Sources of Herbs- Biological & Geographical

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Description : In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Sources of Herbs. Herbs are obtained from different plant sources. Various herbs grow in different countries depend on their agro-climatic requirements. The unintentional adulterations may leads to loss of yields in raw plant materials. Proper authentic sources of herbs plays major role in herbal formulations. There are different names and sources of herbs world wide. The biological & Geographical sources of herbs should be clearly indicated in various herbs guide/manual. These herbs are parts of medicines & spices therefore it should be identified properly.

Portion explained:
1. Herbs
2. Herbs vs. Spices
3. Herbal Medicine
4. Herbs & its geographical Sources
5. Popular Herbs & Sources
6. Herbs & Sources
7. Top 10 Herbs
8. Examples of herbs
9. Nature's 9 Most Powerful Medicinal Plants
10. Different Important herbs
11. Flaxseeds
12. Ginkgo biloba
13. Spirulina
14. Ginseng
15. Garlic organosulphur compounds
16. Tea catechins
17. Citrus limonoids
18. Soya products
19. Tomato lycopenes
20. Momordica charantia
21. Turmeric curcuminoids
22. Black cohosh
23. Fenugreek

1. Sources of Herbs BY Dr. Jitendra Patel Associate Professor AIPS, Hyderabad, India.

2. Herbs Herbs  generally refers to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while spices are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including seeds, bark, roots and fruits.  Herbs  have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and in some cases, spiritual.

3. Herbs vs. Spices Herbs are the green, leafy parts of plants. They are most efficacious and flavorsome when used fresh, and they are mostly grown in temperate to hot regions. One single plant can be both an herb and a spice. Aromatic seeds like dill are a spice, while dill leaves are an herb . However , coriander and hamburg parsley roots, garlic and fennel bulbs are all regarded as herbs rather than spices.

4. Herbal Medicine Herbs  are obtained from the leaves of herbaceous (non-woody) plants. They are used for savory purposes in cooking and some have medicinal value.  Herbs  often are used in larger amounts than  spices .  Herbs  originated from temperate climates such as Italy, France, and England . They can be  found  at sea level, some even grow in the sea or in fresh water, and others grow near the tops of the highest mountains. Despite this diversity it is true that many of the better-known  herbs  and spices fall into distinct groups.

5. One group contains those plants found in the Lamiaceae (mint family ). They are characterized by young stems that are four-angled, simple opposite leaves, and flowers with five more or less fused petals. Glands on these plants usually contain volatile fragrant oils. Most originate in the Mediterranean or Central Asia  and are used as potherbs, to make perfumes, and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Herbs & its geographical Sources

6. Popular Herbs & Sources Well-known herbs such as basil, bergamot, calamint , hyssop, lavender, lemon balm, mint, rosemary, sage, savory , and thyme are in this family. In the Apiaceae (carrot family) are important herbs and spices such as angelica, anise, caraway, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, gotu kola, lovage , and parsley. These plants mostly originate from temperate regions all over the world. They are characterized by being aromatic and having hollow stems and dissected leaves arranged in spirals, often attached by a base that sheathes the stem. The usually small, five- petaled flowers appear in umbels and are followed by strongly scented fruits (often called seeds). The leaves of many of these plants are important herbs, while the fruits are widely used spices.

7. Herbs & Sources French tarragon is in the Asteraceae (daisy family), members of which grow mostly in temperate regions all over the world. Plants in this group usually have simple or dissected leaves arranged in spirals. Flowers are usually tiny discs grouped together in compact heads and surrounded by a ring of ray flowers with straplike petals. Other herbs in this family include burdock, chamomile, chicory, dandelion, marigolds, pyrethrum, safflower, wormwood, and yarrow. Some are important culinary herbs, while others are important medicinal herbs. The group also includes herbs used to kill and repel insects and to produce dyes. The Lauraceae (laurel family) consists mostly of aromatic, evergreen shrubs and trees originating from warm and tropical regions of Southeast Asia and northern South America. The herbs and spices in this family include sweet bay, camphor, cassia, cinnamon, and sassafras. All spice , cloves, cajuput oil, eucalyptus, and myrtle are all in the Myrtaceae (myrtle family). These are trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and warm areas of the world. They bear scented leaves containing important essential oils, and many also bear edible fruit. Some important root spices are in the Zingiberaceae (ginger family). These plants mostly grow from thickened aromatic rhizomes with large, upright, alternate leaves . They are mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this family are cardamom, Chinese keys, galangal, gingers, torch ginger, turmeric, and zedoary .

8. Top 10 Herbs Basil . Cilantro. Dill. Mint. Oregano. Parsley (Italian) Parsley (Curly) Rosemary.

9. Examples of herbs Wheat , Paddy (Rice), Cabbage, Tomato , Mustard , Radish , Sunflower , Carrot , Ginger and Turnip .

10. Nature's 9 Most Powerful Medicinal Plants Turmeric . Evening primrose oil. Flax seed. Tea tree oil. Echinacea. Grapeseed extract. Lavender. Chamomile.

11. Different Important herbs

12. Flaxseeds Flaxseeds are the dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum , family Linaceae . Canada is the largest producer and exporter of flaxseeds which is about 40% of the world supply. It is also cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, the Middle East , United States, Russia and India. Generally flaxseed is cultivated for the oil but many medicinal properties are found to be associated with flaxseeds and its constituents.

13. Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo biloba , family Ginkgoaceae , known as fossil tree is an important drug used in traditional Chinese medicine since more than 2,800 years. Mainly leaves and edible seeds are used as drugs. The leaves contain dimeric flavones such as bilobelin , ginkgetin , isoginkgetin and flavonols along with their glycosides.

14. Spirulina Spirulina is a blue green algae obtained from Spindina platensis or S. maxima, family Oscillatoriaceae . It is a simplest photosynthetic algae which grows in fresh water in planktonic form . The major producers of the algae are United States , China, Thailand, Mexico and India.

15. Ginseng Ginseng roots obtained from Panax ginseng or from various other Panax Spp., family Araliaceae have been extensively studied for its wide range of pharmacological activities. White ginseng represents the peeled and sun-dried roots whilst red ginseng is unpeeled steamed and dried. Ginseng contains variety of tetracyclic dammarane -type sapogenins such as protopanaxadiol and their glycosides.

16. Garlic organosulphur compounds Garlic consists of the fresh or dried bulbs of Allium sativum , family Liliaceae . It is a perennial, erect bulbous herb indigenous to Asia but commercially cultivated in most countries. The bulb shows a number of concentric bulblets which has a characteristics strong alliaceous odour and very persistently pungent and acid taste.

17. Tea catechins Tea is second only to water as the most widely consumed beverage in the world. About two to five million ton of dried tea is annually manufactured out of which about 78 % is black tea, the reminder 20% is green tea while a smaller 2% is of oolong tea. Approximately 30% of the total dry weight of fresh is due to the presence of polyphenols , referred to as catechins .

18. Citrus limonoids Citrus fruit consumption has been shown to protect against a variety of human cancers. The citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons , limes and grapefruits are the principal source of important nutrients like vitamins C, folate , fibres and vitamins E , but the other monoterpene compounds known as limonoids are reported to be responsible for the anticancer activity , d-limonene— a predominant monocyclic monoterpene found in essential oil of citrus fruits has been reported to be a cancer- chemopreventive agent.

19. Soya products Soyabean , Glycin max, family Leguminoseae has clearly been a plant food in the spotlight in the 1990s. It has been recognized as an excellent source of protein, equivalent to quality to animal protein. Tomato lycopenes Lycopene is a carotenoid principle present in lycopersicon family Solanaceae known throughout the world as tomato. Clinical studies have indicated that lycopene significantly lowered the risk of prostate cancer.

20. Momordica charantia Momordica charantia , family Cucurbitaceae , known in India as karela is used in the form of extracts and health drinks as an antidiabetic agent. The alcoholic extract of karela pulp demonstrates a significant hypoglycemic activity in various experimental models of diabetes . Turmeric curcuminoids The tuber of Curcuma longa , family Zmgiberaceae known as turmeric is used as a spice in the culinary all over the world . It contains diaryl heptanoid compounds consisting mainly curcumin , desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin .

21. Black cohosh Black cohosh consists of roots and rhizomes of Cimicifuge racemosa , family Rananculaceae is also known as Black. Fenugreek Fenugreek seeds obtained from Trigonella foenum graecum , family Leguminosae is an important food material as well as drug. Fenugreek is listed by the Council of Europe as a natural source of food flavouring. In United States, fenugreek extracts are permitted in food.

22. Conclusion Herbs are obtained from different plant sources. Various herbs grow in different countries depend on their agro-climatic requirements. The unintentional adulterations may leads to loss of yields in raw plant materials. Proper authentic sources of herbs plays major role in herbal formulations. There are different names and sources of herbs world wide. The biological & Geographical sources of herbs should be clearly indicated in various herbs guide/manual. These herbs are parts of medicines & spices therefore it should be identified properly.

23. Thank You