measurements can be made by advising them to sit on a stool of 40 cm in height. The allowed personal errors for various measurements are of the following: head measurement (0.5-1.0mm); head height (2.0 mm); most of the body measurements (3.0-5.0mm)

4. Anatomical landmarks: These may be defined as any anatomic feature present in a tissue that serves to indicate a specific structure or position. There are several landmarks used in Somatometry . Some of the landmarks are given below: Acropodion : Distal point on the toe-cap of the first or second toe Alare: Lateral point on the nasal wing Euryon : Lateral point on the sides of the head Glabella: Point between the eyebrow ridges above the nasal root Gnathion: Point on the lower margin of the lower jaw at midsagittal plane Gonion: Lowest posterior and most lateral point on the angle of the lower jaw Inion: Point on tuberculum linear on posterior protuberance in midsagittal plane Nasion: Point on the nasal root in the midsagittal plane Pronasale : Anterior point on the tip of the nose Prosthion: Point on the lower margin of the gums of the upper jaw in the midsagittal plane Pternion : Hind most point on the heel of the stretched foot Subnasale : Point at the lower margin of the nasal septum meets the integument of upper lip Tragion: Point on the upper margin of tragus 1-2 cm below the helix spine Zygion : Lateral point on the zygomatic arch Vertex Highest point on the head Acromion Lateral point on the lateral margin of the acromial process

5. Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Maximum Head Length Straight distance between glabella and opisthocaranion Spreading caliper with blunt ends Glabella-Inion Length Straight distance between glabella and inion Spreading caliper with blunt ends Maximum Head Breadth Straight distance between the two eurya Spreading caliper with blunt ends Minimum Frontal Breadth Straight distance between the two frontotempoalia Spreading caliper with blunt ends Bi-Auricular Breadth or Bi-Tragion Breadth Straight distance between the two tragia Spreading caliper with blunt ends Breadth of Bizygomatic Arch Straight distance between the two zygia Spreading caliper with blunt ends Bi-Gonial Breadth Straight distance between the two gonia Spreading caliper with blunt ends

6. Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Length of Hand Straight distance between the midpoint of line joing the two stylion and dactylion of the middle finger Sliding caliper Length of Thumb Straight distance between phalangion I of the thumb and dactylion of the same Sliding caliper Hand Breadth Straight distance between metacarpal radialis and metacarpal ulnare Sliding caliper Length of Foot Straight distance between acropodion to pternion sliding caliper Breadth of Foot Straight distance between metatarsal tibiale and metatarsal fibulare sliding caliper

7. Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Chest Girth 1.Chest Girth Inspiration 2.Chest Girth Expiration Circumference of the chest when breathing normally. Recorded at both inspiration and expiration. Tape Waist Girth Circumference of the abdomen at the most lateral contour of the body between the ribs and intestine Tape Hip Girth Circumference of the hips at their widest portion Tape Maximum Girth of the Upper arm Circumference of the upper arm at the maximal development of biceps muscles Tape Maximum Girth of Forearm Maximum circumference of the lower arm under the elbow joint Tape Least Girth of the Forearm or Girth of wrist Least cricumferne of the forearm proximal to the styloid process Tape Maximum Girth of Thigh Circumference at the lowest point in the gluteal furrow and horizontal to the thigh Tape Maximum Calf Girth Circumference where calf muscles are most developed Tape

8. Mesurement Landmarks Instrument used Nasal Breadth Straight distance between the two alaria Sliding caliper with flat arm Nasal Height Straight distance between nasion and subnasale Sliding caliper with flat arm Nasal Depth Projective distance between tip of th Nasal Depth Projective distance between tip of the nose and hind-most of the nasal septum Sliding caliper with flat arm Nasal Length or Length of Nose Straight distance between nasion and pronasale Sliding caliper with flat arm

9. Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Physiognomic Facial Height Straight distance between trichion and gnathion Sliding caliper Morphological Facial Height or Total Facial Height Straight distance between nasion and gnathion Sliding caliper Physiognomic Upper Facial Height Straight distance between nasion and stomion Sliding caliper Morphological Upper Facial Height Straight distance between nasion and prosthion Sliding caliper

10. 29 measurements ( head, face, nose, hand, feet, girth)

11. A list of some of the somatometric measurements with land marks and instruments Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Height Vertex or Stature Vertex-Floor Anthropometer Sitting Height Vertex Vertex-Sitting surface of the subject Anthropometer Sitting Height Acromion or Shoulder Height Sitting Acromion-Sitting surface of the subject Anthropometer

12. Measurement Landmarks Instrument used Body weight Total body weight. Measuring should be avoided in post meal Weighing machine Total upper extremity length (a- daIII )· It measures the straight distance between acromion (a) to dactylion ( daIII ) of the middle finger when the subject is in standard arm hanging position. Anthropometer Upper arm length (a-sty) It measures the straight distance from acromion (a) to stylion (sty) Anthropometer Arm Span Dactylia of one arm- dactylia of other arm Anthropometer

13. Somatometric indices generally used for identification Relative sitting height index: It is calculated by dividing sitting height vertex with height vertex and then multiplied by 100 Cephalic index = [(Maximum head breadth ( eu-eu ))/(Maximum head length ( g-op ))] x 100

14. Somatometric indices generally used for identification Morphological facial index = [(Morphological Facial Height ( n- gn ))/(Bi-zygomatic breadth ( zy-zy )) ] x 100

15. Morphological Upper facial index : It is calculated by dividing the upper morphological facial height ( nasion-prosthion height ) by bizygomatic breadth and multiplying the quotient by 100.

16. Nasal index = [(Nasal breadth ( al-al ))/(Nasal Height ( n- sn ))] x 100