Stem cell & it's types

ncluding all basic information and detailed definition and examples

1. Stem Cell & It’s Types 404 UNIT III, IV PRESENTED BY: MAULIK R PATEL MSc Biochemistry

2. Stem cell & its types 404 UNIT III, IV

3. Presentation Overview Introduction History What are stem cells? What makes a cell a stem cell? Types of stem cells Stem cell timeline Major uses of stem cells

4. Importance of Stem Cell Research

5. 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos 1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research 2002 - California ok stem cell research 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells 2007: The Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi , Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells". 2012: The Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed Stem Cell History

6. Concept of Stem cell

7. What are stem cells? the body is made up of about 200 different kinds of specialised cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, fat cells and skin cells all cells in the body come from stem cells a stem cell is a cell that is not yet specialised the process of specialisation is called differentiation once the differentiation pathway of a stem cell has been decided, it can no longer become another type of cell on its own

8. Stem Cell – Definition Stem cells of a particular tissue are defined as un- differentiated cells,are capable of proliferation & are able to self maintain the population .

9. What makes a cell a stem cell? Self renewing Gives rise to mature, specialized cells Long-term self renewal Unspecialized: Pleuripotent or multipotent

10. Totipotent – Can differentiate into embryonic and extra embryonic cell types. Can construct a complete viable organism. Ex: Cell produced by fusion of an egg and sperm Pluripotent – Can differentiate into nearly all cells, cells derived from any of the three germ layers. Multipotent - Can differentiate into a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells. Oligopotent - Can differentiate into only a few cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells. Unipotent - Can produce only one cell type of their own, property of self renewal. PROPRTIES OF STEM CELL

11. This cell Can form the Embryo and placenta This cell Can just form the embryo Totipotent Pluripotent Multi- potent Fully mature

12. TYPES OF STEM CELLS There are three main types of stem cell : Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells

13. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL Embryonic stem (ES) cells are the cells of the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm w hen necessary stimulation for a specific cell type is obtained. They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.

14. FLUORESCENT IMAGING OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL COLONIES

15. ADULT STEM CELLS  These are also known as tissue specific stem cells.  Adult stem cells supply new cells as an organism grows and to replace cells that get damaged.  These stem cells can generate different cell types for the specific tissue or organ in which they live.  Adult stem cells are said to be multipotent , which means they can only change into some cells in the body but not all.  For Example: Blood-forming (or hematopoietic ) stem cells in the bone marrow can give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. However, blood-forming stem cells don’t generate liver or lung or brain cells.

16. Bone marrow Kidney Lung

17. Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells in 2007 - very recent discovery! can be grown indefinitely in culture in an undifferentiated state similar properties to embryonic stem cells as can differentiate into many different tissue types – pluripotent can create stem cells directly from a patient for research Starting cells from donor tissue iPS Cells p l ur i p o te n t stem cells

18. Different attributes Pluripotent stem cells ESCs iPSCs Tissue stem cells (multipotent) Source Embryo Somatic cell Adult, juvenile and fetal organs Rate of proliferation High High Usually low Availability High High Low Spontaneous differentiation Yes Yes No Capacity to produce diverse cell types High High Low

19. STEM CELL APPLICATIONS

20. www.stemcellcentre.edu.au www.stemcellchannel.com.au www.gummy-stuff.org/stem-cells.htm . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy