Stone and Details about the stone and types of all natural and man-made .pdf

Details about the stone and types of all natural and man-made stones and their uses.

1. Stone
Stone has been used by humans for centuries as a building material, and its durability and aesthetic charm make it a
timeless choice. From ancient monuments to modern architecture, the versatility of stone is undeniable.

2. History Of Stone
-Natural stone was created thousands of years ago when the Earth was just a ball of mineral gases. As these gases
began to cool down, they compressed and solidified to form the world we know today.
-It was during this process that natural stone was formed –the type of stone created depends on what type of minerals
were combined at that time. This was a slow process that occurred over millions of years.
-As the Earth began to settle, many of these seams of stone were gradually pushed to the surface by heat and pressure,
creating the large formations we see today.
-Natural stone adds timeless elegance to any space, enhancing its aesthetic appeal and value.
-Natural stone structures have withstood the test of time for thousands of years and continue to remain a popular
choice.

3. About Stone
•Mono Mineral Stone
•Monomineralic rocks, as the name suggests, are rocks that are composed of only one mineral. Majority of
rocks are composed of several different minerals and absolutely pure monomineralic rocks do not exist in
nature anyway. But some of them are reasonably 'pure' to be called monomineralic.Analysis of crystal form and
crystal cleavage is typically used to classify monomineralic compounds.
•Polymineralic Stone
•Most rocks are polymineralic, meaning that they are composed of multiple types of mineral grains.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
GEOLOGICAL
1-IGNEOUS
2-SEDIMENTARY
3-METAMORPHIC
CHEMICAL
1-SILICEOUS
2-ARGILLAC
3-CALCAREOUS
PHYSICAL
1-STRATIFIED
2-UNSTRATIFIED
3-FOLATED

5. Stone
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed by
the accumulation and
cementation of mineral and
organic particles over millions of
years.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are created
when existing rocks are subjected
to high pressure, heat, or
chemically reactive fluids, causing
them to recrystallize. Examples
include marble, Slate, Serpentine.
etc.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form from the
cooling and solidification of
molten materials. Examples
include granite and basalt.

6. Sedimentary Rocks
SANDSTONE
Composed mainly of
sand-size mineral or
rock grains. Like sand,
it can be any color, but
most commonly
comes in tan, brown,
yellow, red, gray and
white. The stone
generally has a
uniform texture and it
is somewhat soft,
making it user-friendly
for a variety of
applications.
Uses-Flooring Wall
cladding stone
statues,build garden
benches,tables,make
flower bed,water
FOSSILSTONE
Fossil stone is a
material formed,
changed, or altered by
a process called
fossilization. This
process replaces
organic materials in
rock or stone with
minerals that seep
into the rock or other
object eventually
hardening.
Uses-Kit counter
top,Fossil stone table,
Flooring,Murals,Wall
tiles
SOAPSTONE
Soapstone is a type of
talc-schist
metamorphic rock.
Also other naming’s
are steatite or
soaprock. The
composed primarily of
talc. It occurs in the
regions where tectonic
plates are present,
replacing the rocks
with heat and
pressure, with the
flow of liquids, but
without melting. It is
composed primarily of
talc so it usually very
soft. It is gray, bluish,
green, or brown in
color. Its name is
LIMESTONE
This stone has a
uniform texture and
grade. With no
artificial coloring
agents to fade and no
reinforcement rods to
rust, the appearance
of limestone actually
improves with age.
Uses-a building
material,component
of concrete (Portland
cement),filler in
products such as
toothpaste or paints,a
soil conditioner,rock
gardens

7. Metamorphic Rocks
MARBLE
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of
recrystallized carbonate minerals (calcite or
dolomite). Marble is commonly used for
sculpture and building material. This stone
is among the most elegant and luxurious of
stones.
Uses-fireplace surrounds,ornamental
furnishings,walls,flooring,
andbathrooms,Marble especially stands out
in the bath.
SLATE
slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock.
very good weather resistance and water
absorption. Very thin and can break easily.
Usually black, grey, or green.It is easy to
split into sheets and is a common roof
covering.
uses-floor tiles,,worktop,roof
SERPENTINE
Identified by its marks which look like the
skin of a serpent. Most popular colors are
green and brown. They are used as a source
of decorative stone. The name is thought to
come from the greenish color being that of
a serpent.

8. Igneous Rocks
GRANITE
Granite is one of the most popular building materials.
Granite is a prestige material, used in projects to
produce elegance and quality. The only natural stones
harder than granite are diamonds, rubies, and
sapphires. Granite is highly heat, scratch and stain
resistant. Granite is the traditional favorite of
countertop materials for its unique colors and
patterns, proven durability and lasting value. Granite
comes in hundreds of different colors.
BASALT
Basalt is an extrusive igneous or volcanic rock that has
a low silica content, dark in colour, and is very rich in
iron and magnesium. Basalt rock is mainly composed
of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase and is the most
common rock on the earth's surface.

9. Man-made Stone
Agglomerate or
Conglomerate
a composite material produced by
binding stone chips with specially
formulated resin. The two
commonly used stones used in
producing these products are
marble and quartz Marble.
Uses-kitchen,bathroom
countertop,tiles for flooring,and
indoor and outdoor cladding.
Faux Marble
A mix of resins that are painted
or mixed with a paint to look like
marble.Faux marble is built from
several things, such as small
marble waste, quarts, stone
powder, sand, plastic, cement,
all mixed together in a
predetermined ratio.
Uses-furniture,kitchen
countertops,walls,floors.
Terrazzo
Terrazzo is a composite material,
poured in place or precast, which
is used for floor and wall
treatments. It consists of chips of
​marble,​ quartz, ​granite​, ​glass​ or
other suitable material, poured
with a ​cementitious ​binder (for
chemical binding), ​polymeric ​(for
physical binding), or a
combination of both. After it is
cured it is ground and polished
smooth or otherwise finishedto
produce a uniformly textured
surface.

10. REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD QUALITY STONES
•It should Uniform and appealing color.
•should have less water absorption.
•It should have the ability to receive good polish.
•It should have good textures.
•It should be durable.
•It should have less porosity.
•It should be hard enough and tough.
•It should not absorb water more than 10%.

11. Test on stones
To conclude the strength, durability and other engineering properties of the stone, the following tests are performed.
•Acid test
•Crushing test
•Freezing test
•Hardness Test
•Water absorption test

12. Preservations on stones
Preserving food items makes food items fresh for a long time. Similarly, stone preservation increases the life of the
stone.
•An ideal preservative should have these requirements -
It should be economical
•It should not harm the surface of the stone
•It should be non-corrosive i.e it should resist factors that affect the quality of the stone
•It should be odorless
•It should be durable
•Easy availability
•It should not allow moisture to penetrate

13. Preservations on stones
1. Coal tar
This preservative is used if there is
no choice on preservatives. This
doesn't mean that coal tar is a bad
preservative. The main reason
behind this is that when coal tar is
applied to stone for preservation
it absorbs the heat of the sun and
melts.
2. Linseed oil
Linseed oil used for stone
preservation may be used in two
ways. It may be used in boiled
form or raw form
3. Paint
Paint is mostly used preservative.
There are various applications of
paint as a preservative. The only
bad factor of using this
preservative is that the use of this
preservative changes the original
color of the stone.

14. USES OF STONE
Masonry work Lintels, vertical columns
Flooring Paving
Roofing As an aggregate in concrete
For manufacture of cement and lime

15. Natural Stone
1Durability
Natural stone offers outstanding durability,
making it a long-lasting choice for flooring,
countertops, and outdoor applications.2 Durability
Natural stone offers outstanding durability,
making it a long-lasting choice for flooring,
countertops, and outdoor applications.
3Timeless Elegance
The unique patterns and textures of natural
stone create an elegant and timeless
aesthetic that enhances any space.
4 Eco-Friendly
Being a natural material, stone has minimal
environmental impact compared to many
synthetic alternatives.

16. Uses of Natural Stone
1Architectural
Elements
Natural stone is used for
creating stunning
architectural elements like
columns, balustrades, and
decorative facades.
2Landscaping
Rock gardens, pathways,
and retaining walls are
often constructed using
natural stone for a natural
and enduring look.
3Interior Design
From flooring and
countertops to feature
walls, natural stone
enhances the beauty and
functionality of interior
spaces.
Uses of Man-made Stone
1Kitchen Countertops
Man-made stone
countertops provide a
durable and hygienic
surface ideal for food
preparation areas.
2Bathroom Vanities
Man-made stone is
commonly used for stylish
and low-maintenance
bathroom vanities.
3Exterior Cladding
For modern architecture
and renovations, man-made
stone is an excellent option
for durable and attractive
exterior cladding.

17. Wall

18. Flooring

19. Furniture

20. •Surfaces and Storage

21. Accessories

22. Thank You