Stick framing system with glazing

A stick-built curtain wall refers to the method of construction by which the curtain wall is assembled on-site, piece by piece. The manufacturer delivers each individual component; glass, mullion, spandrel; and glaziers assemble the curtain wall directly on the structure.
Credits:
Tarab Shaikh
Huzaifa Jamali
Rukaiya Shaikh
Avita Norhona
Shoaib Mujawar
Zuber Dange
Shoaib Ansari

1. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM WITH GLAZING TARAB.S (LEADER) HUZAIFA.J RUKAIYA.SH AVITA.N ANSARI .SH SHOAIB.M ZUBER.D

2. Stick-type curtain wall glazing system is a type of Structural Glazing where the frame verticals or the mullions and the glass panels are erected and connected piece by piece The vertical mullions are attached first to the floor slabs and then the horizontal mullions are attached to the vertical ones.  Generally, stick-type glazing is preferred for buildings that are not that tall, usually less than 3-4 floors. Air, wind, and heat can play a vital role the stability and the stick glazing method takes these factors while they are built. Usually, the glass units between the aluminium frame slide when there is a thermal factor. This factor is taken into consideration and provisioned when the glazing is done. INTRODUCTION STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

3. COMPONENTS OF STICK FRAMING SYSTEM STICK FRAMING SYSTEM The individual elements of a stick system are commonly fabricated (cut to length and prepared for connection) within a factory and then shipped to site as a kit of parts which is then installed by a team of specialist contractors. Once the mullion/transom grid is erected, the glass panes and spandrel panels are positioned and typically held in place by pressure plates which are masked by cover caps. An alternative method to clamp the glass is toggle glazing which uses a channel between the glass to clamp the internal laminate only. The two fixing details are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. Due to its versatility and cost, these systems are typically used in shopping centers and low rise office buildings.

4. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES STICK FRAMING SYSTEM ADVANTAGES It is easy and flexible for installation; and it is easy to replace, repair and maintain The glazing can be fabricated off-site. This allows for less erection time than other curtain wall glazing system. Cost efficient DISADVANTAGES Difficulties in quality control. Stick glazing usually has lower load-bearing capacity than other curtain wall glazing systems Relies heavily on site workmanship. Requires different trade men. Difficult to accommodate building movement. Difficult to control water drainage to individual floors. Too many loss parts and components on site. Poor acoustic and thermal insulation. Deterioration of expansion and sealant joints.

5. LIMITATIONS OF STICK FRAMING SYSTEM STICK FRAMING SYSTEM The installation process will take longer because fabrication and glazing will be done on site. Stick glazing usually has lower load-bearing capacity than other curtain wall glazing systems Most of the erection work and glazing work in done on the site, so it requires large amount of storage space for material and installation process. The speed of installation is slow as compared to Unitized curtain system. You can only install low and mid size curtain wall in the Stick Framing System. Exterior access is compulsory in this system. Stick Framed Curtain wall is mostly preferred in the low rise buildings. Poor acoustics and Thermal insulation. site storage First stage installation at site Installation process Finished project

6. TYPES OF STICK FRAMING SYSTEM STICK FRAMING SYSTEM Without Decorative Capping System: Horizontal and vertical frames of curtain wall are both invisible hidden within the decorative sheets. Glass is connected to the glass sub-frame through the structural silicone adhesive. The sub frames are fixed to the horizontal and vertical frames through mechanic connection. Curtain wall glass is attached to the sub-frames through structural sealant. Glass sub-frame is fixed to the aluminium alloy frame through the use of special purposed lock block, screws and nuts. Glass lock block is accurately positioned and installed in the prefabricated rabbet in the horizontal and vertical frame. Decorative Capping framing System: The curtain wall glass of this type of curtain wall is fixed to the curtain wall keel through its outside long pressure plate and the decorative capping covers the pressure plate from the outside. Two layers of seals are formed at the inside and outside of the glass where in contact with the pressure plate by respectively setting a complete and continuous sealing structure. Heat insulation measures are adopted at connection position between glass clamp and the main keel to stop heat transfer. The degree of tightness at the connection between glass clamp and decorative cover plate is adjustable, which not only ensures stable clipping and convenient installation .

7. TYPES OF GLASS FLOAT GLASS Monolithic and highly transparent Manufactured in two main varieties, i.e. clear and tinted. float glass can be toughened, a process that creates safety glass out of annealed glass. Available in thicknesses 2-19 mm Can be colored during manufacturing. SHEET GLASS three different kind of sheet glasses:   – Annealed flat glass   – Processed flat glass   – Misc. glass Actual color green (or sometimes blue). Sizes available: 2 MM -19 MM 25 RUP SQM-85 RUP SQM PATTERNED GLASS This glass surface has a patterned decorative design which provide translucency and some degrees of obscurity. Patterns are classified as decorative or glazing Thickness: 4mm, 6mm, TINTED GLASS Manufactured by adding a dye at the molten glass stage.  Used to minimize solar heat gain and glare while it also absorbs heat.  Available in grey, bronze, green, blue and blue/green  Allows for increased control of comfort and energy usage

8.   WIRED GLASS Fine twisted hexagonal wire netting or mesh inserted during the process of rolling. May be patterned, smooth rolled or ground and polished. When broken, loose pieces of glass are held by the wire netting. Thickness: 5 to 7 mm. REFLECTIVE GLASS Coating of a metal compound applied on one surface by chemical deposition. Reflects light and solar heat May be applied on any type of glass Causes light pollution and is hazardous to traffic. 4MM -12 MM 53-63 RUP/SQM INSULATING GLASS Factory assembled unit consisting of two or more panels of glass separated by air spaces. Moisture proof The periphery of the air spaces is hermetically sealed. SAFETY GLASS Requirement of uninterrupted vision rules out the use of wired glass. Is of two types-    -Laminated safety glass   -Toughened safety glass TYPES OF GLASS

9. FRAMING ALUMINIUM SINGLE TRACK ALUMINUM DOUBLE TRACK ALUMINUM TRIPLE TRACK SIZES 85 MM X 45MM 125 MM X 45MM 150 MM X 45 MM 200 MM X 45 MM SIZES 125 MM x 50 MM 175 MM X 50 MM 200 MM X 50 MM SIZES 150MM X 75 MM 175 MM X 75 MM 225 MM X 75 MM RATE RATE RATE 180 RUP/KG 190 RUP/KG 200 RUP / KG

10. + STICK FRAMING SYSTEM MOCKUPS : TESTING Visual and performing mockup are full scale constructions of part of building envelope assembly that incorporate the actual specified materials i.e. the aluminium frames, panels used, sealants and the extra support system. The building envelope that is being tested must be watertight i.e. prevent water penetration to the interior, control air leakage and condensation and resist wind load. The mockups response to each test is measured precisely noted and compared to the specified criteria that is being provided. If the model performs as expected it passes otherwise remediation measures are required and the system must be modified so that it can pass the retest. Frame testing Curtain wall mockup An airplane engine and propeller used to stimulate high winds during a curtain wall mockup test

11. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM INSTALLTION PROCESS Niches are created in the slab and channel are fixed Fixing of Mullions Fixing Brackets Internal panels and insulation panels are fixed Aluminium Structure Fixing of Transom

12. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM INSTALLTION PROCESS Fixing of Glass Panes Inferior Support Profile Customised Clip Positioned Complete Structural Glazing Facade

13. FIXING DETAILS AND METHODOLOGY STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

14. FIXING DETAILS AND METHODOLOGY STICK FRAMING SYSTEM 2 ALTERNATIVE Corner Joinery Detail SETTING BLOCK NOTCHED TO ALLOW OF WATER TO WEEPS INSULATING GLASS GLAZING GASKET SEALANT CAP MULLION SETTING BLOCK NOTCHED TO ALLOW PASSEGE OF WATER TO WEEP PRESSURE PLATE BAR Glass Fixing Detail SNAP CAP BELOW SEALED GLAZING UNIT SELICON WEATHERSEAL BACKER RAIL MULLION STRUCTURAL SILICONE GASKET SCREW CHASE RAIL CORNER MULLION METAL BACK PANE SNAP CAP BELOW SEALED GLAZING UNIT SEALANT STRUCTURAL SILICONE CORNER POST AIR SPACE SPANDREL PANEL

15. FIXING DETAILS AND METHODOLOGY STICK FRAMING SYSTEM STEEL SHELF ANGLE AND CONTINOUS METAL SHELF ANGLE TRIM COVER SEALANT AND CLOSED CELL BACKER ROD WITH WEEP HOLES MULLION GLAZING GASKETS INSULATING GLASS UNIT BRICK WALL

16. + STICK FRAMING SYSTEM MAINTENANCE AND AFTERCARE Curtain walls and perimeter sealants require maintenance to maximize service life. Perimeter sealants properly designed and installed have a typical service life of 10 to 15 years. Removal and replacement of perimeter sealants require meticulous surface preparation and proper detailing. Aluminium frames are generally painted or anodized. Care must be taken when cleaning areas around anodized materials as some cleaning agents will destroy the finish. Factory applied fluoropolymer thermoset coatings have good resistance to environmental degradation and require only periodic cleaning. Expose glazing seals and gaskets require inspection and maintenance to minimise water penetration, and to limit exposure of frame seals and insulating glass seals to wetting. MAINTAINING PERIMETER SEALANTS ON REGULAR BASIS DETRIORATION OR DISCOLOURATION OF FRAME FINISH

17. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STICK FRAMING & UNITIZED FRAMING SYSTEM STICK FRAMING SYSTEM Stick Framing System Unitized framing System Installed piece by piece at site Units are shop fabricated and pre-assembled Thermal expansion & contraction of mullions are accommodated by expansion joints Units are designed so that the horizontal & vertical members in adjacent units interlock to form common mullions & rails System components are shop fabricated & shipped Lower field installation cost Grater degree of on site adjustments Lower degree of site adjustments Low shipping cost Shorter construction period Longer on site assembly time & more on site labor than the other system The greater shipping cost because of the added bulk from assembled units

18. CASE STUDY 1 : Spertus Institute Of Jewish Studies

19. SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM Location : Illinios , Chicago, USA. Designed by : Chicago-based  Krueck + Sexton architects. Is a private educational center. The building is innovative and environmentally sustainable. It is a 10 storey building: 161 feet tall and 80 feet wide. The geometry of the façade is unique because the surface tilts in three dimensions. High performance lighting and demand-based ventilation, the building achieves a 29% reduce in energy consumption, resulting in 550 tons of avoided CO2 per year . Water-saving fixtures are used throughout, and healthy materials , high-efficiency air filtration , and special humidity controls provide quality indoor air. The cost of the Spertus project was more than $50 million. Glass facade Front elevation 3 dimension tilted Glassfacade . Interior vIiew

20. WINDOW WALL DETAIL The window wall is built from 726 individual pieces of glass in 556 different shapes with a typical size of 4'-4" x 7'-0" . The lightness of the wall and absolute minimal use of materials offer great efficiency and sustainability. façade’s dynamic crystalline form allow light to extend into the narrow building, while expanding the views enjoyed from inside. Individual units of glass that are parallelograms rather than rectangles . Form of the wall Typical section highlighting the facade wall Interior play of light using glass facades and creating sustainable design. On the Glass Façade : Near the centre of the facade a portion of the valve feels away from the building mass to form a canopy stuttering the street entrance and revealing the construction method of the curtain wall. The canopy The extended portion showing fixing Details. SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

21. TYPICAL FAÇADE DETAIL: Structurally glazed laminated insulating class with low E coating and ceramic frit silkscreen. Extruded aluminium unit frame. Bend extruded aluminium mullion. Adjustable translucent blind. Radiator. Concrete slab on metal deck. Fireproof Steel beam. Suspended Ceiling. GLASS: It is a custom hybrid system of structural free glazed silkscreened insulating glass units in multiple shapes mounted onto: FRAME: stick built millions of extruded aluminium . FAÇADE : the building name facade measures 24.4 by 50 5.2 metres and is clad entirely in a folded, faceted custom glass curtain wall. SEALANT: The Glass is factory placed along each edge with the structural silicone sealant that adheres it to minimal frame of extruded aluminium . MULLIONS : These units are then mounted onto Y shaped mullions, spanning vertically from floor to floor that bend and twist. Glass Specifications: 1.375" insulated unit with 0.375" low-iron outer lite (single pane) of glass, a 0.5" air space and a 0.5" laminated interior lite made up of two 0.25" lites laminated together Glass Coatings: Interior surface of the outer lite of glass has a low-E (low emissivity) coating and a 40% ceramic frit pattern made up of 0.125" white dots SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

22. AXONOMETRIC VIEW DETAIL: main elevation facade Diagram showing curtain wall facets SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

23. TYPICAL MULLION DETAIL: Ground floor plan 4 th floor plan TYPICAL FLOOR PLANS HIGHLIGHTING GLASS WALL IN FACADE: SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM

24. CASE STUDY 2 :HALLIDIE BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO

25. HALLIDIE BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM Location :San Franciso,USA . Opened in :1918 Architect :Willis Polk Owned by : University of California at Berkeley Size : Seven-story façade (~9,000 sf with cornice) Construction cost : $7.1 million Construction time : 2011 to 2013 Old building facade Listed in the National Register of Historic Places and the California Register, the Hallidie Building was named a San Francisco Landmark in 1971 . Nation's first glass curtain wall new building facade The façade, consisting of glass panes suspended in a steel mullion grid, is projected in front of the perimeter columns, with concrete sills supported by bearing anchors to carry the weight of the glass skin . Most of the windows pivot horizontally to facilitate natural ventilation in concert with conventional windows in the wall behind.

26. HALLIDIE BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO STICK FRAMING SYSTEM This transparent wall was suspended 83 cm in front of the support line, which was comprised of a 45.72 cm diameter hexagonal reinforced columns at twenty-foot centres . The weight of the glass skin alone was carried on a 7.6cm projecting concrete sill, cantilevered out from the upstand beam. building façade schematic section Fixing of glass to transom and mullion SLAB RCC SUSPENDED SLAB STEEL TRANSOM STEEL MULLION GLASS PANEL STEEL PLATE

27. FIXING DETAILS AND METHODOLOGY STICK FRAMING SYSTEM HALLIDIE BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO Window Fixing Detail STEEL TRANSOM STEEL MULLION GLASS S TEEL PIVOT STEEL CAP GLAZING GASKET FILLER BLOCK Horizontal pivoting window STEEL MULLION STEEL TRANSOM

28. CASE STUDY 3 for double glazing curtain wal : Agbar Tower BARCELONA, Spain

29. AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN STICK FRAMING SYSTEM The tower itself is based on two concentric concrete oval cylinders of which the outer cylinder encases the inner cylinder. The structure is built with reinforced concrete and the cladding of the façade is done with aluminum and mobile glass louvres. The unusual form of the tower is inspired by the shape of a geyser that is rising into the air and by the towers of the Sagrada Familia and the Montserrat mountain ranges in Barcelona. Montserrat mountain ranges Sagrada familia Location : Barcelona, Spain. Finished on : 1999-2005 Designed by : designed by the French architect Jean Nouvel , in association with the Spanish firm Fermín Arquitectos, for the Agbar Group, a holding company. The height of the tower is 144,0 m. It was a structure that ties the new incoming from the old. Location map A special aesthetical effect is created at night by the 4500 LED devices, that can create millions of colours. Led fittings on exterior facade Agbar Tower Inner concrete core Outside aluminum shell INTRODUCTION

30. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM EXTERIOR FAÇADE DETAIL 1.CONCRETE WALL 2.WINDOWS 3.SEALING BANDS 4.BRACKETS AND ANCHORS 5.INSULATION 6.CORRUGATED SHEET 7.MAINTAINANCE TRAYS 8.GLASS LOUVERS Load bearing Reinforced concrete wall with punched windows Translucent and clear glass louvers suspended on extruded aluminium framing members AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN

31. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM FAÇADE BLOWN UP SECTION : The louvers are tilted at 14 different angles calculated to deflect direct sunlight. They move according to horizontal pivoting motion with a fixed pivoting axis. The inner layer of double -skin façade is composed out od concrete (30-50 cm thk ) and is thermally insulated on the inside. The space between the façade layer forms a thermal buffer and allows a natural circulation of air and ventilation. TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL- commercial level/ existing building FUNCTION/GOAL- thermal comfort, visual comfort, appearance and energy consumption TYPE OF FAÇADE SYSTEM- active TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES- mobile screens for controlling solar radiation, building automation systems for the management of plants and elements of building skin. TYPE OF MATERIAL- glass TYPE OF SHADING DEVICE- blinds with slant angle control TYPE OF TRIGGER INPUT- thermal( outdoor temperature), optical (daylight level, glare) TYPE OF OUTPUT- mechanical CONTROL / OPERATION TIME -auto reactive SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME- minutes SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTABILITY- gradual LEVEL OF VISIBILITY- visible surface change(louvers, blinds) IS THE SYSTEM ECONOMICAL -no SYSTEM MAINTANCE FREQUENCY- yearly AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN

32. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM Installation of the glass louvres taking place from the maintenance catwalk Sketch of the facade Zoomed in section of Agbar Tower 1.Detail of pivoting blinds from outside. 2. Detail of pivoting blinds from indoor space. 1 2 Interior views of the structure TYPICAL FAÇADE DETAIL: AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN

33. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM The double skin presents an inner leaf formed by windows within a steel frame and the outer leaf is formed by glass louvres supported onto supporting steel frames. The design makes easier the façade installation, because the spandrel metallic cladding and the glass louvres were assembled from the maintenance catwalk. This improved the site safety conditions whereas supposed a cost saving in lifting devices. The glass louvres supporting frame and the catwalk were installed from the scaffoldings. Afterwards, the catwalk was employed as a platform for the glass louvres installation, later used as the vertical protection for the rest of the façade works. Finally, any maintenance work can be done from the catwalk, being safety and accessible for any façade component. Installation works taking place from the scaffolding This spectacular colored façade consists of 50,000 louvres measuring on average 1 meter x 30 cm. DOWSIL™ 993 Structural Glazing Sealant was specified to bond laminated glass, supplied by San Gobain, onto its aluminum frame by fabricator La Veneciana. DOWSIL™ 993 Structural Glazing Sealant was chosen for its unique strength/flexibility ratio and proven track record of durability. Fixing of floor slabs from inner core to exterior cylinder Inside view of Agbar tower showing core construction phase EXTERIOR FAÇADE INSTALLATION : AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN

34. STICK FRAMING SYSTEM TYPICAL FAÇADE LOUVER DETAIL: Louver detail Blown up section showing louvers AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, SPAIN