SPorts Physiology_effect on respiratory and cardiovascular system.pdf

This in-depth lecture on Sports Physiology, presented by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology at CIMS Multan, provides a rich and detailed analysis of the physiological processes that impact athletic performance. The lecture begins by exploring the different muscle metabolic systems, including the phosphagen system, glycogen-lactic acid system, and aerobic metabolism, and their role in fueling different types of exercise (aerobic vs. anaerobic).

Dr. Faiza sheds light on the gender differences in sports performance, emphasizing how body composition, muscle mass, and hormonal influences like testosterone and estrogen affect male and female athletes differently. The discussion moves on to muscle characteristics, including strength, power, and endurance, and how these traits are influenced by factors such as genetics, training, and VO2 max.

The lecture also addresses the concept of oxygen debt, exploring how oxygen consumption remains elevated post-exercise to help restore the body’s metabolic balance. Detailed insights into pulmonary ventilation during exercise and the concept of oxygen-diffusing capacity in athletes further highlight how respiratory and cardiovascular systems adapt to meet the demands of physical exertion.

Key components of athletic training, such as muscle hypertrophy, fatigue, and the role of nutrient replenishment, are examined, with real-life examples like Manjit Singh’s world record for pulling a double-decker bus serving as illustrative case studies. The lecture also includes a discussion on the physiological adaptations to endurance training, such as heart hypertrophy, increased stroke volume, and enhanced cardiac output.

Dr. Faiza touches on the impact of external conditions like high-altitude training and exercise in hot climates, highlighting the importance of proper acclimatization and electrolyte balance to prevent conditions like exercise-associated hyponatremia. Additionally, the lecture covers the physiological impact of drugs like caffeine, androgens, and amphetamines on athletic performance.

By the end of this lecture, students will have a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory adaptations involved in exercise and how these adaptations are affected by factors such as training, genetics, and external conditions.

This lecture is invaluable for medical students, physiology students, and sports science professionals who are looking to deepen their understanding of the relationship between physiology and exercise performance. It also provides insights into practical considerations for athletes, trainers, and sports medicine professionals.

Who Should Watch?
Medical students interested in learning how physiological concepts apply to exercise and sports performance.
Physiology students looking to explore muscle and metabolic systems.
Sports medicine professionals seeking to understand the physiological impact of training and fatigue.
Trainers and athletes

1. Sports Physiology

Dr Faiza
Assistant Professor of Physiology

MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiolog
ICMT, CHPE,

MBA (Virtual Uni

2. agen
O

Learning Objectives _ 00 De
ar

* Correlate the various muscle metabolic systems used as energy
substrates with the type of exercise ie. aerobic and anaerobic.

+ Explain how each of the following can alter exercise performance:
types of exercise, muscle fatigue, VO2max, ws!”

* anaerobic threshold, gender, and age -( 5‘
* Describe the concept of oxygen debto to

« Explain oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation during
exercise

+ Analyze the respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise.

Smics

3. Q
>
Performance in spor: OF exercise “ogee?
is SN E
. Gender diffe ancl?”
€ Muscle Ealacteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance) A
. Metabolic sources of energy ei “o 05)
. Muscle fatigue ar: ? WW:

. Athletic training .
. Genetic Determinants x ya
. VO2 Max

O PRP

o,
mics

4. PEN

Female Vs Male Athletge of Set

5¢

a

* Differences caused EF Girrences| in body size, body composition, and
hormones-@\' °

. Generally, females have lower values than in men- differen’ muscle
mass

* Strength per square centimeter of cross-. -sectional area: similar among
males and females Las”

y VC
+ Fatty mass vs muscular mass '
* Testosterone vs estrogen

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mics

5. O

Body fat (% of body weight)

a
o

3

8

D
o

=
o

[El Male [Female

8-11 12-15 16-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 >80
Age group (yrs)

ean
oi
(2
mics

Se ac?

6. cio. ea

05 PNY —— =

* Manjit Singh, ‘from Leicester, sm
breaks, ( “the” Guinness World NE

Record for the furthest distance !

to pull a double-decker bus with =

his hair, by pulling a bus for 21.2 °

meters, in Battersea Park, Sun EK e

London 161
«€ SN

7. Al
Performance in sports or exercise Dor
crs p\ Ww Y
. Gender differ nce
. Metabolic sources of energy ¿ÑO ©
. Muscle fatigue c enw?

. Athletic training 20

. . ¿GALOS
. Genetic Determinants or Fe
. VO2 Max

‘oo
mics

8. cul
Muscles in Exercise : ¡006%

g PY”

¿En

se ac?

*Strength: ._- í Q

: Determined by its its size mainly
. Maximal contractile force between 3 and 4 kg/cm2 of muscle PAGOS sectional

area ae 40\
+ Holding strength of muscles 40% > contractile strength \\ i
¢Cr:
an
* Mechanical work: ar ve Ve

+ Amount of force applied by the muscle multiplied by the distance over which
the force is applied

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9. y 5 now
Muscles in Exercise „oe

PEN
ee 1
mics

se ac?
ON
AO
* Power: vy
. Totat Ole « of work that the muscle performs in a unit period of
time. AN
kg-m/min

* Depends on: First 8 to 10 seconds 7000

a Strength of muscle contract! Elie 4000

* Distance of contraction

+ Number of times that it Cont Next 30 minutes 1700

+ Measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute.

10. Muscles in ERIC,

c

First 8 to 10 seconds
Next 1 minute

Next 30 minutes

«OC
y:

U
106 y

kg-m/min
7000
4000
1700

11. x
A Q
Muscles in Exerci 106 ES
uscies IN Exercise Xe)! do pco
rs 2 NE
* Endurance. ._ ;
. Depends on the nutritive support for the muscle
+ Mostly on the amount of stored muscle glycogen og
‚€ ¡A )5
c oW \
Minutes g/kg Muscle
High-carbohydrate diet 240 > High-carbohydrate diet 40
Mixed diet 120 Mixed diet 20

High-fat diet 85 High-fat diet 6

ee
mics

12. ' sv.
Performance in sports or exercise
xe ew?
. Gender differences -
M le characteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance)

NO Up w DR

. Athletic training 249 A: de
. Genetic Determinants or par
. VO2 Max

13. =
Muscle Metabolic Systemain Exercise %

en
ER
L Phosphocreating > Creatine + PO,"
¿O ATP
DI! | la EN
Ne): EN
Il. Glycogen => Lactic acid ur RN Energy
OS for Hi
EEN contractior
AT I
‚Co!
Le { \
Ml Glucose A AMP
Fatty acids + 0, —— CO, +H,0
Amino acids +

Urea

14. >
¡En
©
=
©
=
©
50,
©
[E
a
8
ES
a

=
£

Muscle Metabolic Systaais

Source of muscle energy
Stored ATP

=

Phosphocreatine

Glycogen-Lactic Acid
System - anaerobic

Aerobic metabolism

Br;
cal
NL

\denosine - PO3 ~ PO3 =

PO3 -

2 high energy phosphate

bonds

7300 Cal/bond/mole

Creatine ~ PO3

10,300 calories per mole
wien

Glucose wo pyruvic arid (4

ATP molecules)

Pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Oxidative metabolism of

mainly carbohydrate

n Exercise

Duration

3 sec

El
€10\sec '
€ (short bursts of
muscle power)

1.3- 1.6 min

Unlimited time (as
long as nutrients last)

Ed
Q
E
%
se ac?

Moles of ATP/min

2.5

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mics

15. Phosphagen System, Almost Entirely
100-meter dash
Jumping
Weight lifting
Diving
Football dashes
Baseball triple
Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid Systems
« 200-meter dash
Basketball
Ice hockey dashes

Pen
Y,
mics

©

Se ac?

Glycogen-lactic acid system, mainly owl
400-meter dash ¿010 5)
100-meter swim er) )

Tennis ew -

Soccer Sg
Glycogen-Lactic Acid and Aerobic Systems

800-meter dash

200-meter swim

1500-meter skating

Boxing

2000-meter rowing

1500-meter run

1-mile run

400-meter swim

Aerobic System

10,000-meter skating

Cross-country skiing

O er

16. O
mics

Recovery of Muscle > Metapelic Systems Aftei

WIS GON o ac?

Exercise - ow

. cc?
. Phosphocreatine r&bnistitutes ATP,
colle!

ON al
* Glycogen-lactic acid system reconstitutes- phosphoergpfih@and ATP.
C PN YY Y
* Oxidative metabolism reconstitutes_all Gé other systems—the ATP,
phosphocreatine, and elveogen-tache acid systems

17. PEN
ee 1
mics

Reconstitution of the lagsie! acid system a,

* Excessive ‘buildup KR acid: Muscle fatigue

* Other mechanism??? ;
on
ins (or? |
* Removal of lactic acid is achieved in two Ways PUN
x de
+ Some is converted back Into pyrevicácid ánd then metabolized oxidatively by

the body tissues

+ Remaining lactic acid is reconverted into glucose mainly in the liver, and the
glucose in turn is used to replenish the glycogen stores of the muscles

18. >
mics

Recovery of the AerobicSyétem After se)
cece em

* Oxygen debt. ; Y
. Depletiorióé Älyeogen stores of the muscle

19. Oxygen Debt

Even after the. exercise ig over,
the oxygen \' uptake still
remains’above normal

At first it is very high while the
body is reconstituting the

phosphagen system and Fo
repaying the stored oxygén

portion of the oxygen debt

Rate of oxygen uptake (L/min)

PEN
ee 1
mics

se ac?

‚Alactacid oxygen debt = 3.5 liters

Exercise

Lactic acid oxygen debt = 8 liters

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Minutes

20. Oxygen Debt

2 liters of stored fn'b body
+ 0.5 liter in the‘ air of the lungs

+ 0.25 liter dissolved in the body
fluids

+1 liter combined with the
hemoglobin of the blood

« 0.3 liter stored in with myoglobin

+ All this stored oxygen is used
within a minute or so for aerobic
metabolism.

PEN
ee 1
mics

se ac?

Alactacid oxygen debt = 3.5 liters

Lactic acid oxygen debt = 8 liters

Rate of oxygen uptake (L/min)
Exercise

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Minutes

21. Oxygen Debt O

After the exercise is AE EY
cat?!

+ 2L: nene of stored oxygen

+ 9L: Reconstitution of the
phosphagen system and the lactic,
acid system. „ee

O

+ “repaid,” about 11.5 liters, oxygen
debt

Rate of oxygen uptake (L/min)

(6

¿SÍ
65!

Exercise

PEN
ee 1
mics

se ac?

‚Alactacid oxygen debt = 3.5 liters

Lactic acid oxygen debt = 8 liters

0

4 8

TT 1
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Minutes

22. Oxygen Debt ¿0106 al

py”
OS

+ May take as s long a as ¿01 min
. Stimulus S@¢htilation after exercise is not the arterial Pco2 or Po2
+ But the elevated arterial H+ concentration due to the lace + @didemia.

ew?

PEN

se ac?

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mics

23. Recovery of Muscle Glycogen

2 hours of
exercise
>

24
20
16

12

Muscle glycogen content (g/kg muscle)

0 10 20 30 40 50
Hours of recovery ——>-

High-carbohydrate diet

r

Fat and protein diet

5 days

„Eon
%
mics

Sse ac?

24. * Muscle Glycogen

* Liver, glycogen
+ Plasma glucose

Percent carbohydrate usage

100

75

50

25

ef

High-carbohydrate diet

Mixed
diet

Exhaustion
High-fat diet

0 102040 24 it 2 3
\ A A

y Y y
Seconds Minutes Hours
Duration of exercise

25. Sy,

©
o

Les

o
fo

Med

o,

26. Performance in sports oriexercise

6 OWN”
1. Gender differences N“
2. Muscle characteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance)
3. Metabolic sources of energy
4. Muscle fatigue c enw?
5.
6. Genetic Determinants or vorn
7. VO2 Max

27. Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and
Muscle Performance

+ Maximal Resistance Training Increases Muscle
Strength

+ Prolonged muscle work under no load vs
resistence training

+ Nearly maximal muscle contractions performed in
three sets 3 days a week give approximately
optimal increase in muscle strength without
producing chronic muscle fat

+ Muscle Hypertrophy vs atrophy

28. Effect of Athletic Training ‚onMuscles and
Muscle Performance"

Resistive training

DN

No-load training

Percent increase in strength
a

0 2 4 6 8 10
Weeks of training

¿En

Sse ac?

ee 1
mics

29. Muscle Hypertrophy
< C e?)

tat.
Testosterone Resistive träinihg
Increased diameter-some splitting

Increased numbers of myofibrils

Up to 120% increase in mitochondrial
enzymes

60% to 80% increase in the
components of the phosphagen
metabolic system

50% increase in stored glycogen $

75% to 100% increase in stored
triglyceride (fat).

Increasing the maximum oxidation rate
and efficiency of the oxidative
metabolic system as much as 45%

30. a sy.
Performance in sports or exercise
c ew?
1. Gender differences - ‘
2. Muscle characteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance)

3. Metabolic sources of energy ¿006
4. Muscle fatigue o c ew 7

5. Athletic training oo Ec |

6.

7. VO2 Max

DPN
mics

©
C2

31. Hereditary Differences Among Athletes id
Fast-Twitch versus Slow! ‘Twitch Muscle Fibers: **

Fast-Twitch Fiber Slow-Twitch Fiber

Marathoners 18 82 0
Swimmers 26 74
Average male 5b) 45
Weight lifters 55 45
Sprinters 63 37

Jumpers 63 37

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32. ¿AÑ

ort

Tension (% of maximum)

o

Time (msec)
Stimulation

33. Slow-oxidative fiber

sl
¿AOS

Fast-oxidative fiber Fast-glycolytic fiber

NA
A
(2
mics

Se ac?

34. Slow-Oxidative Fast-Glycolytic

Characteristic (Type 1) Fiber ES (Type IIx) Fibers i
Myosin-ATPase activity Low «16 Oo! a High se AC
Speed of contraction CP S de

Resistance to ES e High Low

oxidG tds snosphorylation High Low

capacity SON of

Enzymes for anaerobic Low a 0 AE ig)

glycolysis € C ‘Po

Mitochondria Many ça 161 Few

Capillaries vay Few

Myoglobin content High Low

Color of fiber Red White

Glycogen content Low High

35. or Fa

Are slow and fast twitch fibers\o™

interconvertible? \ gs
git? f

Di ve

pan

Se ac?

>
Se.
mics

36. PEN

U
À

Muscle Atrophy ¿O 106 +:
ch eS

* Disuse atrophy <
. DenervetiGr fé ahy
+ After the nerve supply to a muscle is lost sw
* Contractile activity and loss of trophic factors from neurons (Ach o\ Ô € 3"

+ Age-related atrophy/ sarcopenia, ¢ ew )
* occurs naturally with aging, Beginning at re years of age,
* Progressive loss of motor neurons, Partieutariy f fast-glycolytic fiber types.
+ Reduced rates of protein synthesis! CA
. pavers hormone levels (growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth
actor-

+ Resistance training exercise and proper diet can slow the rate of development of
sarcopenia

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mics

37. PEN

se ac?

5¢

cos \
Which one of the\ “following is the major limiting factor in the
delivery, of oxygen to the muscles during maximal muscle
aerobic metabolism? Why?

+ Respiratory system cC:

+ Circulatory system or à

ee 1
mics

38. Sports Physiology

39. Q
>
Performance in spor: OF exercise “ogee?
is SN E
. Gender diffe ancl?”
€ Muscle Ealacteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance) A
. Metabolic sources of energy ei “o 05)
. Muscle fatigue ar: ? WW:

. Athletic training .
. Genetic Determinants x ya
. VO2 Max

O PRP

o,
mics

40. Characteristic

Myosin-ATPase activity
Speed of contraction
Resistance to fatigue

Oxidative phosphorylatio
capacity

Enzymes for anaerobic
glycolysis

Mitochondria
Capillaries
Myoglobin content
Color of fiber
Glycogen content

Slow-Oxidative Fast-Oxidative Fast-Glycolytic

(Type 1) Fiber

(Type lla) Fiber (Type IIx) Fiber

ac

Ser
mics

41. table 48 Summary of Respiratory Responses to Exercise ES El
EN > i
< Jo ! S
Parameter e nat «Gites ted rá
JAI
0, consumption cr >?
x Tes
CO, production x eilt
Ventilation rate ¿O EN
Ate)
Arterial Po, and Pco, e eN Ja
Arterial pH o ¿Or =
gare? T

Venous Pco,
Pulmonary blood flow (cardiac output)
V/Q ratios

42. Summary of 7 te

Parameter

Heart rate a

Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Arterial pressure
Pulse pressure
TPR

AV 0, difference

o

PAS eG vs Effect

43. Oxygen consumption (250ml/min)
Ad

cC >
_ 4485"

o ml/min
Untrained average male 3600
Athletically trained average male 4000
Male marathon runner 5100

are
O

spa
of

Se pc

O
mics

>

44. Total ventilation (L/min)

120
110
100
80
60
40
20

0

+ Moderate] Severe
exercise | exercise

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
O, consumption (L/min)

En
O
mics

Sse ac?

45. Limits of pulmonary ventilation

c \
7 >

e L/min
OU * Pulmonary ventilation at 100-110 EN
maximal exercise A cove dio
Ñ (>
Maximal breathing capacity 150-170

ELA
y

Safety factor for athletes, \
+ Exercise at high altitudes
+ Exercise under very hot conditions
+ Abnormalities in the respiratory system

¿En

se ac?

oy,
mics

46. : svi.
Performance in sports on\exercise

NOUR w DR

a5 PN”

. Gender differences dl
. M cle characteristics (Strength, Power, and Endurance)
. Metabolic sources of energy
. Muscle fatigue c eww 7
. Athletic training

. Genetic Determinants ç í

ec? >

47. z
U .
E a

Vo2max | SS Ù Dr

COS Y \ y
« Rate of oyen y usage fin L/min) under maximal aerobic metabolism
ai
. Traine or genetically 3.8

determined??? AN

=
. 534
* Hereditary factors: x
E

Ç € Training frequency

¢ =

* Greater chest sizes in relation se en
to body size sl © + = 2 days/wk

* stronger respiratory muscles

28 T LE T T T T
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weeks of training

o, 1
mics

48. oy, 1
mics

Oxygen- DULUSINg Capacity 6f Athletes E

ON
Y

se ac?

*Milliliters of. oxygen “that will
diffuse each minute for each
millimeter of mercury difference ‘
between alveolar partial pressure Ñ ml/min
of oxygen and pulmonary blood
oxygen pressure

Nonathlete at rest 23

„.Nonathlete during maximal exercise 48

ce
nt \"@ Speed skater during maximal exercise 64

o IN.
* Endurance training Major swimmer during maximal exercise 71

determinant Oarsman during maximal exercise 80

49. Ventilation (L/min)

Rest

owl
ee ¿00 à

Exercise

|

Recovery

Time

span
oi
(2
mics

Se ac?

50. PEN

Blood Gases During Exercise

se ac?

* The blood gases. Ged not always have to become abnormal for
respiration to be stimulated in exercise.

)

* Direct stimulation of the respiratory center by! the” ine nervous
signals that are transmitted from the brain’ to the muscles to cause
the exercise. eater

„co

{ Y \

* Sensory signals transmitted into the respiratory center from the
contracting muscles and moving joints.

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mics

51. CHANGES IN THE TISSUESO® N

AN

CH

\

* The oxygen-hemöglobin dissociation

curve -worksi Steep

+ Rightward shift if O2-Hb dissociation

curve
+ Accumulation of CO2

* Rise in body temperature < )

«Rise in red blood“

diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

rei“

cell

Or

2,3-

Ç

Ed
Q
E
%
se ac?
100 r20
” Oxygenated blood =
ge Teng the ngs 16
sn 1
E =
E 60 28
is 08
da Retos eun ag
¿ 30 6
im 4
10 2
o o

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 G0 100 110 120 10 140
Pressure of oxygen in blood (Po,) (mmHg)

Figure 40-8

Oxygen hemoglotin dissociation curve.

o,
mics

52. table 48 Summary of Respiratory Responses to Exercise

Parameter Response

0, consumption

CO, production
Ventilation rate
Arterial Po, and Pco,
Arterial pH

Venous Pco,
Pulmonary blood flow (cardiac output)
V/Q ratios

53. nol
table CL Summary of Effects of Exercise
Parameter Effect

Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Arterial pressure
Pulse pressure
TPR

AV 0, difference

>

mics

54. a
PE

sf
Muscle Blood Flow rh NOM

Se ac?

Rhythmic exercise

12 a EC? g”
Cait E
y Y =
D E
Fa
¡2
(cs
DN 3

Minutes

"oem ics

55. Y

M
4 Sympathetic outflow
y Parasympathetic outflow

v
* Heart rate
i Contractility
À Cardiac output

\4
Constriction of arterioles
(splanchnic and renal)

v
Constriction of veins

À Venous return

W

Y
À Vasodilator metabolites

Dilation of
arterioles

YTPR

v

skeletal muscle

Vat
mics

30?

56. Work Output, Oxygen Consumption, and
Cardiac Output Duging‘ Exercise

= =

OÙ e 2% $

4 $15 E EC
£ 153 5 0
E 5 a
5 10/82 E
ES 2
2 518 10 8
e 2 £
Ss (8.5 E
gs | 2
so 5
8 6

0 0
O 200 400 600 800 1000120014001600
Work output during exercise (kg-m/min)

PEN

se ac

>

mics

Y

57. PEN
O
mics

Work Output, Oxygen Consumption, and
Cardiac Outen During: Exercise

°se ac?

\

sad
Ç L/min '
Cardiac output in a young man at rest 5.5 À
Maximal cardiac output during exercise in a 23
young untrained man
Maximal cardiac output during exercise in an 30

average male marathoner

58. mics

Effect of Training on Heart, Hypertrophy ands
on Cardiac Output. ¿a ee ace

C2

* Endurance training!

be Table 85-2 Comparison of Cardiac Function Between
* Heart cham ers enlarge Marathoner and Nonathlete
0,
about 40% Stroke Volume Heart Rate
Type of Athlete (ml) (beats/min)
1 Resting
+ Heart mass also increases Monainidte 75 75
Ly
40% or more eN Marathoner 105 50
\J Maximum
A A Nonathlet 110 195
* But Cardiac output is normal era’
Marathoner 162 185

at rest

59. sl
ine
Table 85-2 Comparison of Cardiac Function Between
Marathoner and Nonathlete

Stroke Volume Heart Rate
Type of Athlete (ml) (beats/min)
Resting
Nonathlete 75 75
Marathoner 105 50
Maximum
Nonathlete 110 195

Marathoner 162 185

open
O
mics

Sse ac?

60. Role
Incre

Stroke volume (ml/beat)

165

150

135

120

105

5

Stroke volume

Heart rate

10 15 20 25
Cardiac output (L/min)

30

190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50

Heart rate (beats/min)

„Eon
%
mics

Sse ac?

61. Vat
mics

Relation of Cardiovascular Performance to Wi
2max € AO" a °se ac?
AA
+ During maximal SiÉrlico, cardiac output is about 90% of the
maximum that the person can achieve,

+ In contrast to about 65% of maximum for pulmonary ventilation,

alanis
CoN

+ Therefore, one can readily see that the cardiovascular system is
normally much more limiting. 9h7V0'2max than is the respiratory

Qt

system Ol

62. PEN

se ac?

5¢

cos \
Which one of the\ “following is the major limiting factor in the
delivery, of oxygen to the muscles during maximal muscle
aerobic metabolism? Why?

+ Respiratory system cC:

+ Circulatory system or à

ee 1
mics

63. „gan
mics

nel
Summary of Effects of Exercise
Parameter Effect
Heart rate tt
Stroke volume it
Cardiac output 11
Arterial pressure 1 (slight)
Pulse pressure 1 (due to increased stroke volume)
TPR 11 (due to vasodilation of skeletal muscle beds

AV 0, difference 11 (due to increased 0, consumption)

64. Effect of Heart Disease and Old
Athletic Performance.|° ON
* Cardiac lides and GRR ver
ort
| oh ¡50 \
El à" 7

Age E

106 Ù

mics

Y

Sse ac?

65. x 5
a O:
on 400 Èx
ar
_ ec? >
30
ov * Body Heat in Exercise ”
chor? ©
pS ew Ww?

carte

or

66. Thousands suffer heat stress on hajj
pilgrimage as temperatures reach 48C

People struggling in the swelter was a common sight, especially
after day-long outdoor prayers at Mount Arafat

67. HEAT EXHAUSTIONA : ::

HEAT EXHAUSTION SYMPTOMS HEAT STROKE SYMPTOMS

. Headache 7 ing unwell after 30 minutes of
. Dizziness and confusion , ina E place and drinking
r
while feeling too hot
ure above 40C
“et ‘skin
y ih ¡peral ib
ag en > hai m or shortness of breath
dg Sram 5...

The symptoms are often the same in aquiés ad children, a A fit (Seizure)
although children may become floppy aNd's cone ous
HOW TO TREAT ce can be very serious if not treated quickly

» Move to a cooler location

l Get them to lie down and raise their feet lightiy HOW TO TREAT
| Get them to drink plenty of water. Sports orre- 1. Call 999

hydration drinks are ok.
2. Put them in the recovery position if they
. Cool their skin—spray or sponge them with cool lose consciousness while you are waiting
water and fan them. Cold packs around the arm- for help
pits or neck are good too.

68. PEN

Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise +

3€ \
(

a Replacement ¢ of Sodium Chloride and Potassium
. Acclimatization over a period of 1 to 2 weeks

*Sweat gland acclimatization results mainly fo OS based
aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex com

« Exercise-associated hyponatremia (low plasma’ m concentration)

* Properly proportioned amounts ' a potassium along with sodium,
usually in the form of fruit juices

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« Fatigue progresses Whe sensation of exhaustion.

. Fatigue is Produced i in part by
. bolnbardment of the brain by neural impulses from muscles,,

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+ Rise in body temperature cl eS | Y
* Dyspnea, nid

* Activation of the J receptors, in sae

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