SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY (Lesson - 1: Biochemistry & its importance in medicine, laboratory hazards, biosafety, universal precautions) FOR DMLT FIRST YEAR STUDENTS (U. P. State Medical Faculty syllabus) in ENGLISH & HINGLISH

PrabhatNigam6 198 views 34 slides Nov 20, 2024
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About This Presentation

Biochemistry & its importance in medicine; Laboratory hazards; Laboratory biosafety; Laboratory safety rules and precautions; Universal precautions; Laboratory design & administration


Slide Content

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SOMEBASICCONCEPTSOFBIOCHEMISTRYFORDMLTFIRSTYEARSTUDENTS(U.P.
StateMedicalFacultysyllabus)inEnglish&Hinglish
Medicallaboratorytechniciansarethebackboneofthediagnosticlaboratories.Thedutyand
responsibilityofamedicallaboratorytechnicianistodothelaboratorytestsproperlyandto
providethelaboratorytestresultsinformationtotheclinicianstoassistthemforthediagnosis,
treatmentandmanagementofthepatients.Thedutiesofamedicallaboratorytechnician
includesamplecollectionandhandling,laboratoryequipmentsoperation/maintenance,testing
andanalysis,qualitycontrol,datamanagementetc.Thus,theyhaveahugeresponsibilityto
provideaccuratetestresultsofbiochemical,pathological,andmicroscopicexaminationofcells,
tissues,andfluidsofthebody,sothatthecorrectdiagnosis,treatmentandmanagementofthe
patientscouldbedone.Inaddition,theyshouldcomplywiththecodeofethicssuchaspatient
safety,protection,consentandconfidentialityandtheirdutytocolleagues,theprofessionand
thesociety.
[मेडिकललबोरटरीतकनीशियन्सडायग्नोस्टिकलबोरटरीकीरीढ़कीहड्डीहोतेहैंIमेडिकललैबतकनीशियन्स
काकर्तव्यऔरउत्तरदायित्वहोताहैlaboratorytestsकोठीकसेकरनाऔरचिकित्सककोजाँचपरिणामोंकी
सूचनादेनाताकिचिकित्सककोमरीज़कीबीमारीकानिदान,इलाजऔरप्रबंधनमेंमददमिलसकेIएक
मेडिकललैबतकनीशियनकीdutiesमेंशामिलहै-मरीज़केजाँचsamplesकोसहीतरीकेसेएकत्रकरनाएवं
सम्भालना,वांछितजाँचकरना,जाँचोंकीगुणवत्ता(quality)बनाएरखना,लैबकेequipmentsकीदेखभाल,
मरीज़केजाँचपरिणामोंकासहीप्रबंधनआदिIइसप्रकारtechniciansकेऊपरएकबहुतबड़ीज़िम्मेदारीहोती
हैकिवेcells,tissues,bloodऔरbodyfluidsकीबायोकेमिकल,पैथोलॉजिकलऔरमाइक्रोसकोपिकजाँचों
कीबिलकुलaccuratereportदेंजिससेमरीज़ोंकीबीमारीकासहीनिदान,इलाजऔरप्रबंधनकियाजासकेI
इसकेअतिरिक्त,उन्हें'नीति-संहिता'(codeofethics)जैसेमरीज़कीसुरक्षा,बचाव,उसकीरज़ामंदीएवं
गोपनीयताकापालनकरनाचाहिएIइसकेसाथ-साथउन्हेअपनेपेशे,सहकर्मियोंऔरसमाजकेप्रति
ज़िम्मेदारीकाभीध्यानरखनाचाहिएI]

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LESSON1
[Biochemistry&itsimportanceinmedicine,laboratoryhazards,biosafety,universal
precautions,laboratorydesign&administration]
INENGLISH
BIOCHEMISTRYANDITSIMPORTANCEINMEDICINE
Biochemistryisabranchofsciencethatutilizeschemistryandotherphysicalsciences
tounderstandallthechemicalprocessesandtheproductsofsuchprocessesinaliving
system(ChemistryofLivingsystems).Biochemistryhasbecomethefoundationfor
understandingallbiologicalprocesses.Beingmultidisciplinaryincharacter,Biochemistrycovers
arangeofscientificdisciplines,includingGenetics,Microbiology,Forensics,Plantscienceand
Medicine.Ithasprovidedexplanationsforthecausesofmanydiseasesinhumans,animals,
andplants.Itcanfrequentlysuggestthewaysbywhichsuchdiseasesmaybetreatedand
finallycured.ThetermbiochemistrywasproposedbyCarlAlexanderNeubergin1903.Heis
referredtoasthe“fatherofmodernbiochemistry”.
Biochemistryisavaluablesubjectinthefieldofmedicinewithoutwhichtherewouldhavebeen
nosuchadvancementinthisfield.Ithashelpedinunderstandingthekeybiochemical
processesofthehumanbodysuchasmetabolism,cellulartransportandsignaling,enzyme
activity,water,acid-basebalance,bloodcoagulation,neuronalfunction,geneexpressionetc.In
addition,thebiochemicalanalysisofbodyfluidshelpsinthescreening,diagnosis,monitoring
andmanagementofmostofthehumandiseases.Thus,Biochemistrydefinitelyhassome
importanceineveryfieldofmedicine-
Physiology-Inphysiologywestudybodyfunctions.Biochemistryhelpsoneunderstandthe
biochemicalchangesandrelatedphysiologicalalterationsinthebodysuchasbiochemical
changesduringmusclecontraction-relaxation,digestion,hormonalactionetc.
Pathology:Inpathologywestudythediseasesandtheirdiagnosis.Thephysiciancangeta
clueonthebiochemicalchangesandtheassociateddisorderbasedonthesymptomsofthe
patientwhichcanbeconfirmedbythebiochemicalestimations.Forexample,ifapatient
complainsaboutstiffnessinsmalljoints,thenthephysicianmaysuspectittobegoutandmay
getitconfirmedbyevaluatinguricacidlevelsinthebloodasuricacidaccumulationinblood
resultsingout.Likewise,bydoingbloodglucosewecandiagnosediabetesandgivetreatment
accordingly;biochemicalanalysisforketonesbodiesinurinealsoindicatesthestageof
diabetes;kidneyfunctiontesthelpsindiagnosisandtreatmentofkidneydisorders;liverfunction
testshelpunderstandthetypeofdiseaseordamagetotheliver,theeffectofanymedicationon
theliver,etc.;evaluationofbloodcholesterolandotherlipoproteinshelpstounderstandtherisk
ofthepatienttocardiovasculardiseases.
Nutritiondeficiency:Vitamins&mineralsarevitalforbetterhealth.Thefunctionandroleofthe
vitaminsinthebodyaredescribedonlybybiochemistry.Theirdeficiencycanbedetectedby
theirbiochemicalestimations.

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Hormonaldeficiency:Therearemanydisordersduetohormonalimbalanceespeciallyin
womenandchildren.Theformationandtheroleofhormonesinnormalbodyfunctioncouldbe
knownbybiochemistrybywhichthephysiciancanunderstandtheconcernedproblemduring
treatment.
Pharmacology&Pharmacy-Thisincludesdrugdiscovery,production,preparation,dispensing
etc.Theeffectiveness,half-life,stability,metabolism,drug-interaction,sideeffectsetc.ofany
drugisstudiedthroughBiochemistry.
Thus,almostalldiseasesordisordershavesomebiochemicalinvolvement.Sothediagnosisof
anyclinicalconditionandmonitoringofthepatient'sconditionregularlyduringthetreatmentis
easilypossiblebybiochemicalestimations.Additionally,certaintestsmayhelpinevaluatingor
monitoringtheeffectiveness/sideeffectsofaparticulardrug.
LABORATORYHAZARDS
Therearemanytypesofpossiblelaboratoryhazardswhichmayhaveseriousconsequenceson
laboratoryworkers'safetyandhealth,ifoverlooked.Therefore,itisimportanttoidentifyand
minimizethem.Themaincategoriesoflaboratoryhazardsare:
●ChemicalHazards
●BiologicalHazards
●PhysicalHazards
●ElectricalHazards
ChemicalHazards-Variouschemicalsareusedinthelaboratorywhichmaybecorrosive,toxic
orinflammable.Thereisalwayssomeriskandhazardwhileusingthem.Therefore,these
chemicalsshouldbehandledcarefullytoavoidhealthhazards.Thechemicalhazardsmaybe
duetodirectphysicalcontact,ingestionorinhalationofthechemical.
Precautionstopreventchemicalhazards-
●Weshouldbeawareofthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesoflaboratorychemicals-
examples-drypicricacidexplodesonpercussion(shouldnotbekeptingroundglass
stopperedbottle);organicsolventssuchasether,chloroformandacetonehave
explosiveandfirehazards,soshouldnotbeusednearburnerorheater;thereactionof
strongacidandwaterishighlyexothermic,therefore,acidshouldbeaddedtowater
carefullybutwatershouldnotbeaddedtoacidwhiledilutingtheacid.
●Properstorageofchemicals-Specializedstoragecabinetsshouldbeavailablefor
hazardousreagentsandchemicals,suchasthosewithtoxic,flammable,oxidizingor
corrosiveproperties,e.g.highlytoxicchemicalslikePotassiumcyanidearekeptlocked
inthecupboardandproperdocumentationismadeinthestockregister;carcinogenic
chemicalsshouldbestoredinclosedcontainersandexposuretosuchchemicalsshould
bekepttoaminimum.
●Mouthpipettingshouldbeavoided(pipettepumporotherdevicesshouldbeused).
Differenttypesofpipettefillerbulb/pump

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●Dangerouschemicals(toxicchemicals)arekeptinsmallamountsforroutineuse.
●Usehazardsymbolstolabelhazardouschemicals.
●Caremustbetakenwhenpouringreagentstoavoidsplashing.
●Ifthereisanypossibilityofsplashingthenusesafetywears(apron,protectiveeye
glasses,faceshield,mask)whilehandlingchemicalsandreagents.
●Toavoidradiationhazardstheradioactivematerialshouldbestoredinleadshielded
containersproperlylabeledwithradiationsymbolandidentity.
Leadshieldedcontainer
●Onlytrainedstaffispermittedtohandleradioactivechemicals;thestaffshouldwear
safetyspectacles,disposableglovesandpersonaldosimeters(aninstrumentusedto
measureionizingradiationexposure)andaccuraterecordsaremaintainedforuseand
disposalofradioactivechemicals.
●Followthethreebasicprinciplesofradiationsafetyradiation-‘Time,Distanceand
Shield’(TDS).
●Propercleaningofthechemicalspillageandtheirdisposal.
●Properhandhygieneafterusingchemicals.
BiologicalHazards(Biohazards)-Thepotentialbiologicalhazardssourcescouldbeblood,
bodyfluids,tissuesandmicrobes.Thebiologicalhazardsmaybeamassiveriskfornotonlythe
laboratoryworkersworkingwiththematerials,butalsoanyonetheycomeintocontactwith
outsideofworkbybecomingthecarriersoftheinfectioncaughtinthelaboratory.
Precautionstopreventbiologicalhazards-
●Everylaboratoryspecimenshouldbeconsideredpotentiallyinfectiousandshouldbe
handledcarefully.
●FollowUniversalprecautions/standardprecautionsforhandlinghumanbloodandbody
fluidssuchashandhygiene,useofprotectivebarriers,cleaningofcontaminated
surfaces/fluidspillsandsafehandling/disposalofcontaminatedmaterial.
●VaccinationagainstdiseasessuchasHBV.
●Avoidingmouthpipetting.
●Prohibitionofeating,drinking,smokingorapplyingcosmeticsinthelaboratory.
PhysicalHazards-Thesourcesofphysicalhazardsincludeheatingdevices(hotplate,burner
etc.),movingtheequipments,cutsduetobrokenglassandsharps,slippingonthewetfloor,
electricshock,burnsandscalds.
PrecautionstopreventPhysicalhazards-
●Adoptingstandardelectrificationmethods.
●Handleequipmentcarefullyandifitistobemovedfromitsplacebecarefultoavoidany
injury.
●Avoidwearingslippers,sandalsoropentoedshoesinthelaboratory.
●Useglasswarescarefullyandavoidusingbrokenandchippedglasswares.

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●Theflooringshouldbenon-slipperyandspillageoffluidsonthefloor,ifany,shouldbe
cleanedimmediatelyasperSOP.
●Goodqualityglasswareshouldbeusedforboilingliquidsandwhileboilingliquids,due
careshouldbetakentoavoidinjuriesfromthehotliquid.
●Electricalequipmentshouldnotbetouchedwithwethands.
●Brokenglassmustbehandledusingadustpanandbroomorforceps/tongs;notpicked
upbyhand.Brokenuncontaminatedglassmustbedisposedofinabrokenglassbox.
●Contaminatedbrokenglassshouldbedisposedofinabiohazardsharpscontainerand
thebroomusedforitwillneedtobedisposedoforsterilized.
ElectricalHazards-Electricalhazardsarepotentiallylifethreateningandthesourcesof
electricalhazardsaremalfunctioningelectricalequipment,unsafeuseofextensioncordsand
plugsandimpropermaintenanceofelectricalequipment.
Precautionstopreventelectricalhazards-
●Allpoweroutletsthatcouldbeexposedtowetconditionsshouldbeequippedwith
ground-faultcircuitinterrupters.
●Flexibleextensioncordsshouldbeavoidedandifused,thenshouldbewellmaintained.
●Electricalequipmentshouldnotbehandledwithwethands.
●Repairorservicesshouldbedonebyauthorizedpersonsonly.
●Theequipmentshouldnotbeleftswitchedonwhennotinuse.
LABORATORYBIOSAFETY
Laboratorybiosafetymeansapplicationofbiosafetyprinciplesandpracticesinthelaboratoryto
reducethehealthrelatedrisksduetoanaccidentalorunintentionalexposurewhilehandling
infectiousagents,toxinsoranyotherbiohazardousmaterial.Therefore,theworkerswhohandle
potentiallycontaminatedbiologicalagentsmustbeawareoftherisksandhowtodotheirjobs
safely.Biosafetymeasuresmustbeobservedbyeveryone,becauseeveryoneinthelaboratory
isatriskofcarryingpathogenicmicroorganisms.Thebiologicalcontaminationmaybecontained
byusingbarrierssuchassafetyequipment(PPE),insulatingworkareas,handhygiene,
ventilationsystems,immunizationandproperdisposalofhazardouslaboratorymaterial.
Fourlevelsofbiosafetyhavebeendefinedonthebasisoftheseverityofthehealth-relatedrisk
associatedwiththeworkbeingconducted.Fourbiosafetylevels(BSL)aredesignedtoidentify
theprotectivemeasuresneededinalaboratorysettingtoprotectworkersaswellasthe
surroundingenvironmentandcommunity.
Biosafetylevel1(BSL-1)-isthelowestofthefourandsuitableforworkwithagents(including
non-pathogenicmicroorganisms,e.g.E.coli)whichdonotcausediseaseinhealthyhumans
andposeminimalpotentialhazardtolaboratorypersonnelandtheenvironment.
SafetymeasuresinBSL-1-
●Avoidmouthpipetting
●Safehandlingofsharps
●Decontaminationoflaboratoryworkingareabeforeandaftertheworkandimmediate
decontaminationafterspills.
●Followhandhygiene
●Prohibitionoffood,drinkandsmokinginlaboratory

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●Useofpersonalprotectiveequipment,suchaseyeprotection,glovesandalabcoator
gownusage,ifneeded.
●DisplayofBiohazardsignswhereverrequired.
Biosafetylevel2(BSL-2)-issuitableforworkinvolvingagentsofmoderatepotentialhazard
(pathogenicorinfectiousorganisms)topersonnelsandtheenvironment.Example-HIV,
Staphylococcusaureus.PersonnelsworkinginBSL-2labsareexpectedtotakeevengreater
caretopreventinjuriessuchascutsandotherbreachesoftheskin,aswellasingestionand
mucousmembraneexposures.
SafetymeasuresforBSL-2-
●UseofPPEasneeded
●Useofbiologicalsafetycabinet(BSC)forprocedureswiththepossibilityofaerosoland
splashes.
●Availabilityofautoclaveoranalternativemethodofdecontaminationforproperdisposal.
●Self-closing,lockabledoors.
●Easyavailabilityofasinkandeyewashstation.
●Restrictedentry.
●DisplayofBiohazardsignswhereverrequired.
Biosafetylevel3(BSL-3)-issuitableforworkinvolvingmicrobeswhichcancauseseriousand
potentiallylethaldiseaseviatheinhalationroute.Example-yellowfever,WestNilevirus,and
thebacteriathatcausestuberculosis.
SafetymeasuresforBSL-3-
●Standardpersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeworn,andrespiratorsmightberequired
●Solid-frontwraparoundgowns(i.e.gownsthattieintheback),scrubsuitsorcoverallsare
oftenrequiredandmustbediscardedordecontaminatedaftereachuse.
●AllworkwithmicrobesmustbeperformedwithinanappropriateBSC
●Accesshands-freesinkandeyewashareavailableneartheexit
●Sustaineddirectionalairflowtodrawairintothelaboratoryfromcleanareastowards
potentiallycontaminatedareas(Exhaustaircannotbere-circulated)
●Twosetsofself-closingdoors(toreducetheriskofaerosolsescaping)
●Entrytothelaboratoryisrestrictedandcontrolledallthetime.
Biosafetylevel4(BSL-4)-isthehighestlevelofbiosafetyandissuitableforworkwithagents
thatcouldeasilybeaerosol-transmittedwithinthelaboratoryandcauseseveretofataldisease
inhumansforwhichtherearenoavailablevaccinesortreatments.Example-Ebolaand
Marburgviruses.
SafetymeasuresforBSL-4-InadditiontoBSL-3measures,BSL-4laboratorieshavethe
followingcontainmentrequirements:
●Personnelarerequiredtochangeclothingbeforeentering,showeruponexiting.
●Decontaminationofallmaterialsbeforeexiting.
●PersonnelmustwearappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentfrompriorBSLlevels,
aswellasafullbody,air-supplied,positivepressuresuit.
●AClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinet.
●BSL-4laboratoryisextremelyisolated—oftenlocatedinaseparatebuildingorinan
isolatedandrestrictedzoneofthebuilding.

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LABORATORYSAFETYRULESANDPRECAUTIONS:
Thelaboratorysafetyandprecautionsbeginrightfromtheentryinthelaboratoryandaretobe
followedtilltheexitfromthelaboratory.
1.Itisveryimportanttoknowaboutthedresscodesforsafetyinthelaboratory:
●Thehairshouldbetiedbackifitislong.
●Looseclothinganddanglingjewelryshouldbeavoided.Cottonclothesarebestsuited.
●Sandalsandopentoedshoesshouldnotbeworn.Thefeetshouldbefullycoveredby
thefootwears(shoes).
●Neverwearshortsorskirtsinthelab.
●Contactlensesshouldnotbeworninthelaboratory.
●Labcoatsmustbewornwhileworkinginthelabandshouldberemovedbeforeleaving
thelabandalsoifgoingforlunch,restroomormeetinginaconferenceroom.[Labcoat-
fullsleeveisbetterbecauseinlabwedealwithhazardouschemicalsandpathogens
andweshouldtrytoexposeourbodytothemaslittleaspossible.Halfsleevemaybea
fashionablebutnotsafe]
●Protectivelaboratoryclothingthathasbeenusedinthelaboratorymustnotbestoredin
thesamelockersorcupboardsasstreetclothing.
2.Itisimportanttoknowtheemergencyexitofthelaboratory,aidemergencyresponse
personnelandwheretheitemslikefireextinguishers,emergencyshowers,eyewashfaucets,
firstaidkits,andfireblanketsarestoredandhowtooperateorusethem.Knowemergency
phonenumbers(firestation,policeetc.)tousetocallforhelpincaseofanemergency.
3.Eating,drinkingandsmokingisstrictlyprohibitedinthelaboratory(notevenchewing
gum/paanmasala).Donotkeepediblesordrinkingwateretc.inthelaboratoryrefrigerator.
Laboratoryglasswaresshouldneverbeutilizedasfoodorbeveragecontainers.
4.LearnaboutLaboratorySafetySymbolsandHazardSigns.Thesymbolsincludehazard
warningsymbols,safety(mandatory)symbolsandprohibitorysymbols.Hazardwarning
symbolsareblackpicturesinyellowororangebackground.Safetysymbolsareroundwhite
pictureswithbluebackground,prohibitorysymbolsareroundblackpicturesinwhitebackground
witharededgeanddiagonalline.Whitesignswithgreenbackgroundareemergencysigns.
Belowaresomesigns/symbols-

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5.Everylaboratoryspecimenshouldbeconsideredpotentiallyinfectiousandshouldbehandled
carefullyusingprotectivegloves.Preventthebreakageofspecimencontaineranditsspillage.
Incaseofanyspillage,followtheSOPforitsproperdisposal.Theaccident/incidentofspillage
shouldberecordedintheprescribedregister.
6.Donotpipettebloodoranybodyfluidoranyreagentbymouth.Useapipettepump.
7.NEVERrun,push,orengageinhorseplayofanykindinthelaboratory.
8.Attheendofthedayswabtheworkingbenchwithathickheavydutypapertowelsoakedin
disinfectant.
9.Disposeofusedneedles,syringesandotherbiohazardlaboratorymaterialinproper
disposablecontainers.
10.Washyourhandswellbeforeleavingthelaboratory.
Somemoreprecautions-
●Combinereagentsintheirappropriateorder.Forexample-fordilutingstrongacid,add
acidtowaterandnotwatertoacid.
●Donottasteorintentionallysmellchemicals.
●Safetyglassesshouldbewornwhileworkingwithdangerouschemicalssuchasacids
wheretherearechancesofsplash.Contactlensesshouldnotbeworninsuch
situations.
●Facemasksshouldbewornwheretheaerosolformationanddispersionisexpected.
●Donotusedrainsandsewerforchemicalsdisposal.
●Performworkwithhazardouschemicalsinaproperlyworkingfumehoodtoreduce
potentialexposures.
●Avoidworkingaloneinthelaboratory.
●Pencils,pensoranyothersuchmaterialshouldneverbeplacedinyourmouth.
●Nevertouchelectricalinstrumentswithwethands.

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●Donotcontaminatechemicalsbyusingdirtyorusedspatulafortakingoutthesolid
chemicals.
●Donotcontaminatereagentsandliquidchemicalsbyusingdirtyorusedpipettesfor
takingthemout.
●Laboratoryworkingareashouldbecleanedbeforeandafterthework.
●Whileheatinganyliquidinatesttube,neverheatthebottomofthetesttube.Heatinthe
middleofthetubewithgentleshakingandthemouthofthetesttubeshouldnotbe
pointedtowardsyourselforanyotherperson.
●Chippedandcrackedglasswaresshouldnotbeused.
●Ongettinginjuredinthelaboratoryyoushouldyelloutimmediatelyandasloudasyou
cantoensureyougethelp.
UNIVERSALPRECAUTIONS
TheseprecautionswereintroducedinUSAbytheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention
(CDC)in1985,inthewakeoftheAIDSepidemic.Universalprecautionshavebeendesigned
forworkerswhoworkinanenvironmentwheretheyareexposedtobloodandotherbodilyfluids
visiblycontaminatedwithbloodsuchassemen,vaginalsecretions,synovialfluid,amnioticfluid,
cerebrospinalfluid,pleuralfluid,peritonealfluid,fecesandurine.In1996,theCDCexpanded
theconceptandchangedthetermto"standardprecautions",whichintegratedandexpanded
theelementsofuniversalprecautionstoincludecontactwithallbodyfluids(exceptsweat),
regardlessofwhetherbloodispresentornot.Infectioncanoccurwhentheseagents(infected
bodyfluids)comeintocontactwithbrokenskinorcontactwithmucousmembranesoftheeyes,
noseandmouth.Itisimportanttoconsiderallbiologicalwastesasinfectious.Thepurposeof
theseprecautionsistopreventhealthworkersfromanypossibleinfectionfromsuchbodyfluids
ofthepatients.
Thebloodbornepathogenscanspreadthrough:
●Directcontact-Infectedbloodorbodyfluidfromonepersonentersanotherperson’s
bodyatacorrectentrysite,suchasinfectedbloodsplashingintheeye.
●Indirectcontact-Aperson’sskintouchesanobjectthatcontainsthebloodorbodyfluid
ofaninfectedperson,suchaspickingupsoileddressingscontaminatedwithaninfected
person’sbloodorbodyfluid.
●Respiratorydroplettransmission-Apersoninhalesdropletsfromaninfectedperson,
suchasthroughacoughorsneeze.
Therefore,allthelaboratoryworkersshouldfollowtheseuniversalprecautions/standard
precautionsatalltimes:
HandHygiene-
Whentowashhands-
●Beforewearingandafterremovalofgloves.
●Before&afterpatientcontact
●Uponcontactorwhenthere'svisiblecontaminationwithbloodorotherpotentially
infectiousmaterial.
●Uponcompletionofrequiredtasksandbeforeleavingthelaboratory.

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Howtowashhands-
●Wetyourhandsandapplyenoughliquidsoaptocreateagoodlather.
●Rubyourpalmstogetherclockwiseandanticlockwise.
●Rubthebackofyourhandswithyourfingerslinkedthroughtheotherhand,useyour
rightpalmtorubthebackofyourlefthandanddothesameforthebackofyourright
hand.
●Interlinkyourfingerstogether,facingeachother,intoclaspedhands.Thenrubyour
palmsandfingerstogether.
●Cupyourfingerstogether,withyourrighthandoverandyourlefthandunder.Withyour
fingersinterlocked,rubthebacksofthemagainstyourpalms.Thendoitviceversa.
●Dorotationalrubbingofyourleftthumbclaspedintherightpalm,thendoitviceversa.
●Rubyourfingersoveryourleftpalminacircularmotion,thendoitviceversa.
●Thoroughlyrinseyourhandswithwarmrunningwateranddrywithaclean,disposable
papertowelorusinganautomatichanddryer.
●Useadisposablepapertoweltoturnoffthetap.
●Useanalcohol-basedhandsanitizerthatcontainsatleast60%(preferably70%)alcohol
whensoapandwaterarenotavailable(handsrubbeduntildry).

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Useofprotectivebarriers-Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)includesprotectiveclothing,
gloves,faceshields,goggles,facemasksand/orrespiratorsorotherequipmentdesignedto
protectthewearerfrominjuryorthespreadofinfectionorillness.
Gloves(Surgicalqualitylatex,vinylglovesornitrilegloves)-
Latexgloves(madeoflatex;naturalrubber)-arecheap,durable,flexibleandcomfortablewith
midrangebarrierprotectionbutmaybeallergictosomepeople.Availablebothpowdered

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(lycopodiumpowderorcornstarch)andpowderfree.Disposablelatexglovesaresuitablefor
mostmedicalenvironments--aslongaslatexallergiesarenotanissue.
Vinylgloves(Madefrompolyvinylchloride(PVC)-arecheap,softandcomfortablewith
standardbarrierprotection.Availablebothpowderedandpowderfree.Vinylglovesare
commonlyusedinnon-hazardousandlow-infectionenvironments.
Nitrilegloves(madeofnitrilebutadienerubber(NBR)-arelatexandproteinfree,chemicaland
puncture-resistantwithhighbarrierprotection.Powderisnotrequiredandtheseglovesarethe
idealchoiceforanyonewhohastohandlepotentiallyhazardousandcorrosivechemicalsand
alsoperfectlysuitedformostmedicalenvironments.
●Glovesmustbewornwhentouchingblood,bodyfluids,secretions,excretions(e.g.
samplecollection),mucousmembranes,ornon-intactskin.Changewhenthereis
contactwithpotentiallyinfectedmaterialinthesamepatienttoavoid
cross-contamination.
●Glovesmustbewornduringrunningtests.
●Glovesarealsonecessaryfordisinfectingcontaminatedsurfacesanddisposingofused
materialsandbiologicalwaste.
●Changeglovesaftereachtaskorexposureanddisposeascontaminatedwaste.
●Washhandsthoroughlywithwarmwaterandsoapafterremovinggloves.
Stepsforcorrectwayofglovesremoval
Protectiveeyeglasses,faceshieldandamaskmustbeusedwhereblood,bodyfluids,fecesor
hazardouschemicalsarelikelytosplashorgeneratedropletsonthemucousmembranesofthe
eyes,noseormouth.

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Protectiveeyeglasses Faceshield Surgicalmask
Protectivebodyclothing(disposablefluid-resistantgowns)shouldbewornwhenthereisa
potentialforsplashingofbloodorbodyfluids.Disposablegownsshouldbediscardedasregular
wasteunlesssignificantlycontaminatedwithblood/bodyfluidsinwhichcasetheyshallbe
discardedasbiohazardouswaste.
Disposablefluidresistantgown Shoecovers
HowtoputonPPE-
Handhygiene→shoecovers,ifapplicable→gown→facemask→faceshield/goggles→
gloves
HowdoyouremovePPE-
Shoecovers→gloves→gownremovedfromshoulders→goggles/faceshield→facemask
→handhygiene
Cleaningofcontaminatedsurfaces/fluidspills-
●Wearglovesandusedisposabletowelsorothermeansofcleaningthatwillensure
againstdirectcontactwithblood,bodyfluidsorfeces.
●Todecontaminatetheareafirstcoveritwithpapertowelsoranyabsorbingpapers.
●Thencleantheareawithwateroranydetergent.
●Thenpouranapprovedgermicideor1:10solutionofconcentratedbleachsolution
(0.5%)andleaveitforatleast30minutes.
●Removeallthesoakedpaperswithglovedhandsanddiscard.
●Likewisethecontaminatedsurfaceofanyequipmentmustbethoroughlywashedand
disinfected.
Safehandling/disposalofcontaminatedmaterial-
●Donotbreak,bow,ordirectlymanipulateusedneedles.Recappingshouldbeavoided,
butifnecessary,usethe"one-handscooptechnique"only.Discardallused'sharps'in
appropriatepuncture-resistantcontainers.Neverplace'sharps'intheregulartrash.

14
Onehandscooptechnique
●Usedsharpsshouldbedisposedofindestinedsharpresistantcontainersandthese
sharpsshouldneverbedisposedofinageneralwastebin.
●Specialprecautionsmustbeobservedwhendisposingofbiologicalwasteandmaterials
contaminatedwithbiologicalwaste.
●Considerallbiologicalwasteasinfectious.Wearpuncture-resistantglovesandhandle
allcontaminatedwastescarefullytopreventbodycontact.
●Disposeofbiologicalwasteinapuncture-resistantcontainerlinedwithaleak-proof
plasticbag.Postabiologicalwastesymbolonthecontainer.
●Donotloadthecontainerbeyonditscapacityorcompactthecontents.Compactionmay
leadtoadditionalcontaminationoftheworkarea.
Fourtypesofwastedisposalcontainersareusedinalaboratory-
1.Translucentpunctureresistantsharpcontainerforusedneedles,bladesandothersharp
item.
2.Yellowcolouredcontainerforcontaminatedcotton,bandages,masksetc.
3.Redcolouredcontainerforusedsyringes,gloves,vacutainersandothercontaminated
plasticitems.

15
4.Bluecolouredcontainerforusedglassampules,vials,testtubesandotherglassitems.
Inaddition,ablackcontainerisusedforuncontaminatedandnoninfectiousitems.
LABORATORYDESIGNANDADMINISTRATION
Theprimaryobjectivewhiledesigningabiologicallaboratorymustbetokeeplaboratory
workers,theenvironmentandthewidercommunitysafefromtherisksassociatedwithhandling
biologicalagents.Beforedesigningthelaboratory,thescopeofthelaboratoryshouldbe
decidedwhichmeanswhattestswouldbeperformedinthelaboratoryandthenthelistof
equipmentsrequiredshouldbemade.
●Thelaboratoryshallbecompletelyseparatedfromoutsideareasi.e.boundbyfourwalls.
●Asingleroomperipheralmedicallaboratoryareashouldbeatleast5m×6m.
●Materialsusedforwallsandfloorsmustbeeasytoclean,andimpermeableand
resistanttothechemicalsanddisinfectantsusedinthelaboratory.Forexample,vinylor
linoleumaresuitablematerialsforfloors.Tilesandwoodenplanksarenotappropriate
becauseliquidscanseepthroughthesmallgapsbetweenthem.
●Floordrainsinthelaboratorymustincludegrillsorwatertrapstopreventinsects,
rodentsorotherverminentering.
●Ifthelaboratoryhaswindowsthatopen,theymustbefittedwithinsectscreens.
●Theentrancedoorshouldpreferablybeself-closing,andwideenoughtomove
equipments,materialsorwasteeasily.
●Thedoorsmustbefittedwithvisionpanelssothatworkersarevisibleandtoprevent
collisions.
●Thedoorsshouldbeappropriatelylabelledsuchasinternationalbiohazardsymbols,
emergencycontactdetailsoftheresponsiblepersons,restrictedaccessetc.
●Thefurnituremustbesturdyandallworksurfaces(e.g.,benchtopsandcounters)must
beimpervioustowaterandresistanttoheat,disinfectantsandchemicalsthatmaybe
usedinthelaboratory,forexample,acids,alkalisandorganicsolvents.
●Thefurnituremustnotincludeanyfabricsurfaceswhichmayabsorbandhold
contaminants.

16
●Curtainsandblindswithabsorbentsurfacesmustnotbeusedastheymayaccumulate
dustandarenoteasilycleanedifmaterialisspilledonornearthem.
●Shelvesandcupboardsshouldbedesignedtoaccommodatechemicalsandother
laboratoryitems.Chemicalstorageshelvesshallnotbeplacedabovelaboratorysinks.
●Specializedstoragecabinetsneedtobeavailableforhazardousreagentsand
chemicals,suchasthosewithflammable,oxidizingorcorrosiveproperties.
●Spaceforemergencysuppliessuchaseyewashes,first-aidmaterialsandbiologicalor
chemicalspillkitsmustalsobeprovidedandbeappropriatelylocatedandlabelled.
●Thereshouldbeaspace/counterforreceivingtheblood,urineetcspecimens.
●Handwashingfacilitiesshouldbelocatedascloseaspossibletotheexitdoorandthis
areashouldbededicatedtohandwashingonlyandkeptseparatefromanysinkswhere
chemicalsorcontaminatedliquidsareprocessed.
●Labsafetyequipmentssuchaseyewashstationsandfireextinguishersshouldbethere
inthelab.
●Hiddenspacesorsurfaces,suchasbehindorunderneathfurnitureandequipment,can
beaccessedformaintenance,cleaninganddecontamination.
●Thelocationofwasteand/orwastedecontaminationunits(suchasautoclaves)mustbe
consideredsothatodourandexcessiveheatgenerateddonotaffectotherareasor
personnelinthelaboratory
●Enoughfloorspacemustbeprovidedtoenablesafeandsecurestorageofwastebefore
itisdecontaminatedortransportedfordisposal.
●Thelabshallhaveaminimumaisleclearanceofatleast24inches.Mainaislesusedfor
emergencyegressmusthaveaclearancewidthofatleast36inches.
●Environmentalcontrols,includingcomfortcoolingand/orheatingsystems(toprovidea
comfortabletemperature)andairconditioning(tocontroltheconditionoftheair),maybe
necessaryasatemperatureand/orhumiditycontrolmeasuretoensureacomfortable
workingenvironmentforpersonneltoperformtheirtaskssafelyandwithoptimal
efficiency.
●Areliableenergysupplyshouldbeavailablealongwithapowerbackuptoensure
continuityoftheworkinthelaboratory.
●Theprovisionforanemergencyexitandforaccessbyemergencyservicesis
mandatory.
●Safetysystemsaredictatedbytheneedsassessmentandmustcomplywith
governmentregulationsand/orapplicablebuildingregulations.Installationofsafety
systemsforfire,includingfirealarms,andforlaboratorygases,whereapplicable,must
beconsidered.

17
Maintenanceoflaboratory-Maintenanceplaysanimportantroleinkeepingthelaboratory
equipmentsandsystemsreliable.Therearetwotypesofmaintenance:plannedmaintenance
(predictivemaintenanceandpreventativemaintenance)andunplannedmaintenance
(breakdownmaintenanceoremergencymaintenance,alsocalledcorrectivemaintenance).
Plannedmaintenance-
●Everyequipmentinthelaboratoryrequiresregular(weekly/monthly)preventive
maintenanceandthepersonnelresponsibleforitshallkeepitsrecordinthelogbook.
●Ifatechniciandiscoversthataparticularpieceofequipmentsuddenlyperformsoutside
normalparameters,he/shetriggersapredictivemaintenanceprotocoltoconveniently
schedulearepairorpreventfuturebreakdowns.
Unplannedmaintenance-
●Ifanequipment'sperformanceisabnormalandcannotberectifiedatlaboratory
personnellevelthenitrequirescorrectivemaintenancebytherespectivecompany
personnel.
●Theinformation(customercare)aboutalltheequipmentcompaniesshouldbeeasily
availabletoallthelaboratorypersonnelsothatthey(company)couldbeinformedabout
theequipmentbreakdown.

18
INHINGLISH
BIOCHEMISTRYANDITSIMPORTANCEINMEDICINE
बायोकेमिस्ट्री(जीवरसायनविज्ञान)--विज्ञानकीवोशाखाहैजिसमेंप्राणीमेंहोनेवालीरासायनिकप्रक्रियाओं
औरउनकेउत्पादोंकाअध्ययनरसायनऔरभौतिकीयविज्ञानकीसहायतासेकियाजाताहैIजैविकप्रक्रियाओं
(biologicalprocesses)कोसमझनेकाआधारबायोकेमिस्ट्रीहीहैIबायोकेमिस्ट्रीकास्वरुपबहुआयामीहोने
केकारणइसकाफैलावअन्यविषयोंजैसेजेनेटिक्स,माइक्रोबायोलॉजी,फॉरेनसिक्स,प्लांटसाइंसऔरमेडिसिन
आदितकहैIबायोकेमिस्ट्रीद्वारामनुष्यमेंहोनेवालीअनेकबीमारियोंकेकारणों,निदानऔरउपचारके
स्पष्टीकरणहेतुमददमिलीहैI
ThetermbiochemistrywasproposedbyCarlAlexanderNeubergin1903.Heisreferredtoas
the“fatherofmodernbiochemistry”.
बायोकेमिस्ट्रीकाचिकित्साक्षेत्रमेंमहत्व(ImportanceOfBiochemistryInMedicalField)
बायोकेमिस्ट्रीकामेडिसिनकेक्षेत्रमेंकाफ़ीमहत्वहैऔरमेडिसिनकेक्षेत्रमेंजितनीप्रगतिहुईहैवो
बायोकेमिस्ट्रीकेबिनासंभवनहींथीIमानवशरीरमेंहोनेवालीजीवरसायनिकप्रक्रियाओंजैसे-metabolism,
cellulartransportऔरsignaling,enzymeactivity,waterऔरacid-basebalance,blood
coagulation,neuronalfunction,geneexpressionआदिकोसमझनेमेंBiochemistryनेबहुतमददकीहै
Iइसकेअलावा,bodyfluidsकेविश्लेषणद्वारामनुष्यमेंहोनेवालीअनेकबीमारियोंकेपरेक्षण(screening),
कारणों,निदानऔरउपचारकेस्पष्टीकरणहेतुमददमिलीहैIचिकित्साक्षेत्रकीप्रत्येकशाखामेंबायोकेमिस्ट्री
कामहत्वहै:
Physiology(फिज़ियोलॉजी)-
फिज़ियोलॉजीमेंहमbodyfunctionsकाअध्ययनकरतेहैंऔरबायोकेमिस्ट्रीद्वाराहमेंपताचलताहैकिशरीर
मेंहोनेवालेबायोकेमिकलपरिवर्तनोंकाbodyphysiologyपरक्याप्रभावपड़ताहैIइससेहमेंdigestion,
hormonalaction,musclecontraction/relaxationआदिकेरासायनिकपहलुओंकोसमझनेमेंमददमिलती
हैI
Pathology(पैथोलॉजी)-
पैथोलॉजीमेडिकलसाइंसकीवोशाखाहैजिसमेंबीमारियोंकाअध्ययनऔरनिदान(diagnosis)शामिलहैI
बायोकेमिस्ट्रीकेअध्ययनद्वाराकिसीबीमारीसेसम्बद्धbiochemicalपरिवर्तनोंकापताचलसकताजिससे
चिकित्सककोमरीज़केइलाजमेंमददमिलसकतीहैIजैसे-goutकेलक्षणवालेसंभावितमरीज़केbloodमें
uricacidकेस्तरकीजाँचकरकेgoutकीपुष्टिकीजासकतीहैऔरफिरउसकाइलाजठीकसेकियाजासकता
हैIइसीप्रकार,bloodमेंglucoseकेस्तरकीजाँचकरकेडायबिटीजकापतालगाकरमरीज़कासमुचितइलाज
कियाजासकताहैIपेशाबमेंbiochemicalanalysisद्वाराketonebodiesकीजाँचकरकेdiabetesकी
तीव्रताकापताकरसकतेहैंIइसीभांति,bloodमेंliverfunctiontest,kidneyfunctiontestऔरlipid
profileद्वाराक्रमशःliver,kidneyऔरheartकीबीमारियोंकापताकरकेमरीज़कासमुचितइलाजकियाजा
सकताहैIशरीरमेंhormonesकीकमीयाअधिकतासेहोनेवालेविकारोंकेबारेमेंभीbloodमेंइनकेस्तरकी
जाँचद्वारापताकियाजाताहैऔरफिरचिकित्सकउनकाउपचारकरतेहैंIइसकेअलावाशरीरकेnormal
functionकेलिएhormonesकेमहत्वकोbiochemistryद्वाराअच्छीतरहजानाजासकताहैI
Nutritiondeficiency-
विटामिन्सऔरmineralsकेकार्योंऔरउनकेroleकेबारेमेंजाननेमेंbiochemistryकीभूमिकामहत्वपूर्णहैI
bloodमेंvitaminsऔरmineralsकेस्तरकीजाँचकरमरीज़कासहीइलाजकियाजासकताहैI
Hormonaldeficiency-HormonalimbalanceकेकारणअनेकबीमारियाँहोसकतीहैंIबायोकेमिस्ट्री
द्वाराशरीरमेंइनहोर्मोंन्सकेकार्योंकेअध्ययनद्वाराचिकित्सकइनकीकमीयाअधिकतासेहोनेवालेविकारों
कोबेहतरसमझसकतेहैंI

19
Pharmacology&Pharmacy-
इसकेअंतर्गतदवाओंकीखोज,उत्पादन,तैयारी,वितरण,समीक्षाऔरनिगरानीआदिशामिलहैंI
दवाओंकीप्रभावशीलता(effectiveness),अर्द्ध-आयु(half-life),stability,metabolism,drug-
interaction,sideeffectsआदिकेबारेमेंbiochemistryद्वाराहीअध्ययनकियाजाताहैI
इसप्रकारलगभगसभीबीमारियोंओरविकारों(disorders)काbiochemistryसेकुछनकुछसम्बन्धहोताहैI
इसीलिए,कोईभीclinicalconditionकेनिदान(diagnosis)औरमरीज़केइलाजकेदौरानउसकीस्थितिकी
निगरानीहेतुbiochemicalinvestigationsद्वाराबहुतसहायतामिलतीहैI
LABORATORYHAZARDS(प्रयोगशालामेंखतरे/जोखिम)
प्रयोगशालामेंकईप्रकारकेखतरे/जोखिमहोसकतेहैंजिनका,सावधानीनरखनेपर,प्रयोगशालामेंकार्यरत
कर्मचारियोंकीसेहतऔरसुरक्षापरगंभीरप्रभावपड़सकताहैIअतःइनखतरोंकीपहचानकरनाऔरउनको
कमकरनाअतिआवश्यकहैIlaboratoryhazardsकीचारमुख्यश्रेणीयाँहैं:
●ChemicalHazards
●BiologicalHazards
●PhysicalHazards
●ElectricalHazards
ChemicalHazards-लैबमेंकईप्रकारकेकेमिकल्सप्रयोगहोतेहैं,जैसे-संक्षारक(corrosive),विषैले
(toxic)औरज्वलनशील(inflammable),जिनकेइस्तेमालमेंहमेशाखतराबनारहताहैIइसलिएइनका
इस्तेमालसावधानीपूर्वककरनाचाहिएजिससेहमारेस्वास्थ्यपरइनकाकोईबुराअसरनहींहोIChemical
hazardsकेमिकल्सकेसीधेशारीरिकसंपर्क(directphysicalcontact),अंतर्ग्रहण(ingestion)याअंतःश्वसन
(inhalation)द्वाराहोसकताहैI
Chemicalhazardsकोरोकनेकेउपाय-
●हमेंchemicalsकीphysicalऔरchemicalpropertiesकीजानकारीहोनीचाहिए,उदाहरणार्थ-dry
picricacidकेparticlesकेआपसमेंटकरानेसेexplosionहोसकताहै,इसलिएइसेgroundglass
केstopperवालीbottleमेंनहींरखनाचाहिए;chloroform,etherऔरacetoneजैसेorganic
solventsअत्यधिकज्वलनशीलहोतेहै,इसलिएइनकोजलतेहुएburner/heaterआदिकेनिकट
इस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिए;एकstrongएसिडऔरपानीकेबीचप्रतिक्रियामेंअत्यधिकheatउत्पन्न
होतीहै(exothermicreaction),इसलिएएसिडकोपानीमेंधीरे-धीरेडालनाचाहिएलेकिनएसिडमें
पानीकभीनहींडालनाचाहिएI
●सहीढंगसेchemicalsकाstorage(भंडारण)-hazardousreagentsऔरchemicalsकोstore
करनेहेतुविशेषcabinetsहोनेचाहिएIउदाहरणार्थ-potassiumcyanideजैसे-अत्यधिकtoxic
chemicalsकोcabinetमेंlockकरकेरखतेहैंऔरlogbookमेंउसकापूर्णविवरणलिखकररखतेहैं;
carcinogenicchemicals(कैंसरपैदाकरनेवालेपदार्थ)कोबंदcontainersमेंरखनाचाहिएऔर
उनसेexposureकमसेकमरखनाचाहिएI
●Mouthpipettingनहींकरनीचाहिए(इसकेलिएpipettepumpयादूसरेतरीकेइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिए
)I
विभिन्नप्रकारकेpipettefillerbulb/pump

20
●ख़तरनाक(toxic)केमिकल्सकोroutineइस्तेमालकेलिएकमसेकममात्रामेंरखनाचाहिएI
●ख़तरनाककेमिकल्सपरhazardsymbolsकेलेबललगानाचाहिएI
●केमिकल्सऔरreagentsकाइस्तेमालसावधानीसेकरनाचाहिएताकिsplashingनहींहो(छलकेनहीं
)I
●यदिsplashingकीसम्भावनाहोतोsafetywears(gloves,apron,mask,safetyeyeglasses
औरfaceshield)काइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिएI
●radioactivechemicalsसेनिकलनेवालेradiationsसेबचनेहेतुइनकेमिकल्सकोlead
containersमेंठीकसेलेबललगाकरअलगस्थानपररखनाचाहिएI
●radioactiveकेमिकल्सकोकेवलtrainedव्यक्तिकोसुरक्षाउपकरणों(जैसे-safetyspectacles,
disposableglovesऔरionizingradiationexposureकोमापनेवालेpersonaldosimeters)के
साथहीइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिए;इनकेइस्तेमालऔरनिस्तारण(disposal)कापूराrecordरखना
चाहिएI
●Radiationsसेबचनेहेतु‘Time,DistanceandShield’(TDS)कापालनकरनाचाहिएI
●chemicalsकेspillageहोनेपरउनकीसहीतरीकेसेसफाईहोनीचाहिएI
●केमिकल्सछूनेकेबादहाथोंकीसफाईआवश्यकहैI
BiologicalHazards(Biohazards)-काअर्थहैBiologicalsubstancesद्वाराहोनेवालेस्वास्थ्य
सम्बंधितखतरेIBiologicalhazardsकेpotential(संभावित)स्रोतblood,bodyfluids,tissuesऔर
microbesहोतेहैंIbiologicalhazardsनकेवललैबमेंकामकरनेवालोंकेलिएखतरनाकहोतेहैंबल्किलैबके
बाहरलोगोंकेलिएभी,क्योंकिलैबकेकर्मचारीलैबसेप्राप्तसंक्रमणकेवाहक(carriers)होसकतेहैंI
Biologicalhazardsकोरोकनेकेउपाय-
●लैबकेप्रत्येकspecimenकोरोगजनक(infectious)समझनाचाहिएऔरइनकोhandleकरतेसमय
पूरीसावधानीरखनीचाहिएI
●Humanbloodऔरbodyfluidsकोhandleकरतेसमयuniversal/standardprecautions(hand
hygiene,protectivebarriers,cleaningofcontaminatedsurfaces/spillsऔरcontaminated
materialकासहीढंगसेनिस्तारण)कापालनकरनाचाहिएI
●HepatitisBजैसीबीमारियोंकीvaccinesलगवानाचाहिएI
●MouthpipettingनहींकरनीचाहिएI
●लैबमेंखाना,पीना,धूम्रपानऔरcosmeticsकेइस्तेमालकानिषेधहोनाचाहिएI
PhysicalHazards-Physicalhazardsकेस्रोतोंमेंशामिलहैं-heatingdevices(hotplate,burner
etc.),किसीequipmentकोखिसकाना,brokenglassयाअन्यsharps(needle,blade)सेकटना,गीली
फर्शपरफ़िसलना,बिजलीकाshockलगनाऔरdryheatयाwetheatसेजलनाI
Physicalhazardsकोरोकनेकेउपाय-
●Electrificationकेमानक(standard)तरीकोंकोअपनानाI
●Equipmentsकासहीतरीकेसेइस्तेमालकरनाऔरइन्हेएकस्थानसेदूसरेस्थानपरखिसकातेसमय
ध्यानरखनाकिकहींचोटनलगेI
●लैबमेंचप्पल,सैंडलयाखुलेमुँहवालेजूतेनपहननाI

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●Glasswaresकासावधानीपूर्वकइस्तेमालकरनाऔरचिटकेएवंटूटेglasswaresकाइस्तेमालनहीं
करनाI
●लैबकीफर्शफिसलनेवालीनहींहोऔरफर्शपरकोईतरलपदार्थगिरनेपरतुरंतलैबकेनियमानुसार
(SOP)साफकरनाI
●Liquidboilकरनेहेतुअच्छीqualityकेglasswares(जैसे-borosilicateglasswares)इस्तेमाल
करनाऔरliquidsकोसावधानीपूर्वकगर्मकरनाताकिगर्मliquidसेस्वयंयाकिसीअन्यकोक्षतिन
होI
●ElectricalequipmentsकोगीलेहाथोंसेनछूनाI
●टूटेहुएglasswaresकोdustpan,झाड़ू,चिमटेआदिकीमददसेउठानाऔरअदूषित
(uncontaminated)टूटेglassकोटूटेglassवालेboxमेंरखनाचाहिएI
●दूषित(contaminated)टूटेglassकोbiohazardsharpcontainerमेंरखनाचाहिएऔरइस्तेमाल
कीगईझाड़ूकोयातोफ़ेंकदेनाचाहिए(नियमानुसार)याफिरउसेsterilizeकरनाचाहिएI
ElectricalHazards-Electricalhazardsजीवनकेलिएघातकहोसकतेहैंऔरइनकेस्रोतोंमेंशामिलहैं-
ख़राबelectricalequipment,extensioncordऔरplugकागलततरीकेसेइस्तेमालऔरelectrical
equipmentsकाअनुचितरखरखावI
Electricalhazardsकोरोकनेकेउपाय-
●वोसभीpoweroutletsजिनकाwetconditionsसेexposureहोनेकीसम्भावनाहो,उन्हे
ground-faultcircuitinterruptersसेequippedहोनाचाहिएI
●Flexibleextensioncordsकेइस्तेमालसेबचनाऔरअगरइनकाइस्तेमालकरनापड़ेतोइनकासही
रख-रखावरखनाI
●ElectricalequipmentsकोगीलेहाथोंसेनहींछूनाI
●Electricalrepairऔरserviceअधिकृतव्यक्तिद्वाराकरनाI
●इस्तेमालकरनेकेबादequipmentकोONनछोड़नाI
LABORATORYBIOSAFETY
Laboratorybiosafetyकाअर्थहैलैबमेंरोगजनक,विषैलेऔरअन्यbiohazardousपदार्थोंकेसम्पर्कमें,
दुर्घटनावशयागैरइरादतनexposure,होनेपरस्वास्थ्यसम्बंधितखतरोंकोकमकरनेऔरबचनेहेतु
biosafetyकेसिद्धांतोंकाउपयोगऔरअनुशीलनकरनाIइसलिएलैबमेंकामकरनेवालेकर्मचारियोंकोइन
दूषितbiologicalपदार्थोंकेसम्पर्कमेंआनेसेहोनेवालेखतरोंऔरउनसेबचावकेबारेमेंपताहोनाचाहिएI
Biosafetyउपायोंकासभीकोपालनकरनाचाहिएक्योंकिलैबमेंकार्यरतसभीलोगोंकेरोगजनकसूक्ष्मजीवों
(pathogenicmicroorganisms)केवाहकहोनेकाखतराहोताहैIBiologicalcontamination(जैविक
संदूषण)कोsafetybarriersजैसे-safetyequipment(PPE),कार्य-क्षेत्रकेinsulation,handhygiene,
ventilationsystem,टीकाकरणऔरलैबकेhazardousmaterialकेसहीढंगसेनिस्तारणद्वारानियंत्रित
कियाजासकताहैI
लैबमेंकियेजारहेकार्यसेसम्बद्धस्वास्थ्यसम्बंधितखतरोंकीतीव्रताकेआधारपरbiosafetyकोचार
levels(स्तरों)मेंपरिभाषितकियागयाहैIBiosafetylevels(BSL)कीरचनालैबकेकर्मचारियोंऔरलैबके
आसपासकेवातावरणऔरसमुदायकेलिएआवश्यकसुरक्षात्मकउपायोंकीपहचानहेतुकीगईहै:
Biosafetylevel1(BSL-1)-सबसेप्रारंभिकस्तरहैजोउनlabsकेलिएहैजिनमेंउनपदार्थों(गैररोगजनक
सूक्ष्मजीवोंसहित,जैसे-E.coli)केसाथकामहोताहैजोस्वस्थमानवमेंकोईबीमारीकाकारणनहींबनतेहै
औरलैबकेकर्मचारियोंएवंवातावरणकेलिएकमसेकमसंभावितखतराहोतेहैंI
BSL-1मेंसुरक्षाउपाय-
●mouthpipettingनहींकरेंI
●sharpsकोसुरक्षिततरीकेसेhandleकरेंI

22
●लैबमेंकार्यक्षेत्रकोकार्यप्रारम्भऔरसमाप्तिकेबादdecontaminateकरनाऔरspillहोनेपरउसे
तुरंतसाफकरdecontaminateकरनाI
●Handhygieneकाध्यानरखनाI
●लैबमेंखाना,पीनाऔरधूम्रपाननिषिद्धहोनाI
●PPEकाज़रूरतपड़नेपरइस्तेमालकरनाI
●जहाँज़रूरीहोवहाँBiohazardsignलगानाI
Biosafetylevel2(BSL-2)-वहाँउपयुक्तहोताहैजहाँलैबकर्मियोंऔरवातावरणकोलैबमेंइस्तेमालहोने
वालेपदार्थों(रोगजनकसूक्ष्मजीवी)सेमध्यमस्तरकासंभावितखतराहोIजैसे-HIV,Staphylococcus
aureusआदिIBSL-2मेंकामकरनेवालोंसेउम्मीदकीजातीहैकिवेskinकेकटने-छिलनेसेहोनेवाली
injuries,ingestionयाmucousmembraneकेexposureसेबचनेकाअधिकध्यानरखेंI
BSL-2मेंसुरक्षाउपाय-
●PPEकाआवश्यकतानुसारउपयोगकरनाI
●aerosolयाsplashकेखतरेवालीप्रक्रियाओंमेंBiologicalSafetyCabinet(BSC)काउपयोग
करनाI
●Biologicalwasteकेनिस्तारणसेपूर्वउसेdecontaminateकरनेहेतुautoclaveयाअन्यवैकल्पिक
methodकाउपलब्धहोनाI
●अपनेआपबंदऔरlockहोनेवालेदरवाजेहोनाI
●Sinkऔरeyewashस्टेशनकालैबमेंउपलब्धहोनाI
●लैबमेंप्रतिबंधितप्रवेश(restrictedentry)होनाI
●जहाँज़रूरतहोवहाँHazardsignsलगानाI
Biosafetylevel3(BSL-3)-कीवहाँज़रूरतहोतीहैजहाँउनagentsवजीवाणुओंपरकार्यहोताहैजो
अंतःश्वसन(inhalation)द्वारामनुष्यकोसंक्रमितकरघातकबीमारीपैदाकरसकतेहैंIजैसे-yellowfever,
WestNilevirus,SARS-CoV-2औरtuberculosisबीमारीकेबैक्टीरियाआदिI
BSL-3मेंसुरक्षाउपाय-
●मानक(standard)PPEकाrespiratorकेसाथइस्तेमालI
●Solid-frontwraparoundgowns(i.e.gownsthattieintheback),scrubsuitsorcoverallsका
इस्तेमालऔरइस्तेमालकेबादउसेdecontaminateयासहीतरीकेसेनिस्तारितकरनाI
●BiologicalSafetyCabinet(BSC)काउपयोगकरनाI
●लैबकीExitकेपासhand-freesinkऔरeyewashस्टेशनकाहोनाI
●लैबकेसंभावितcontaminatedक्षेत्रोंमेंलैबकेसाफक्षेत्रोंसेनिरंतरदिशात्मकवायुप्रवाहकाप्रावधान
होना(exhaustairrecirculationनहो)I
●लैबमेंself-closingdoorकेदोsetहोनाताकिaerosolकेलैबसेबाहरनिकलनेकाखतराकमहोI
●लैबमेंप्रवेशप्रतिबंधितहोनाऔरजोहरसमयनियंत्रितहोI
Biosafetylevel4(BSL-4)-सबसेउच्चस्तरकीbiosafetyहैऔरयहउनलैब्सकेलिएहैजहाँaerosol
द्वाराआसानीसेtransmitहोनेवालेagentsपरकामहोताहोऔरजोऐसीगंभीरबीमारीकाकारणहोसकतेहों
जिनकानतोकोईइलाजहोऔरनकोईवैक्सीनउपलब्धहोIजैसे-Ebola,NipahandMarburgviruses.
BSL-4मेंसुरक्षाउपाय(BSL-3केउपायोंकेअतिरिक्त)-
●लैबमेंप्रवेशसेपहलेकपड़ेबदलनाऔरबाहरनिकलनेपरतुरंतस्नानकरनाI
●लैबसेबाहरआनेसेपूर्वसभीmaterialsकोdecontaminateकरनाI
●BSL-3केPPEकेसाथ-साथfullbody,air-supplied,positivepressuresuitपहननाI
●Class-3biologicalsafetycabinetकाइस्तेमालकरनाI
●BSL-4लैबएकअलगबिल्डिंगमेंहोतीहैयाफिरबिल्डिंगकेअलगऔरप्रतिबंधितक्षेत्रमेंबनाईजाती
हैI

23
LABORATORYSAFETYRULESANDPRECAUTIONS(प्रयोगशालामेंसुरक्षानियमऔर
सावधानियाँ)
लैबमेंसुरक्षानियमऔरसावधानियाँलैबमेंप्रवेशकेसाथहीशुरूहोजातीहैंऔरलैबसेनिकलनेतकउनका
पालनकियाजाताहै:
1.लैबमेंसुरक्षाहेतुलैबकेdresscodes-
●सिरकेबालयदिलम्बेहैंतोउन्हेंपीछेठीकसेबांधलेनाचाहिएI
●बहुतज़्यादाढीलेढाले-कपड़ेऔरलटकनेवालीज्वेलरीनहींपहननीचाहिएIसूतीकपड़ेअधिकउचित
होतेहैंI
●चप्पलयाखुलेमुँहवालेजूतेलैबमेंनहींपहननेचाहिएI
●नेकरयास्कर्टनहींपहनेंI
●लैबमेंcontactlensesकाइस्तेमालनहींकरेंI
●लैबमेंकामकरतेसमयlabcoatपहननाचाहिएऔरlabसेबाहरजातेसमय,लंच,शौचालयया
conferenceroomमेंजानेसेपहलेउसेउतारदेनाचाहिएI[Labcoat-fullsleeveisbetter
becauseinlabwedealwithhazardouschemicalsandpathogensandweshouldtryto
exposeourbodytothemaslittleaspossible.Halfsleevemaybeafashionablebutnot
safe]
●लैबमेंइस्तेमालकियेगएसुरक्षावस्त्रोंकोसामान्यवस्त्रोंकेसाथनहींरखनाचाहिएI
2.लैबमेंउपलब्धसुरक्षासम्बंधितजानकारीजैसे-आपातकालीनस्थितिमेंकिसेसूचनादेनीहैतथा
आपातकालीनद्वार,अग्निशामकयन्त्र,eyewashनल,इमरजेंसीshower,fireblanket,firstaidkitके
स्थानऔरप्रयोगविधिकापताहोनाचाहिएIआपातकालीनस्थितिमेंमददहेतुemergencyphone
numbers(firestation,policeetc.)कीजानकारीहोनीचाहिएI
3.लैबमेंखाना,पीनाऔरधूम्रपानसख्तमनाहोताहै(chewinggumऔरपानमसालाभी)Iलैबकेफ्रिजमें
खाने-पीनेकीवस्तुनहींरखेंIलैबकेglasswares(beakerआदि)कोखाने-पीनेकेसामानकेलिएइस्तेमाल
नहींकरेंI
4.लैबसुरक्षाऔरखतरों(hazards)केsignsऔरsymbolsकीजानकारीहोनीचाहिए,जिनमेंकुछwarning
औरसुरक्षाकेलिएहोतेहैंतोकुछmandatoryऔरprohibitoryहोतेहैंIHazardwarningकेsymbolsपीले
यानारंगीbackgroundमेंकालेरंगसेहोतेहैं,safetysymbolsनीलीbackgroundमेंगोलाकारसफ़ेदऔर
prohibitorysymbolsसफ़ेदbackgroundमेंगोलाकारकालेरंगऔरलालdiagonal(विकर्ण)लाइनवकिनारे
केसाथहोतेहैंIहरेbackgroundमेंसफ़ेदsymbolsemergencyकेsignहोतेहैंIनींचेकुछsign/symbol
दिएहैं-

24
5.लैबमेंप्रत्येकsampleकोरोग़जनक(infectious)समझनाचाहिएऔरउसेprotectiveglovesपहनकरही
छूनाचाहिएIsamplecontainerकोटूटनेसेबचानाचाहिएऔरयदिकिसीवजहसेsampleकाबिखराव
(spillage)होजायेतोउसेतुरंतलैबकेनियमानुसार(SOP)साफकरनाचाहिएतथाइसदुर्घटनाकेबारेमें
निर्धारितरजिस्टरमेंविवरणलिखनाचाहिएI
6.Blood,bodyfluidयाकोईभीreagentकीमुँहसेpipettingनहींकरें,इसकेलिएpipettepumpयाअन्य
deviceकाइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिएI
7.लैबमेंकोईहड़बड़ी,धक्कामुक्कीयाकिसीप्रकारकाहुड़दंगनहींकरनाचाहिएI
8.लैबकेसारेकामसमाप्तकरनेकेबादworkingbenchकोdisinfectकरनाचाहिएI
9.इस्तेमालहुईneedle,syringeऔरअन्यbiohazardmaterialकोनिर्धारितcontainersमेंनिस्तारित
करनाचाहिएI
10.लैबछोड़नेकेपूर्वहाथोंकोठीकसेधोनाचाहिएI
कुछऔरसावधानियाँ-
●लैबreagentsकोसहीक्रममेंmixकरनाचाहिए,जैसे-strongएसिडकोपानीमेंधीरे-धीरेडालना
चाहिएलेकिनएसिडमेंपानीकभीनहींडालनाचाहिएI
●केमिकल्सकोसूंघनायाचखनानहींचाहिएI

25
●ख़तरनाकchemicals(जैसे-acids)काइस्तेमालकरतेसमयअगरsplash(छींटे)कीसम्भावनाहो
तोsafetyeyeglassesकाइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिएIऐसेमेंcontactlensesकाइस्तेमालनहींकरना
चाहिएI
●अगरaerosolबननेयाफैलनेकीसम्भावनाहोतोfacemaskपहननाचाहिएI
●ChemicalsकोdrainयासीवरमेंनहींडालनाचाहिएI
●Hazardouschemicalsकेसंभावितexposureसेबचनेहेतुसुचारुरूपसेकामकररहेfumehood
काइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिएI
●लैबमेंअकेलेकामकरनेसेबचनाचाहिएI
●पेंसिल,पेनयाऐसीकोईवस्तुकोमुँहमेंनहींडालनाचाहिएI
●ElectricalinstrumentsकोगीलेहाथोंसेनहींछूनाचाहिएI
●Chemicalbottleसेchemicalनिकलनेकेलिएगंदेspatulaकाइस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिएI
●Liquidchemicalsकोbottleसेनिकलनेकेलिएगंदेpipetteकाइस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिएI
●किसीliquidकोtesttubeमेंगर्मकरतेसमयइसेbottomपरगर्मकरनेकीबजायेtesttubeकेबीच
मेंगर्मकरनाचाहिएऔरधीरेधीरेहिलातेरहनाचाहिएकिन्तुtesttubeकामुँहअपनीयाकिसीदूसरे
कीतरफनहींहोनाचाहिएI
●लैबमेंकामशुरूकरनेकेपूर्वऔरकामसमाप्तकरनेकेबादworkareaकोसाफ़करलेनाचाहिएI
●टूटेयाचिटकेglasswaresकाइस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिएI
●लैबमेंचोटलगनेपरज़ोरसेचिल्लानाचाहिएताकिआवाज़सुनकरकोईमददकेलिएआजाएI
UNIVERSALPRECAUTIONS
Universalprecautions,CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),USAद्वारा1985में
एड्सकेमद्देनज़रintroduceकियेगएथेIइनकीरचनाउनworkersकेलिएकीगईहैजोऐसेवातावरणमें
कामकरतेहैंजहाँउनकालोगोंकेशरीरकेbloodऔरअन्यbodyfluidsजोbloodसेcontaminatedहों,जैसे
-blood,semen,vaginalsecretions,synovialfluid,amnioticfluid,cerebrospinalfluid,pleuralfluid,
peritonealfluid,fecesऔरurineसेexposureहोताहैIकिन्तु1996मेंCDCनेइसconceptकाविस्तार
करतेहुएइसेएकनयानामदिया'StandardPrecautions'जिसमेंसभीbodyfluidsकेcontactसेबचनेको
कहागयाचाहेउसमेंbloodpresentहोयानहोIइनbodyfluidsकासंपर्कworkersकीकटी-छिलीत्वचा
याआँख,नाकऔरमुँहकीmucousmembraneसेहोनेपरउन्हेंसंक्रमणहोसकताहैIसभीप्रकारके
बायोलॉजिकलwasteकोभीरोग़जनकसमझनाचाहिएIइनprecautionsकाउद्देश्यस्वास्थ्यकर्मियोंको
मरीज़केbodyfluidsसेहोनेवालेसंभावितसंक्रमणसेबचानाहैI
रक्तजनितरोगाणुइसतरहफैलसकतेहैं-
●Directcontactद्वारा-एकव्यक्तिकेसंक्रमितbloodयाbodyfluidकादूसरेव्यक्तिकेशरीरमें
किसीentrypointद्वाराप्रवेशकरना,जैसे-संक्रमितbloodकेछीटोंकाआँखोंमेंपड़नाI
●Indirectcontactद्वारा-किसीव्यक्तिकीskinकासंक्रमितbloodयाbodyfluidवालीकिसीचीज़
केसम्पर्कमेंआना,जैसे-संक्रमितगंदीdressingकोबिनाglovesपहनेछूनेसेI
●Respiratorydropletstransmission-कोईव्यक्तिकाकिसीसंक्रमितव्यक्तिकेखाँसनेयाछींकने
सेउत्पन्नdropletsकोinhaleकरनेसेI
इसलिएसभीलैबworkersकोuniversalprecautions/standardprecautionsकासदैवपालनकरनाचाहिए
औरयेनिम्नहैं:
हाथोंकीसफाई(Handhygiene)
हाथकबधोनाचाहिए-
●GlovesपहननेकेपहलेऔरउतारनेकेबादI
●मरीज़केसंपर्क/स्पर्शकेपहलेऔरबादमेंI
●Bloodयाअन्यसंभावितरोग़जनकपदार्थकेसंपर्कमेंआनेपरI

26
●लैबमेंकामसमाप्तकरनेकेबादऔरलैबछोड़नेसेपहलेI
हाथकैसेधोयें-
●हाथोंकोगीलाकरliquidsoapलेकरहाथोंकोमलकरझागबनायेंI
●दोनोंहथेलियोंकोआपसमेंclockwiseऔरanticlockwiseमलेंI
●दाहिनेहाथकीहथेलीकोबाएंहथेलीकेपिछलीतरफरखकरउँगलियोंकोफसाँतेहुएमलेंIफिर
इसीतरहबाएंहाथकीहथेलीसेदायींहथेलीकेपिछलीतरफकोमलेंI
●दोनोंहाथोंकीउँगलियोंकोआपसमेंफसाँतेहुएउँगलियोंऔरहथेलियोंकोआपसमेंमलेंI
●दाहिनेहाथकीउँगलियोंसेcupजैसाबनाकेउसेबाएंहाथकीउँगलियोंकेcupमेंफँसाकरउन्हेंहथेलियों
परमलेंIइसप्रक्रियाकोबाएंहाथकोदाएंमेंफँसाकरदोबाराकरेंI
●दाएंहाथसेबाएंहाथकेअंगूठेकोमलेंऔरइसीतरहदाएंअंगूठेकोबाएंहाथसेमलेंI
●दाएंहाथकीउँगलियोंकोबाएंहाथकीहथेलीपरcircularmotionमेंमलें,फिरबाएंहाथकीउँगलियों
कोदाएंहाथकीहथेलीमेंमलेंI
●अबनलकेपानीमेंअच्छीतरहहाथोंकोधोलेंऔरpapertowelयाautomatichanddryerसेहाथों
कोसुखालेंI
●नलकोdisposablepapertowelसेबंदकरेंI
●साबुनऔरपानीउपलब्धनहींहोनेपरalcoholbasedsanitizerकाइस्तेमालकरेंऔरहाथोंकोसूखने
देंI

27
Protectivebarriersकाइस्तेमाल-Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)मेंशामिलहैं-protective
clothing,gloves,faceshields,goggles,facemasksand/orrespiratorsयाअन्यequipmentजिनके
द्वाराinjuryयासंक्रमणसेबचाजासकेI
Gloves(Surgicalqualitylatex,vinylglovesornitrilegloves)-
Latexgloves-येlatex/naturalrubberसेबनेसस्ते,टिकाऊ,लचीलेऔरआरामदायकglovesहोतेहैं
किन्तुयेमध्यमश्रेणीकाbarrierprotectionदेतेहैंऔरकुछलोगोंकोlatexसेएलर्जीभीहोतीहैIये
powdered(lycopodiumयाcornstarchpowder)औरबिनाpowderकेमिलतेहैंIDisposablelatex
glovesmedicalenvironmentमेंबहुतउपयुक्तहोतेहैं,बेशर्तेlatexसेएलर्जीनहींहोI
Vinylgloves-polyvinylchlorideसेबनेयेglovesसस्ते,मुलायमऔरआरामदायकहोतेहैंऔरstandard
barrierprotectionदेतेहैंIयेpowderसहितऔरpowderरहितदोनोंहीउपलब्धहैंIvinylglovesका
इस्तेमालकमजोखिमऔरकमसंक्रमणवालेवातावरणमेंउपयोगीहैंI
Nitrilegloves-nitrilebutadieneसेबनेयेgloveslatexऔरप्रोटीनमुक्तहोतेहैंऔरchemicalएवं
punctureresistantहोनेकेकारणउच्चकोटिकाbarrierprotectionदेतेहैंIइनमेंpowderकीआवश्यकता
नहींहोतीINitrileglovesकाइस्तेमालतबएकआदर्शविकल्पहैजबकोईpotentiallyhazardousऔर
corrosivechemicalsकेसाथकामकररहाहोIमेडिकलवातावरणमेंभीइसकाइस्तेमालउपयुक्तहैI
●Blood,bodyfluids,secretions,excretions,mucousmembranes,ornon-intactskinके
संपर्कमेंआनेकीसंभावनाहोनेपर(जैसे-samplecollection)glovesपहनकरकामकरनाचाहिए
औरइनरोग़जनकपदार्थोंसेसम्पर्कहोनेपरदूषितglovesकोतुरंतबदललेनाचाहिएताकिcross
contaminationनहींहोI
●कोईभीtestलगातेसमयglovesपहननाचाहिएI
●Contaminatedsurfaceकोसाफकरतेसमयऔरbiologicalwasteकोछूतेसमयभीgloves
पहननेचाहिएI
●Glovesपहनकरएककार्यसमाप्तकरनेकेबाददूसराकामकरनेकेपहलेglovesबदललेनाचाहिए
औरइस्तेमालकियेglovesकोcontaminatedwasteकीतरहनिस्तारितकरनाचाहिएI
●Glovesउतारनेकेबादहाथोंकोसाबुनऔरपानीसेअच्छीतरहधोनाचाहिएI
Howtosafelyremovegloves

28
Protectiveeyeglasses,faceshieldandamask-काइस्तेमालवहाँकरनाआवश्यकहैजहाँblood,
bodyfluidयाकिसीख़तरनाककेमिकलकेsplashहोनेकीसम्भावनाहोऔरमुँह,नाकऔरआँखकी
mucousmembraneपरउसकीबूँदेंपड़सकतीहोंI
Protectiveeyeglasses Faceshield Surgicalmask
Protectivebodyclothing(disposablefluid-resistantgowns)-काइस्तेमालवहाँकरनाचाहिएजहाँ
bloodयाbodyfluidकेsplashकीसम्भावनाहोIDisposablegownsकोसामान्यwasteकीतरहdiscard
करनाचाहिए,किन्तुblood/bodyfluidsसेदूषितहोनेपरउसेbiohazardouswasteकीतरहनिस्तारित
करनाचाहिएI
Disposablefluidresistantgown Shoecovers
PPEपहननेकाक्रम-Handhygiene→shoecovers,ifapplicable→gown→facemask→face
shield/goggles→gloves
PPEउतारनेकाक्रम-Shoecovers→gloves→gownremovedfromshoulders→goggles/face
shield→facemask→handhygiene
Contaminatedsurfaces/fluidspillsकोसाफकरना-
●Glovesपहनकरdisposabletowelयाअन्यabsorbingpaperकाइस्तेमालकरनाचाहिएजिससे
blood,bodyfluidयाfecesसेसीधेसम्पर्कसेबचसकेंI
●Spillकोdecontaminateकरनेकेलिएपहलेइसेpapertowelयाकोईabsorbentpaperसेcover
करतेहैं,
●फिरwaterऔरकिसीdetergentसेउतनाareaकोसाफकरतेहैंI
●फिरकोईgermicideया1:10dilutedbleachsolution(0.5%)डालकरकमसेकम30मिनटछोड़
देतेहैंI
●Soakedpapers/papertowelकोglovesपहनकरहटाकरनिस्तारितकरदेतेहैंIफिरउसक्षेत्रको
अच्छीतरहपोंछदेतेहैंI
●इसीप्रकारकिसीequipmentकीcontaminatedsurfacesकोभीअच्छीतरहसाफकरdisinfect
करनाचाहिएI

29
दूषितपदार्थोंकोसुरक्षापूर्वकसंभालनाऔरनिस्तारणकरना(safehandling/disposalofcontaminated
material)-
●इस्तेमालकीगईneedleकोतोड़ना,मोड़नायाकोईहेर-फेरनहींकरनाचाहिएIneedleपरउसकेcap
कोपुनःनहींलगानाचाहिएIयदिrecapकरनापड़ेतो'onehandscoopतकनीक'काइस्तेमाल
करनाचाहिएI
Onehandscooptechnique
●इस्तेमालकियेहुएsharpsकोनिर्धारितsharpresistantcontainerमेंरखनाचाहिएIsharpsको
सामान्यकूड़ेमेंकभीनहींडालनाचाहिएI
●Biologicalwasteऔरअन्यदूषितपदार्थोंकानिस्तारणकरतेसमयविशेषसावधानीरखनीचाहिएI
●सभीbiologicalwasteकोरोग़जनकसमझनाचाहिएऔरइसलिएइनकोhandleकरतेसमय
punctureresistantglovesपहननेचाहिएतथायेध्यानरखनाचाहिएकिइनकासंपर्कशरीरसेनहीं
होI
●Biologicalwasteकोleakproofप्लास्टिकबैगवालेpunctureresistantcontainerमेंडालना
चाहिएऔरcontainerपरbiologicalwasteकाsymbolलगाहोनाचाहिएI
●Containerकोउसकीक्षमतासेअधिकनहींभरनाचाहिएऔरनहीउसमेंज़बरदस्तीठूसनाचाहिए
क्योंकिइससेसंदूषणबढ़सकताहैI
लैबमेंचारप्रकारकेwastedisposalcontainersहोतेहैं-
1.Translucentpunctureresistantsharpcontainerforusedneedles,bladesandothersharp
item.
2.Yellowcolouredcontainerforcontaminatedcotton,bandages,masksetc.

30
3.Redcolouredcontainerforusedsyringes,gloves,vacutainersandotherplasticitems.
4.Bluecolouredcontainerforusedglassampules,vials,testtubesandotherglassitems.
Inaddition,ablackcontainerisusedforuncontaminatedandnoninfectiousitems.
LABORATORYDESIGNANDADMINISTRATION
एकबायोलॉजिकललैबकीरचनाकरतेसमयलैबकेकर्मचारियों,वातावरणऔरअन्यसमुदायको
बायोलॉजिकलपदार्थोंकीhandlingसेसम्बद्धजोखिमोंसेसुरक्षितरखनाप्रथमउद्देश्यहोनाचाहिएIइसके
साथ-साथयहभीतयकरनाचाहिएकिलैबमेंकौन-कौनसीजाँचेंहोंगीऔरउनकेलिएकौनसेequipmentsकी
आवश्यकताहोगीI
●लैबकोचारदीवारोंसेघिराहोनाचाहिएताकिबाहरीक्षेत्रसेअलगरहेI
●एककमरेवालीperipheralमेडिकललैबकामापकमसेकम5मीटर×6मीटरहोनाचाहिएI
●लैबकीदीवारोंऔरफ़र्शबनानेमेंइस्तेमालmaterialऐसाहोनाचाहिएजोलैबमेंइस्तेमालहोनेवाले
केमिकल्सऔरdisinfectantsकेप्रतिresistantऔरimpermeableहोIजैसे-फर्शकेलिएvinylया
linoleumउपयुक्तहोताहैIटाइल्सऔरलकड़ीकेतख्तेउपयुक्तनहींहोतेक्योंकिउनकेबीचकेरिक्त
स्थानमेंतरलपदार्थरिससकताहैI
●फर्शकीनालियाँजालीसेढकीहोनीचाहिएताकिचूहे,मच्छर,मक्खीऔरकीड़ेआदिकोलैबमेंआनेसे
रोकाजासकेI
●लैबकीखुलनेवालीखिड़कियोंमेंकीट-पतंगोंकोरोकनेहेतुजालीलगीहोनीचाहिएI
●लैबकाप्रवेशद्वारअपनेआपबंदहोनेवालाहोनाचाहिएऔरइतनाचौड़ाहोकिequipmentsकोअंदर
लानेऔरwasteकोबाहरलेजानेमेंअसुविधानहींहोI
●प्रवेशद्वारपरएकशीशाभीलगाहोनाचाहिएजिससेलैबकेअंदर-बाहरदिखाईदेताकिलैबमेंप्रवेश
और
निकासीपरकोईटक्करनहींहोI
●द्वारपरbiohazard/restrictedentryआदिकेstickersऔरआपातकालीनस्थितिमेंइस्तेमालकिये
जानेवालेमहत्वपूर्णफोननंबरकेलेबललगेहोनेचाहिएI

31
●फर्नीचरमज़बूतऔरसभीकामकरनेवालीटेबलऔरकाउंटर्सकीसतहपानीकेलिएअभेद्य
(impervious)औरऊष्मा,disinfectantsऔरकेमिकल्सजैसेएसिड,alkaliऔरorganicsolventsके
प्रतिresistantहोनाचाहिएI
●फर्नीचरमेंकपड़ेकाइस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिएक्योंकियेदूषितपदार्थसोखसकताहैI
●पर्दोंकेलिएसोखनेवालेmaterialकाइस्तेमालनहींकरनाचाहिएवरनाउसपरजमाधूलऔरकोई
spillकोसाफकरनामुश्किलहोगाI
●केमिकल्सवअन्यलैबकेसामानकोरखनेहेतुshelvesऔरcupboardsहोनेचाहिएIकिन्तुsinkके
ऊपरकेमिकल्सरखनेकेलिएshelfनहींहोनाचाहिएI
●Hazardousकेमिकल्सकोरखनेहेतुअलगcupboardहोनाचाहिएI
●इमरजेंसीsuppliesजैसे-Eyewashes,first-aidbox,biologicalऔरकेमिकलspillkitआदि
सुनिश्चितस्थानपरहोनाचाहिएऔरउनपरउपयुक्तलेबललगाहोनाचाहिएI
●Blood,urineआदिकेsamplesreceiveकरनेहेतुअलगकाउंटरहोनाचाहिएI
●हाथधोनेऔरलैबकेसामानधोनेकेsinkअलगअलगहोनेचाहिएऔरहाथधोनेकाsinkexitdoor
केनज़दीकहोनाचाहिएI
●लैबsafetyequipmentजैसे-eyewashstationऔरअग्निशामकयन्त्रभीलैबमेंहोनाचाहिएI
●लैबमेंटेबलकेनींचेऔरपीछेइतनीजगहहोनीचाहिएकिज़रूरतपड़नेपरउसेसाफऔर
decontaminateकियाजासकेI
●Wasteरखनेकास्थानऔरwasteकोdecontaminateकरने(जैसे-autoclave)कास्थानऐसा
होनाचाहिएकिwasteकीबदबूयाautoclaveकीगर्मीकाप्रभावनहींपड़ेI
●Wasteरखनेकीपर्याप्तजगहहोनीचाहिएI
●लैबमेंaislespace(गालियारा)कमसेकम2फ़ीटऔरemergencyexitकीजगह3फ़ीटचौड़ा
होनाचाहिएI
●लैबमेंआरामदायकऔरलैबकेकामकेअनुकूलवातावरणरखनेहेतुकूलिंग,heating,humidity,
air-circulationआदिकासमुचितप्रबंधहोनाचाहिएताकिलैबकाकामपूरीसुरक्षाऔरक्षमताकेसाथ
कियाजासकेI
●लैबमेंबिजलीsupplyकाउपयुक्तप्रबंधहोनाचाहिएऔरpowersupplyकाbackupइंतज़ामभी
होनाचाहिएताकिpowerfailureहोनेपरकामनहींरुकेI
●लैबमेंemergencyexitऔरemergencyकेसमयबाहरसेसहायताहेतुप्रवेशकाउपयुक्तप्रावधान
आवश्यकहैI
●सुरक्षासम्बंधितइंतज़ामजैसे-firesafetysystem,firealarmआदिgovernmentऔरईमारतके
विनियमन(regulations)केअनुरूपहोनाचाहिएI

32
Maintenanceoflaboratory(लैबकारखरखाव)
लैबकाकामसुचारुरूपसेचलानेहेतुलैबकेequipmentsऔरअन्यसामानकासमुचितरखरखावरखनाअति
आवश्यकहोताहैIरखरखाव(maintenance)दोतरहकेहोतेहैं:plannedmaintenance(predictive
maintenanceऔरpreventativemaintenance)औरunplannedmaintenance(breakdown
maintenanceयाemergencymaintenance,alsocalledcorrectivemaintenance).
Plannedmaintenance-
●लैबकेप्रत्येकequipmentकेनियमितरख-रखाव(साप्ताहिक/मासिक)कीआवश्यकताहोतीहै
(preventivemaintenance)औरजिसव्यक्तिपरइसकीज़िम्मेदारीहोतीहोउसेइसकापूराrecord
logbookमेंरखनाचाहिएI
●यदिकोईटेकनीशियनयहदेखताहैकिकोईequipmentसामान्यमापदंडोकेअनुरूपकामनहींकररहा
हैतोवहतुरंतइसकोrepairकरनेयाभविष्यमेंख़राबहोनेसेरोकनेहेतुpredictivemaintenanceके
protocolकापालनकरेगाI
Unplannedmaintenance-
●अगरकोईequipmentसामान्यरूपसेकामनहींकररहाहैऔरलैबtechnicianकेस्तरपरइसका
repairसंभवनहींहोतोउसequipmentकीcompanyद्वाराइसकेcorrectivemaintenanceकी
आवश्यकताहोतीहैI
●लैबequipmentsकीcompaniesकेcustomercarephonenumbersकीजानकारीसभीलैब
कर्मियोंकोउपलब्धहोनीचाहिएताकिequipmentsकेख़राबहोनेपरतुरंतcompanyकोसूचितकिया
जासकेऔरलैबकाकामनहींरुकेI
SomePracticequestions:
Fillintheblanks:
1.Biochemistryisdefinedasthestudyofchemistryof________________.
2.Biochemistryisavaluablesubjectinthefieldof_________.

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3.Laboratoryhazardsmayhaveseriousconsequencesonlaboratoryworkers'________and
_________.
4.Themaincategoriesoflaboratoryhazardsare__________hazards,__________
hazards,_________hazardsand____________hazards.
5.Drypicricacid__________onpercussion.
6.Ether,chloroformandacetonehaveexplosiveand_______hazards.
7.Potassiumcyanideishighly________.
8.Radioactivematerialshouldbestoredin_______shieldedcontainers.
9.Everylaboratoryspecimenshouldbeconsideredpotentially________andshouldbe
handled________.
10.Hotplateandburnersarethesourceof___________hazard.
11.Electricalequipmentshouldnotbetouchedwith______hands.
12.Theequipmentshouldnotbeleftswitched_____whennotinuse.
13.Biosafetylevel_____isforworkwithagentsthatposeminimalpotentialhazardto
laboratorypersonnelandtheenvironment.
14.Biosafetylevel________isforworkwithagentsthatcouldcauseseveretofataldisease
inhumansforwhichtherearenoavailablevaccinesortreatments
15.ThefullformofCDCis_________________________and_________.
16.FullformofBSLis_______.
17.FullformofBSCis________.
18.FullformofPPEis_____________.
19.FullformofAIDSis___________.
20.ThecolourofNitrileglovesis_______.
21.Usedsyringes,gloves,vacutainersshouldbedisposedofin______coloredwastedisposal
container.
22.Contaminatedcotton,bandages,masksetc.shouldbedisposedofin______colored
disposalcontainer.
23.The______colouredcontainerisusedfordisposalofglassampules,vials,testtubesand
otherglassitems.
24.The______coloredcontainerisusedfordisposalofuncontaminatedandnoninfectious
items.
25.Everyequipmentinthelaboratoryrequiresregular(weekly/monthly)_________
maintenance.
Ans.
1-livingsystems,2-medicine,3-safety,health,4-chemical,biological,physical,electrical,5-
explodes,6-fire,7-toxic,8-lead,9-infectious,carefully,10-physical,11-wet,12-ON,13-1,
14-4,15-centerfordiseasecontrolandprevention,16-biosafetylevel,17-biosafetycabinet,
18-personalprotectiveequipment,19-acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome,20-blue/purple,
21-red,22-yellow,23-blue,24-black,25-preventive
REFERENCES
1.Manualofbasictechniquesforahealthlaboratory,WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,
Secondedition,2003.
2.HandHygiene:Why,How&When?-WHO|WorldHealthOrganization,https://www.who.int

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Disclaimer:ThepicturesgiveninthetexthavebeendownloadedfromGoogleimagesandIam
thankfultothepersonswhohaveuploadedthesepictures.
Dr.P.K.Nigam
Ph.D.(RetiredBiochemist)