SPEED BREEDING AND IT'S IMPACT ON FUTURE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

With this vivid and vibrant slide I have tried to briefly discuss on the basics of speed breeding.

1. Roll – 91/SST/230079 Reg No – 133-1111-0197-22 UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA SUBHADIP DAKUA Role of Speed Breeding in Advancement of Agriculture Course Seminar

2. Will we meet future demand ?? CLIMATE CHANGE REDUCED YIELD OVER POPULATION LAND DEGRADATION SHORTAGE OF WATER RESOURCE Will We Meet Future Demand ?

3. Importance of Seed Production

4. Speed Breeding & Accelerated Plant Breeding Speed breeding is a cutting-edge technology that revolutionizes plant breeding by harnessing controlled environment conditions, advanced genetic engineering & continuous light cycles . Accelerated breeding is a broader term that encompasses various strategies and technologies aimed at shortening the breeding cycle and hastening the development of new plant varieties. As compared to traditional breeding methods this Speed Breeding method can solve the food demand and supply problem and enhance the food security and sustainability , and that could be a better move for the future of agriculture .

5. Importance of Speed Breeding Addressing Global Challenges By expediting the breeding process, we can quickly develop crop varieties that are resilient to climate change ,feed a growing population, and enhance food security . Keeping Up With Market Demands By expediting the breeding process, we can quickly develop crop varieties that are resilient to climate change ,feed a growing population, and enhance food security . Advancing Sustainable Agriculture Speed Breeding enables the development of sustainable farming practices , reducing the resilience on climate inputs and minimizing environmental impact .

6. Innovation of Speed Breeding The technique of speed breeding is originally inspired by NASA’s experiment back in 20 th century . They were working on growing wheat in space , which involved using continuous light on wheat plant which triggered early reproduction in the plants . Modern concept of speed breeding was significantly advanced by scientists from University of Queensland , Australia , led by Dr. Lee Hickey and Amy Watson . They are working on Wheat , Barley , Maize and Chickpea .

7. Speed Breeding vs Traditional Breeding Methods

8. Core Recipe of Speed Breeding LIGHT SOURCE Continuous Light Sources .Matches PAR Region ( 400 – 700 ) nm Light Emitting Diode ( LED ) TEMPERATURE 22° C During Light 17° C During Darknes HUMIDITY Should Be Maintained ( 60 – 70 ) % Humidifier Machine PHOTOPERIOD 22 Hours of Light 2 Hours of Darknes

9. Methods of Speed Breeding

10. 1.Controlled-Environment Chamber Method Growth Chamber : Conviron BWD Chamber Temperature : 22° C During Photoperiod & 17° C During Dark period Humidity : 70 % Light Source :- White LED light Bar , Far Red LED LAMP , Ceramic Metal Hydragynum Quartz Lamps . Light Intensity : (360 – 380 ) µ mol / m² / s

11. 2.Glasshouse Speed Breeding Temperature : Maintained by High Pressure Sodium vapour Lamps Photoperiod : 22 hours light & 2 hours Darkness Light Intensity : (440 – 650 ) µ mol / m² / s

12. 3.Homemade growth room Design Low Cost Speed Breeding Chamber : 3m × 3m × 3m room with insulated sandwich paneling fitted with 7– 8LED light boxes. Power Supply : 1.5 hp Inverter . Light Intensity : (210 – 260 ) µ mol / m² / s at bench height & (310 – 510) µ mol / m² / s at 50 cm above pot . Photoperiod : Lighting set to run 12 hours Photoperiod & 12 hours Darkness for 4 weeks then it is increased to 18 hours Photoperiod & 6 hours Darkness Temperature : Air Conditioner set to run at 18° C in Darkness & 21°C during the photoperiod

13. Speed Breeding Procedure Monitoring of energy use . Providing specific Light , Temperature , Other setups.

14. Case Study

15. Methods Standard genotypes of spring wheat , durum wheat , barley & Brachipodium distachyon were grown in controlled environmental conditions with extended photoperiod & compared with glasshouse with no supplementary light and heating Results Plant grown under speed breeding progressed to anthesis in approximately half the time those from glass house conditions

16. Future Prospect of Speed Breeding Technological Integration: With advancements in LED lighting, automation, and climate control technologies, speed breeding will become more efficient and scalable. Integration with AI and machine learning can optimize growth conditions and predict outcomes. Genomic Tools: Coupled with genomic selection and CRISPR gene-editing technologies, speed breeding can be even more powerful. These tools can help identify and incorporate desirable traits more quickly and accurately. Crop Diversity: Initially focused on a few staple crops like wheat and barley, speed breeding techniques are being adapted for a broader range of crops, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes. This diversification will enhance food security and nutrition.

17. Speed Breeding Technology Of Rice

18. Role of Speed Breeding In Advancement of Agriculture Rapid Development of new Variety Short Breeding Cycle Multiple Generation Per Year New Window of Research Farm Mechanization Use of Biotechnology Improved Crop Traits Enhanced Selection Efficiency Combination With Genetic Tools Increasee Agricultural Productivity Higher Yield Potential Higher Nutritional Values Sustainable Agriculture Resource Efficiency Reducing Environmental Impact Climate Resilience And Food Security Stress Tolerance Improved Production

19. Limitations of Speed Breeding Cost & Scalability Implementing Speed Breeding methods can require substantial investments in infrastructure , Advanced lighting systems ,and Specialized growth Chambers . Limited to Certain Crops: Not all crops respond well to speed breeding. Some plants may not thrive under the artificial conditions required, or their reproductive cycles may not be easily accelerated. Technical Expertise Required: Implementing and managing speed breeding programs requires specialized knowledge in plant physiology, genetics, and controlled environment agriculture, which may not be readily available in all regions.

20. Conclusion The continuous advancements in technology and our understanding of plant genetics offer immense potential for further enhancing speed breeding techniques . Speed breeding holds the key to securing our food future , overcoming climate limitations and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices on a global scale Collaboration among scientists ,breeders policymakers and stakeholders is crucial to harness the full potential of speed breeding and address the urgent challenges in agriculture and food security

21. References Conventional Breeding, Molecular Breeding and SpeedBreeding : Brave Approaches to Revamp the Production of CerealCrops . Preprints 11:0667 (2020) Ghosh S, Watson A, Gonzalez-Navarro OE. Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research. Nat Protoc . 13: 2944 2963 (2018) Haroon M, Zafar MM, Farooq MA, Afzal R. Batool M, Idrees F, Babar U, Khan AS,Mo H, Li L, Ren M. lahmad S, Dinglasan E, Leung KM. Speed breeding for multiple quantitative traits in durum wheat. Plant Methods 14: 36 (2018). Singh H, Janeja HS. Speed breeding a ray of hope for the future generation in terms of food security: A review. Plant Archives. 21(1):155-158 (2021) Wanga MA, Shimelis H, Mashilo J, Laing MD. Opportunities and challenges of speed breeding: A review. Plant Breed. 140:185-194 (2021) Watson A, Ghosh S, Williams MJ. Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. Nature Plants. 4: 23-29 (2018).

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