Species diversity

More detailed compared to first one.

1. SPECIES DIVERSITY -Ecology- Species diversity

2. INTRODUCTION ( Palarca ) Species diversity

3. Species - Largest group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Diversity - A state of being diverse or variety. - A range of different things. Species diversity

4. SPECIES DIVERSITY - number or variety of species in a particular region. Species diversity - number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset)  -incorporates both the number of species in a community (species richness)and the evenness of species‘ abundances. 

5. How many species are there? Species diversity

6. Types of Species ( Estose&Rabongue ) Species diversity

7. 3 Types of Species: Endemic species is one whose habitat is restricted to a particular area; often endangered differs from “indigenous,” or “native,” (although it occurs naturally in an area, is also found in other areas .) Species diversity

8. 2 Types of Endemic Species: paleoendemic -confined to just one area . neoendemic species . -two populations evolve differently, because they cannot interbreed with one another, and eventually they are sufficiently different from one another to be classified as separate species. Species diversity

9. Exotic Species -is any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released by man into an environment outside its present range. -most severe agents of habitat alteration and degradation, and major cause of the continuing loss of biological diversity throughout the world . Cosmopolitan Species - Pertinent or common to the whole world. -Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both in extinct and extant species. Species diversity

10. Factors Affecting Species Diversity (Corona) Species diversity

11. Speciation - is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. 4 modes: 1. Allopatric - speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange. Species diversity

12. Parapatric relationship between organisms whose ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other; they only occur together in a narrow contact zone. Species diversity

13. Peripatric formation of new species through evolution. Species diversity

14. Species diversity

15. Sympatric is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Species diversity

16. 2 causes of Speciation: Geographic Isolation  populations were prevented from interbreeding by geographic isolation. rivers change course, mountains rise, continents drift, organisms migrate. Species diversity

17. Geographic isolation Species diversity

18. Reduction of Gene Flow a population extends over a broad geographic range, and mating throughout the population is not random. Individuals in the far west would have zero chance of mating with individuals in the far eastern end of the range.  Species diversity

19. Species diversity

20. Extinction -is defined as “the reduction of a species to such low abundance that, although it is still present in the community , it no longer interacts significantly with other species. Causes: Taking for Profit Hunting and Trapping Overharvesting Introduced Species Destruction of Habitat Pollution Species diversity

21. Spotted Visayan Deer Philippine Eagle

22. Migration - is the moving of individuals of a species from one place to another Immigration - is the migration seen as the settling in one region (permanently or temporarily) of individuals coming from another region. Emigration - is the migration seen as an exit of individuals from one region (to another where they will settle permanently or temporarily). Species diversity

23. Positive impacts of alien invasive species (Imperial) Species diversity

24. H elps to keep the environment in a natural balance - an ecosystem which is species-rich is more resilient and adaptable to external stress than one in which the range of species is limited. - In a system where species are limited, the loss or temporary reduction of any one could disrupt a complex food chain with serious effects on other species in that same system. Species diversity

25. Provide beneficial products - tropical rainforests, in particular, have provided many beneficial products, from natural medicines to biological control agents for agriculture. Food - access to a wide variety of species and genes within those species can be used to meet the changing needs of the worlds population in many ways, by using techniques such as selective breeding crossbreeding or even genetic manipulation. Species diversity

26. Negative impacts of alien invasive species ( Salva , Jabol , Visto , Ebcas,Acle ) Species diversity

27. Invasive species Species diversity -is an organism that causes ecological or economic harm in a new environment where it is not native . Here are some ways invasive species impact native ecosystems : Habitat modification Compete with native species for resources Predation of native species Herbivory on native plants Bring in pathogens Hybridize with natives, leading to loss of genetic diversity

28. Economic loss or reduced efficiency of production . the introduction and spread of alien invasive species can have major implications for trade which will depend on the policy response of trading partners. Predators - reduce the population sizes of native species, or even drive them extinct, because native prey species may not have evolved defenses against the novel predators Species diversity

29. Genes   If introduced or spread into habitats with closely related species, alien invasive species could interbreed with native species resulting in changes to the genetic makeup of either species Hybridization : - species ' genetic compositions can change drastically by mating with closely related species, making the less common species extinct by hybridization. Species diversity

30. Species Alien invasive species can influence species diversity, richness, composition and abundance. At the species level, direct effects of alien invasive species occur through processes such as; Predation Competition Pathogens/diseases Parasite transmission to individual organisms *eventually leading to population declines and species extinctions Species diversity

31. Habitats - through their impacts on species and ecosystem processes, alien invasive species can result in; a. Fragmentation - is the process by which habitat loss results in the division of large, continuous habitats into smaller, more isolated remnants . Species diversity

32. b. Destruction -is the process in which natural  habitat  is rendered functionally unable to support the species present.   c . Alteration - is a change in land d . Complete replacement of habitats *which in turn affects pecies and ecosystem processes. Species diversity

33. Ecosystems - the impacts of alien invasive species at the ecosystem level include changes to; a. trophic structures b. changes in the availability of resources - water - nutrients c. changes in the disturbance regimes.   Species diversity

34. Social and Health - a loss of food sources and traditional medicines may be experienced thereby compromising not only the health of local people but also the livelihoods of those dependent on the collection and sale of such items for income. Species diversity

35. Measuring Species Diversity (Awa & Andrino ) Species diversity

36. Species Richness - the number of species that live in a certain location. - a count of species , and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions. - only residents are counted - treats common and rare species with the same weight Species diversity

37. Desert Lizard Diversity Lizard Species Number of Individuals Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3 Cnemidophorus tigris 15 Crotophytus wislizenii 1 Holbrookia maculata 1 Phrynosoma cornutum 10 Scleoporus magister 2 TOTAL Individuals 32

38. Desert Lizard Diversity Lizard Species Number of Individuals Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3 Cnemidophorus tigris 15 Crotophytus wislizenii 1 Holbrookia maculata 1 Phrynosoma cornutum 10 Scleoporus magister 2 TOTAL Individuals 32 Species Richness

39. Species of Dogs Species diversity

40. Relative abundance - also known as “Heterogeneity of Species” -is the number of individuals of each species . -refers to how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location Species diversity

41. Desert Lizard Diversity Lizard Species Number of Individuals Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3 Cnemidophorus tigris 15 Crotophytus wislizenii 1 Holbrookia maculata 1 Phrynosoma cornutum 10 Scleoporus magister 2 TOTAL Individuals 32

42. Lizard Species Number of Individuals Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3 Cnemidophorus tigris 15 Crotophytus wislizenii 1 Holbrookia maculata 1 Phrynosoma cornutum 10 Scleoporus magister 2 TOTAL Individuals 32 Species Relative Abundance Desert Lizard Diversity

43. Formulas: Shannon Wiener Index: s H’ = - ∑ p i log e p i i=l H ’ = Value of SW diversity index. p i = Proportion of the ith species. log e = Natural logarithm of p i . s = Number of species in community. Species diversity

44. Shannon-Wiener diversity function H' = -  (p i ) [ ln (p i )]  H ’ = Shannon-Wiener index of species diversity s = number of species in community p i = proportion of total abundance represented by i th species Species diversity

45. Hotspots for Species Diversity Species diversity The hottest spots for species diversity are  tropical rainforests . Tropical rainforests comprise of only 7% of all land on Earth, yet are home to nearly 50% of all the species on Earth!