steriosomerisms in glucoses biochemistry

biochemistry

1. STERIOISOMERISM IN GLUCOSE Submitted To: D r shaukat Submitted By: Bushra A man Roll no: 808-R - BH -Z-20

2. STERIOISOMERISM Stereoisomerism is a phenomenon where compounds share the same molecular formula and bonding sequence but differ in their spatial arrangement. Carbohydrates exhibits stereoisomerism due to its chiral carbon atoms Molecular Structure of Glucose Glucose, C6H12O6 , comprises a six-carbon ring structure. Notably, its chiral carbon atoms result in different three-dimensional arrangements of its atoms, forming distinct stereoisomers.

3. Chiral Carbon The rule of thumb is: chiral carbon centers are carbon atoms that are attached to four different substituents, Chiral carbon atoms are also referred to as ' stereogenic carbons' or 'asymmetrical carbon atoms. Achiral Carbon The carbon atom which is attached to the same substituents and lacks any chiral centre  is called an achiral carbon atom .  Achiral molecules are symmetric at all the centres .

4. Achiral Carban

5. Types of Stereoisomers E nantiomers Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images Diastereomers Diastereomers are stereoisomers that aren't mirror images and non superimposeable .

6. Enantiomers Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other . They occur in pairs Identical chemical physical properties their interaction with plane-polarized light — they rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions . D and L glucose are enantiomers of each other

7. Diastereomers Diastereomers are another type of stereoisomer, distinct from enantiomers. Unlike enantiomers, diastereomers are non-mirror image stereoisomers, meaning they do not possess an exact mirror image relationship.Diastereomers arise when molecules have two or more chiral centers and differ in the spatial arrangement at some,but not all, of these chiral centers . Properties of Diasteromers Different physical and chemical Separation and Identification. Biological Activity

8. Epimers Epimers are a specific subtype of diastereomers , differing in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a single carbon atom in a molecule while maintaining the same configuration at all other chiral centers.

9. Anomers Anomers are a specific type of epimers that differ in their configuration specifically at the anomeric carbon, which is a carbon that becomes a chiral center when a cyclic sugar molecule forms.

10. Alpha Anomer : In the cyclic structure of glucose, the alpha anomer refers to the configuration where the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the anomeric carbon (the carbon that becomes a new chiral center in the ring structure) is on the opposite side (below the ring) concerning the CH2OH group at the C-6 position. This orientation creates a specific spatial arrangement. Beta Anomer : Conversely, the beta anomer in glucose signifies the arrangement where the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon is on the same side (above the ring) as the CH2OH group at the C-6 position.

11. Significance The specific stereochemistry of glucose is crucial in biological processes. For instance, D-glucose serves as a primary energy source, while other stereoisomers might have limited metabolic significance . glucose stereoisomers holds significance in fields like pharmacology, food science, and biochemistry. It influences drug design nutritional studies the development of pharmaceuticals .

12. Conclusion Understanding glucose shapes isn't just about sugar; it helps us understand our bodies better and helps scientists make important discoveries . glucose stereoisomerism is crucial for comprehending its biological roles. The spatial arrangement of molecules significantly impacts their properties and functions.

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