Speed Breeding and Varietal Development Dr DD Gaikwad.pptx

Speed Breeding
It is the advanced plant breeding technique that utilises controlled environments and specific light regimes to accelerate the growth and reproductive cycles of crops.

1. Speed Breeding and Varietal Development Dr. Deepak D Gaikwad Jr Res Assistant Seed Technology Research Unit Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri

2. Speed Breeding It is the advanced plant breeding technique that utilizes controlled environments and specific light regimes to accelerate the growth and reproductive cycles of crops.

3. Speed Breeding

4. Brief comparison with traditional breeding methods Aspect Traditional Breeding Speed Breeding Breeding Cycle Slow, taking several years Accelerated, reducing timeframes Evaluation Few generations can be evaluated Multiple generations in a short period Trait Introduction It takes a longer time to introgress new traits Enables rapid trait incorporation Adaptation to Climate Change Limited capacity to develop climate- resilient varieties Facilitates rapid development of climate-adapted crops Resource Utilization Requires large land areas and resources Optimizes space, energy, and labor Screening Efficiency Limited population screening capacity Allows screening of larger populations in small spaces and quicker time Innovation Potential A slower pace of innovation and research Stimulates innovation and advancements Genetic Gain Gradual accumulation of genetic improvement over time Facilitates faster genetic gain and selection progress by reducing generation time Application Scope Broadly applicable to various crops Applicable to a wide range of crops after protocol optimization Adoption Challenges Established practices Requires infrastructure and technical expertise

5. To expedite the development of new crop cultivars and enhance plant breeding programme efficiency and effectiveness. By creating growth conditions and manipulating light and temperature regimes, multiple generations of plants can be obtained in a shorter period. To screen larger populations of crosses and select the most promising individuals quickly. SB optimizes the use of resources such as space, energy, and labor. By manipulating growth conditions, researchers can accurately measure plant responses to different stresses, nutrient availability, or disease pressures. SB technology has the significant potential to accelerate crop improvement, enhance genetic gain, and address global challenges in agriculture quickly. Objectives of speed breeding technology The accelerated breeding process enables the introduction of beneficial traits, such as increased yield, improved nutritional content, disease resistance, tolerance to specific stresses and other agronomically important characteristics at a faster rate.

6. Objectives of speed breeding technology

7. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of Light can be manipulated in terms of light quality, intensity and Photoperiod with help of LED lights or other artificial illuminating source. When compared to wheat genotypes produced with 12/12 hr light/dark , it was observed that a photoperiod of 22 hr light and 2 hr dark under PAR of 150–190 µE m -2 s -1 reduced the total number of days to flowering to half. Photoperiod

8. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of Low and high temperature extremes trigger a variety of consequences on plant development, including the transition from vegetative to reproductive stages. For germination of direct seeded immature seed in chickpeas, temperatures of 25 ± 1 °C maintained under a 12/12 hr light/dark cycle gave satisfactory results Temperature regime

9. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of Soil moisture stresses can modify plant growth and development processes, influencing plant height, flowering days, and seed set and maturity. Drought Or flooding stress can be exploited in speed breeding to trigger early flowering and maturation. Soil moisture Soil moisture

10. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of In some plants, higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) may speed up plant growth and accelerate the shift from the vegetative to reproductive stages . Days to flowering in soybean, rice and cowpea were reduced by 2, 7, and 12 days, respectively, when CO 2 levels were increased to 400/700, 350/700, and 350/650 ppm CO 2 concentration

11. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of Because of light competition, high plant densities Result in tall plants, causing a quick shift from vegetative to reproductive growth stages. In rice, up to four generations per year were Achieved using a high-density planting of 400 plants m -2 Planting density

12. The Speed Breeding process typically involves manipulation of Plant growth regulators and nutrition have been used to induce germination of immature seed in vitro, expedite flowering and seed set. Increased seed set was achieved by exogenous application of 6-benzylamino- purine (10 -5 M BAP) four days after flowering in faba bean. Use of PGRs and nutrition

13. Benefits of Speed Breeding in Field and Vegetable Crops  Accelerating Breeding Cycles SN Crop Generation per year Speed Breeding Conventional Breeding 1 Wheat 4-6 1 2 Cotton 4-6 1 3 Mustard 2-3 1 4 Bariey 4-6 1 5 Pea 4-6 1 6 Chickpea 4-6 1 7 Okra 4-6 2-3 8 Tomato 5-6 2-3 Enhancing Yield and Climate Adaptation : The shortened breeding cycle allows scientists to optimize the selection and breeding of field crops exhibiting higher yield potential and are better adapted to changing climates Improving Nutritional Content:   SB enables the selection of field crop varieties with superior nutritional profiles.

14. Benefits of Speed Breeding in Field and Vegetable Crops  Supporting Sustainable Agriculture By rapidly producing improved crop varieties, SB optimizes the need for chemical inputs and water consumption, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. Increased Crop Diversity SB facilitates the exploration of a broader genetic pool, leading to the discovery and utilization of diverse vegetable traits Adapting to Urban Agriculture With the rise of urban agriculture and limited arable land, SB can be a game-changer. By developing compact and fast-growing vegetable varieties, Consumer preferences for certain vegetable traits can change rapidly. Speed Breeding allows breeders to respond quickly to market demands Meeting Consumer Preferences

15. Importance of speed breeding  Accelerated crop development Traditional breeding can take years to produce a new variety; speed breeding can halve this timeline by enabling multiple generations within a single year. 

16. Importance of speed breeding  Speed breeding employs harvesting of pre mature seed and artificial drying to reduce the time period ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Enhanced genetic gain:   Shorter cycles allow for faster selection and breeding, increasing the rate of genetic gain for traits like yield, nutritional value, and resistance.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Improved resilience:   It helps develop crop varieties that are more resilient to environmental stresses such as drought, pests, and extreme temperatures.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Integration with modern technologies:   Speed breeding can be combined with other techniques like genomic selection and genetic engineering to have an even greater impact on crop improvement.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Increased genetic diversity:   The ability to rapidly create large, genetically diverse mapping populations is crucial for genetic research and developing new varieties.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Support for food security:   Promising approach to meeting the growing demand for food due to a rising global population and climate change.

17. Successful Implementation of SB in Various Crops SN Crop Generation Time Conventional Breeding Generation Time Speed Breeding Methodology 1 Rice 2–3 generations/year 4–5 generations of indica and/or japonica rice in a year 24 h long day (LD) photoperiod for the initial 15 days of the vegetative phase 2 Spring wheat 2–3 generations/year 6 generations per year photoperiod of 22 h light and 2 h dark under PAR of 150–190 μE m−2s−1 3 Durum wheat 2–3 generations/year 6 generations per year 22 h of extended light using red LED lamps and 2 h of dark 4 Barley 2–3 generations/year 6 generations per year photoperiod of 16/8 h light/dark with a light intensity of 500 μmol /m2/s 5 Chickpea 2–3 generations/year 4–6 generations/year photoperiod length of 12/12 h light/dark using standard incandescent bulb of 60 W with a light intensity of 870 lm

18. Successful Implementation of SB in Various Crops SN Crop Generation Time Conventional Breeding Generation Time Speed Breeding Methodology 6 Pea 2–3 generations/year 6 generations per year 22 h photoperiod supplied by fluorescent T5 tubes, a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C 7 Canola 2–3 generations/year 4 generations/year Kindly, refer song et al., 2022 at add specifications here 8 Soyabean 1 generation/year 5 generations/year 10 h photoperiod enriched with blue light and deprived of far-red light 9 Amaranth 2 generations/ year 8 generations/ year 16 h photoperiod was used to initiate strong vegetative growth, after which plants were transferred to an 8 h photoperiod 10 Pigeon pea 1 generation/ year 2–4 generations/year Photoperiod of 13 h: 8 h: 13 h is recommended at vegetative: flowering: pod filling stages

19. Challenges and Limitations  Cost : The initial setup and maintenance costs. A fully controlled chamber of 500 sq ft – 1000 sq ft with CO 2 , temperature, RH, air flow/ventilation, light spectrum, light intensity, and photoperiod controls will cost around INR 20 lakhs to 30 lakhs.  Genetic Stability:  Rapid breeding cycles may lead to reduced genetic stability in some plant varieties. Sensitivity:  Certain plant species suffer severe damage when exposed to continuous light, such as an extended photoperiod. Maintaining Diversity:  Limited parent lines used in speed breeding may result in less genetic variety in the crop populations that are produced. Confusion regarding safety: Although there are some ethical concerns related to the safety of speed breeding, there has been no conclusive evidence to back it.

20. Future Prospects 2 Genome Editing Transgenic MAS / Pyramiding Genomic Selection Gene Mapping Phenotyping Speed Breeding

21. Future Prospects 2 One of the best features of SB set up is its flexibility to combine with high throughput breeding tools such as MAS and Genomic selection   Genetic gain from this approach could be greatly increased by applying genomic selection at each generation to select the parents for the next generation   Integrating genome editing and speed breeding without tissue culture requires a number of technological break- throughs. The existing restrictions can be overcome by further optimizing SB methods for essential food crops and ensuring their efficient incorporation into plant breeding pipelines

22. Conclusion 2 TITLE B By reducing the time and space invested in the selection and genetic progression of superior crop varieties, speed breeding can hasten the development of high-performing cultivars with market-preferred trait Rapid generation advancement will open up a wide range of possibilities to assess the phenological responses of genotypes and modify them in favour of human needs.

23. Conclusion 2 TITLE B When combined with biotechnological tools like genomic selection and plant tissue culture techniques , it will enable the breeders to produce superior genotypes keeping pace with changing environment and ever- increasing human population.

24. Role of Seed Producing Agencies in Speed breeding Rapid seed multiplication of high-performing cultivars with market-preferred traits developed through Speed Breeding Development of Seed Production Technology for the cultivars developed through Speed Breeding Maintenance of genetic purity and seed quality of the genotypes evolved from Speed breeding

25. Role of Seed Producing Agencies in Speed breeding Increase the seed production through inter disciplinary approach of the cultivars developed through Speed Breeding Overcome the problems of seed multiplication of trait specific cultivars in seed processing and grading

26. Thank You…