Sri Lanka’s architecture is a fascinating blend of ancient, colonial, and modern styles, reflecting its rich history, diverse cultural influences, and tropical environment. Here’s a breakdown of its key architectural styles:

Sri Lanka’s architecture is a fascinating blend of ancient, colonial, and modern styles, reflecting its rich history, diverse cultural influences, and tropical environment. Here’s a breakdown of its key architectural styles:

1. Ancient Sri Lankan Architecture
Sri Lanka has a deep architectural heritage dating back over 2,000 years, with influences from Buddhism and South Indian Dravidian styles.

a. Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa Periods (3rd Century BCE – 13th Century CE)
Dagobas (Stupas) – Massive Buddhist stupas like Ruwanwelisaya, Jetavanaramaya, and Abhayagiri Stupa in Anuradhapura.
Monasteries & Temples – Rock-carved shrines like Dambulla Cave Temple.
Palaces – Ancient royal palaces such as Sigiriya Rock Fortress, known for its water gardens and frescoes.
b. Kandyan Architecture (15th – 19th Century)
Temple of the Tooth Relic (Sri Dalada Maligawa) – Features wooden structures with intricate carvings.
Ambalama (Resting Halls) – Open pavilions used for travelers.
Palace Complexes – Includes the Kandy Royal Palace with its distinctive white walls and tiled roofs.
2. Colonial Architecture (16th – 20th Century)
Sri Lanka was colonized by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, each leaving distinct architectural legacies.

Portuguese Forts – Fortifications like Galle Fort (built in 1588) and Colombo Fort.
Dutch Colonial Buildings – Features gabled roofs, thick walls, and courtyards, seen in Dutch Hospital (Colombo) and Old Dutch Reformed Church (Galle).
British Influence – Neo-classical, Gothic, and Victorian styles in structures like Queen’s Hotel (Kandy), Old Parliament Building (Colombo), and National Museum of Colombo.
3. Modern & Contemporary Architecture
Post-independence, Sri Lankan architecture evolved with a fusion of traditional and modernist designs.

Geoffrey Bawa’s Tropical Modernism – Bawa, Sri Lanka’s most famous architect, pioneered "Tropical Modernism," blending modern minimalism with local materials and landscapes. Notable works include:
Parliament of Sri Lanka (Kotte)
Lunuganga Estate (Bawa’s residence)
Kandalama Hotel
Sustainable & Eco-Friendly Designs – Many new resorts and homes incorporate passive cooling, natural ventilation, and integration with nature.
Key Features of Sri Lankan Architecture
Use of courtyards, verandas, and open pavilions.
Materials like timber, clay tiles, coral stone, and granite.
Ornate wood carvings and murals in traditional structures.
Tropical landscaping integrated with built environments.
Sri Lanka’s architecture is a beautiful mix of history, nature, and innovation, making it one of the most unique in South Asia.

1. ARCHITECTURE IN SRI-LANKA CHAPTER 18

2. ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA 3rd century B.C. to present day INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL Sri Lanka or Ceylon, is a large island in the Indian ocean 32 km (20 miles} off the southern tip of the Indian ocean 32 km (20 miles) off the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. Ceylon has been a centre of international trade, due to its strategic position on the West-to-East sea route and its find natural harvours (see Map of Pakistan-India). 2

3. GEOLOGICAL Many kinds of building material are exploited. Granite, limestone, laterite and limestone; clay for bricks, roof tiles and pottery, widely used in the wet districts, which also encourage the quick growth of soft and hard timber, bamboo grasses for thatch and mats, coconut trees, the wood of which is used for posts and roofs the leaves for thatch and decoration. The dry areas have teak, satin and other beautiful hardwoods, all of which have been and still are, used in the building crafts. The topography was utilized in the past to enhance architectural effects; tanks were built around rock outcrops, and cities, palaces and temples were constructed on hills and high rocks.

4. CLIMATIC Ceylon is divided into three climatic zones, which have given rise to special building characteristics a. dry hot zone, mainly in the north and east, where in the early civilization vast irrigation tanks were built to conserve rain water; a central wet region, cool and invigorating and a low-lying hot wet zone in the south and south west; with a very heavy rainfall and high humidity, where buildings are solid walled, with wide projecting eaves and verandahs, and steeply-pitched roofs to ward off rain an sun.

5. SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL The recorded history of ceylon covers about 2,500 years, for most of which there is a con- tinuous stream of evidence from both native and foreign sources. There were three signifi - cant periods in the development of the island's cultural and political life. a . The Anuradhapura period ( 4th century B.C. to 10th century A.D .) during this period the foundations were laid for political, social and artistic traditions, among the several sin- halese kings of this era noted for their great building works one stands out above the rest, Kassapa 1 who left anuradhapura to create a unique city constructed on and around an immense rock-hill Sigiriya. b . The Polonnnaruwa period ( 11th-13th century ). The building of this city was the principal architectural undertaking of King Purakrama Baho "the great" (12th century). c . The Kandyan period ( 15th-19th century ) This 3rd period saw the division of the country into several kingdoms, with the capital at Kandy in an area initially undisturbed by foreign interference. The Portuguese and dutch introduced the late Renaissance and Baroque in- to the colonical styles, while the British brought a colonial "Georgian" and later, the royal engineers "colonial classic" to be seen in oficial buildings and influencing the style of private construction. Moslem seafarers and merchants had little influence in Architecture. 5

6. Architectural character In Ceylon , architectural history begins with the introduction of Buddhism from India in the 3rd century B.C. when durable buildings in brick and stone appeared as opposed to perishable wood. Anuradhapura Period- The earliest remains are the natural rock chambers, built for the hermits, with drip-ledges to carry away rain water. Later these were developed with walls to form an enclosure ( rock temples ). Numerous remains of moulded and dressed stone plinths, pillars and lintels survive as evidence of the framed structural system used and the skill of masons and sculptures. Pillars have a significant place in the peristylar architecture of Anuradhapura. Square or octagonal in Section, the Capital, socketed into the top, is of a plain hexagonal vase shape, with a carved abacus above and mouldings between: Some- times the shaft and capital is cut in one piece. a noteworthy feature of sinhalese architecture was the sensitivity shown towards the natural landscape and its intimate relationship to the buildings. Click to edit Master text styles Click to edit Master text styles 6

7. Polonnaruwa Period- The outstanding architectural creation was a cetiya-ghara , the "WATA-da- ge " (Circular relic house), built in stone and brick. The polonnaruwa example is exquisitely proportioned. A quality conspicuous in many of the buildings. The gateway, stair- ways and sculptured lions and beasts recall Cambodia and Java two impressive architectural monuments are Temples of Lankatilleke and Gadaladeniya , both sited on rocky eminences. 7

8. Kandyan Period - In its typical form the Kandyan Style is an architecture of wood, catering to the needs of a simple but well-to-do agricultural civilization. The Anuradhapura framed structure of pillars and beams is continued but in timber, richly carved with the traditional motifs. Roofs are high pitched with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small flat (shingles) terra cotta tiles and eaves tiles (with bas-reliefs) all of an ancient pattern. These roofs are a striking feature in the landscape; many levelled, high peaked and visible from afar. There are many building types existing: Mostly monasteries with their temples; The decorative art work is important. Ancient motifs are use as an integral part of the building, such as windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways, ornamental metal- work door furniture, painted walls, terra cotta relief with plaques and eaves tiles. All these arts are practiced with ancient lion, lotus geese and makara motifs. 8

9. Architecture in Afghanistan Chapter 19

10. AFGHANISTAN INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL Land of towering mountains and parched wastes where living has never been easy. The narrow valleys of the Khyber river was the only communication routes with India situated in the NW of the Indo Pakistan sub-continent, with Iran on the West and Russia and Central Asia to the N. Mainly a vast high plateau 6,000 to 12,600 ft. above sea level.

11. Architectural character Bamiyan , with its monasteries and temples is important, for its relationship to Persia and Central Asia the huge group is carved out of a sandstone cliff face, the interior honey combed with sanctuaries and assembly halls extending for nearly 2 km with a painted niche at either end, each sheltering a vast Buddha statue, hewn from the rock, the features modeled in mud mixed with straw with a lime plaster finish painted gilded. Other features are the cupola roofs spanning with arched squinches the square chamber angles, the idiosyncratic lantern roof, and the cofferred dome, an elaborate system of hexagons (each containing a seated Buddha image) and triangles rising to a central octagon. 11

12. Architecture in Burma, cambodia Chapter 20

13. Burma-(now mayanmar ) influences Burma is bounded on the NW by the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and on the SE and E by China, Laos and Thailand; it forms a delta in the south, opening into the Bay of Bengal and the India Ocean, whence Indian culture and Buddhism entered the country. There was also a land route from India to China, which passed through upper Burma and was certainly used by immigrants. Burma is rich in timber, ores and precious stones, while teak and brick are much used in buildings. The climate is tropical, with southwest monsoon rains in summer. 13 GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOLOGICAL & CLIMATIC

14. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The majority of Burma's important architectural monuments date from the pagan period, and almost all buildings of real distinction are religious. The basic stupa ( zedi , later pagoda) form and was a massive brick cylindrical construction, built upon a plinth of three or five diminishing terraces; the basic temple form was square in plan with brick walls enciosing narrow vaulted corridors embracing a solid masonry core, which had centrally-placed niches on each side to accomodate Buddha statues, the walls decorated with frescoes or sculptured bas-reliefs. The central core rose in a series of receding storeys , and was crown- ed with a tapering sikhara -type finial of Orissan -Indian character. The true Arch was much used in Burma-it was never exploited in India-with radiating voussoirs to form semi- pointed barrel vaults. 14 Shwedagon Pagoda

15. SHWE DAGON Pagoda, Rangoon BURMA (Stupa) Traditional rounded Tumulus of the Stupa had now evolved into a tall, tenuous struc - ture , rising in this case by repeated enlarge- ments to a height of 113 m. (370 feet) above the processional platform. The supporting plinth is multi-planned, its many angles bear- ing miniature Pagoda, the processional plat- form crowded with carved gilded and lac- quered shrines and spirelets. 15

16. CAMBODIA-(Now kampuchea 16 GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOLOGICAL & CLIMATIC • This region of southern Indo-China covers the areas of the Mekong river delta and the China sea to the south, and the Midwestern Mekong region bordering the Gulf of Siam in the West and separated on the east from ancient Vietnam by the eastern Moi highlands and, in the North, by Mountains of Central Laos. • Timber was the principal building material in the delta area, together with laterite, sand- stone and a terra-cotta brick in the hinterland. • The cooling rain and wind of the south-west Monsoon provides the only break in the tropical humid heat.

17. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The earliest recorded capital was Uyadhapura on the lower reaches of the Mekong river. It was an Agglomeration of wooden houses on piles connected by little canals linked to larger waterways capable of taking. A. Sea-going ships later, Furnanese and early Khmer . B. Architectural development was centred upon Sambor and Prei Kuls , in the forest near Kampong Thom on the road form Saigon to Angkor. Wooden buildings gave way to more substantial brick and stone imitations of Timber prototypes, which show a mixture of Indian forms grafted on to indigenous elements, and rich decorative sculpture derived from wood carving. At the beginning of the Early Classical. 17

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22. ARCHITECCTURAL CHARACTER Bamiyan, with its monasteries and temples. is important, for its relationship to Persia and Central Asia the huge group is carved out of a sandstone cliff face, the interior honey combed with sanctuaries and assembly halls extending for nearly 2 km with a painted niche at either end, each sheltering a vast Buddha statue, hewn from the rock, the features modeled in mud mixed with straw with a lime plaster finish painted gilded. NEED: More agility and adaptability Stronger competitive edge Ability to adapt swiftly Stay ahead of the curve 22

23. Growth strategy Expand market reach through strategic partnerships Enhance product features based on user feedback Explore international market opportunities 23

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25. Financials QUARTER REVENUE ($) EXPENSES ($) NET PROFIT ($) Q1 $200,000 $150,000 $50,000 Q2 $300,000 $200,000 $100,000 Q3 $400,000 $250,000 $150,000 Q4 $300,000 $200,000 $100,000 25

26. summary With this product, Adatum Corporation is positioned for success in the dynamic market.  With a focus on innovation, user experience, and strategic growth, we anticipate reaching new heights in the coming year. Our commitment to user satisfaction underscores every aspect of our operations Strong market positioning Robust growth strategy Innovative product development Commitment to user satisfaction 26

27. THANK YOU Frey Munch [email protected] www.adatum.com