Sperm.OBS & gyn.-2 with notes and other associated.pptx

With notes and other relevants

1. SPERMATOGENESIS Group members 1.NGANZI RICHARD 2022/U/MMU/BSD\BNSD/007 2.BYARUHANGA MIKE 2022/U/MMU/BSD\BNSD/013 3. NAMAKHAKO IVAN 2022/U/MMU/BSD\BNSD/014 4. ATUHAIRWE ROBERT 2022/U/MMU/BSD\BNSD/006

2. definition This is the process by which male sex cells called sperms are from immature ones called primordial germ cells. The process occurs in the testes under control of hormones secreted by different organs of the body including the testes themselves.

3. cont…… The process begins at puberty unlike in females where it begins at fetal stage in utero . Once it starts, period is accompanied by rapid body growth an d development, hormonal changes, sexual maturation, emotional and psychological changes. Puberty is the period of human growth and development where body undergoes a variety of physical, emotional and hormonal changes that transform a child into a highly sexually active adult with ability to complete the process of spermatogenesis.

4. Puberty has no specific age of onset, however factors like nutrition, race, exposure, temperature, psychological stress, toxins, radiations, medications, anatomical defects on the testes, medical conditions like hypo or hyper thyroidism , sleep etc. can affect its onset.

5. During puberty in males, The voice deepens, facial hair grows, testicles enlarge, sperm production occurs up to completion, erections and ejaculations are experienced. The period therefore prepares the body for active sexual and reproductive capacities and social responsibilities.

6. Hormones involved Testosterone; essential for spermatogenesis and is secreted by the testes. Follicle stimulating hormones; secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to stimulate growth of the primordial germ cells of the testes. Luteinizing hormone; secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is involved in regulation of spermatogenesis basing on the demands of the body.

7. Illustration

8. The structure of the human testis.

9. Organs involved Testes; where spermatogenesis occurs. Epididymis; where sperm mature from and are stored here. Leydig cells; cells of the testes that produce testosterone. Hypothalamus; found in the brain and regulates hormone production by secreting releasing hormones if necessary.

10. Organs cont…. Pituitary gland; stimulates spermatogenesis by secreting stimulating hormones. Vas deferens; muscular tube that transport sperm from the epididymis to the penis for ejaculation during orgasmic contraction.

11. Description of the process The testes the have primordial germ cells from where sperm develop from after onset of puberty. Under the influence of testostreone and FSH, spermatogonia are formed from the germ cells. Spermatogonia undergo proliferation to produce more of themselves mitotically.

12. Spermatogonia go into a maturation phase where they then undergo a phase of meiotic division forming haploid spermatocytes . The spermatocytes mature into spermatids after going through a period of different morphological changes to form sperm, Sperm are released into the siminiferous tubules .

13. Sperm then matures from the epididymis where they develop to motility and fertilization capacity. All this process takes approximately 9o days to complete and occurs everyday due to the constant balance and interaction of the hormones and cells.

14. REFERENCES Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology , 13 th Edition by Prof. John E. Hall and Dr. J.C. Guyton.