Storage protocols and safe storage_MANAGE training.pdf

The powerpoint consisted of the updated storage pest management practices concentrated in India.

1. Safe storage
methods and
protocols for
agricultural
produce

2. STORAGE
Small scale-
household
level, farm
level
Community
level, village
level,
temporary
storages
Large scale
storages,
warehouses,
buffer stocks
Few days
to few
weeks
Few
weeks to
few
months
Few
months
to years
For consumption, seed for sowing in next seasons, seed saving
▪On the farm,
▪At collection points serving a number of farms and
▪At terminal points where grain is processed or moved forward in
larger bulks

3. कटाई पूर्ाान्त
कटाई उपरान्त
भण्डारण प्रसंकरण
हानि
गुणात्मक
फसल
मात्रात्मक
Crop
Pre-
harvest
Post-
harvest
Storage
Processing
Losses
Qualitative
Quantitative
Post harvest losses caused by
different factors

4. S
t
o
r
a
g
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
Abiotic factors
•Temperature – indirect relation, the higher the temperature
the shorter the storage life because of increased
metabolism rates of grains and pests
•Grain moisture: speed up the spoilage, favourable for
microbes
•Humidity – storage atmosphere should be of 70±5%RH
•Storage time - Sound and scientific management needed
for the long term storage

5. Moisture content requirement for
safe storage of grains
(27 °C, 70% RH)
Crop EMC
Maize shelled 13.5
Maize flour 11.5
Wheat 13.5
Wheat flour 12.0
Sorghum 13.5
Millet 16.0
Paddy 15.0
Rice 13.0
Pulses 15.0
Lentil, pea 14.0
Groundnut (shelled) 7.0
➢The longer the grain needs
to be stored, the lower the
moisture content required.

➢Safe storage moisture level
of 10-12 % for cereals and
7-9% for oil seeds (on wet
basis) effective for a safe
storage of 6-12 months.
GRAIN
MOISTURE
CONTENT
(IGMRI, Hapur)

6. Rodents
क ंतक
Birds पक्षी
Mites घुि
Microorganisms
सूक्ष्मजीर्
Insects
कीड़े
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
Biotic factors

7. Old world and new world
sparrows - Passer spp.
House sparrow (Passer
domesticus)
(Passeridae: Passeriformes)
Laughing dove - Spilopelia
senegalensis
(Columbidae: Columbiformes)
Common myna or Indian
myna - Acridotheres tristis
(Sturnidae: Passeriformes)
Pigeon - Columba livia
(Columbidae: Columbiformes)
Rose Ringed/ ring-necked
Parakeet- Psittacula krameri
(Psittaculidae: Psittaciformes)
House crow/ Indian, grey
necked, Ceylon or Colombo
crow - Corvus splendens
(Corvidae: Passeriformes)
List of birds that are commonly infesting stored food grains

8. •Use of bird scarer like metallic sheets
and ribbons
•Acoustic device (Bird scarer/
acetylene exploider)/ Fire crackers
•Barrier meshes
•Slow drying plastic jellies / Grease
•Ultra-sonic disturbances and
recorded bird call (warning cries and
distress call)
•Cats -natural predators
•Repellents like methiocarb, methyl
anthranilate and others.
Menace
Management
Preventive
Curative
Scientific handling
Avoid the spillage

10. A few types of rodents
Rats चूहे
Mice
Squirrels गगलहरी
Chipmunks चीपमक
Woodchucks/Groundhog

11. Some common species of rats:
Basis of their shelter, rats can broadly be divided in to two groups.
A.House rats B. Field rats
Black rat -Rattus rattus
Brown rat - Rattus norvegicus
House mouse - Mus musculus
Indian mole-rat/ Lesser bandicoot rat-
Bandicota bengalensis
Natal multimammate mouse -
Mastomys natalensis Indian gerbil - Tatera indica

12. Rodent Pest Management
CONTROL METHODS
NON-CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
NON-LETHAL CHEMICAL LETHAL CHEMICAL
Ultrasound and
electromagnetic devices
ACUTE TOXICANTS
DEATH QUICK
Eg. Zinc Phosphide
Associated problems: bait
shyness and poison
aversion
CHRONIC TOXICANTS
DEATH GRADUAL
Eg. All Anticoagulant
Rodenticides
MULTIPLE DOSES
Eg. Warfarin, Fumarin,
Coumatetralyl,
Chlorophacinone etc.
Associated problem is
development of resistance
SINGLE DOSE
Eg. Bromadiolone,
Brodifacoum,
Flocoumafen,
Difethialone

Trapping
Biological
control
Habitat
modification
Ultrasound and
electromagnetic
devices
Rodent Proofing
Sanitation
Electric fencing
Sterilant,
attractants,
repellents etc

14. Moth(पतंग)
Weevil(घुन)
Beetle (भ ंग कीट)

15. Major
insect pests
https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/9
93341/fsufs-06-993341-HTML-
r1/image_m/fsufs-06-993341-t001.jpg
15

16. Monitoring/
surveillance
Management/
Control
Identification/
diagnosis
Pre-requisites
for insect
management

17. DETECTION/ DIAGNOSIS
I. Conventional methods
Visual inspection
Probe sampling and trap method
Visual lures and pheromones
Berlese funnel method
Uric acid method
Hidden infestation detector
II. Modern methods
a. Conductance based methods
b. Olfactory based methods
c. Electromagnetic-spectrum based methods
Imaging
methods
Machine vision within visible domain, X-
ray imaging, Thermal imaging
Non-imaging
methods
Electronic grain probe insect counter
(EGPIC), Near-infrared spectroscopy
(NIRS)
d. Acoustic detection (Signal processing)
Window function and filtering, Acoustic spectrum
features, Acoustic temporal pattern features
TNAU traps
Probes

18. Low-cost insect trap
Used for safe storage of food grains during daily
consumption by the household
Suitable for bin holding 25 - 50 kg grains
1,50,000 units sold
Stack probe trap
UV light trap
https://www.mohantrap.com/
Acoustic Detection
System
Probe & signal processing unit
Bin filled with Chickpea
TNAU, Coimbatore ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal

19. VISIBLE LIGHT INSECT
TRAP
Operates in visible light range
(470±10 nm) so no radiation
hazards
Can trap varied range of insects
like beetles and moths in
commodity storage. Attraction
efficiency (65-93%), depending
on insects, highest attraction
(93%) in Sitotroga cerealella
Dual insect attraction
mechanisms as light and colour
trap
Flexibly installed on floor or as
wall mounted and portable
Effective up to 8m distance

20. SPECIAL FEATURES:
•100% chemical free technology
•Capacity 2t/h power saver model
•M/S. Sri Vrintha Traders Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu 9865464448, 0422-2243989
Insect removal machine
(Indian Patent – 198434)
You tube link :
https://youtu.be/yh6y9R7VjFU

21. Pest management in grain storage
Chemical Treatments
Insecticide fumigants
Carbon dioxide
Protectants
Natural products
Inert Dusts
Botanical
Derivatives
Plant powders
Plant Essential Oils
Physical treatments:
Modified/ Hermetic/ Controlled atmosphere
Low Pressure storage
Heating/ cooling: Mechanical, Dielctric heating (MV
and RF), Ionizing Radiation, Ozone Treatment
Mechanical
methods
Mechanical
devices and traps
Biotechnological
Interventions
Biological Control
Parasitoids and Predators
Semiochemicals
Entomopathogens

23. Different hermetic bags available in Indian markets
▪Concept of deoxygenation inside storage
structure
▪For instance: Depletion of O2 (< 3%) and elevation
of CO2 (> 50%) exposure for >24 h, 100% mortality
of most common insects
▪Also termed as airtight storage or sealed storage
or sacrificial sealed storage
Cocoons
Reduction in O
2
concentration, elevate the
CO
2

24. Cocoons in MP (wheat storage) – GrainPro®

25. Dis-infestation of stores/receptacles
भण्डारण / ग्रहण का ननराकरण
Preventive measures
Treatment of bulk and bag storage structures with insecticides
कीटनाशकों क़े साथ थोक और बैग भंडारण संरचनाओं का उपचार

26. Curative measures
Methyl bromide
Chemical management/ रासायनिकप्रबंधि
Fumigation/धूमि
Aluminum phosphide

27. Prophylactic treatment
These insecticide treatments are to
prevent the insect infestation and cross
infestation. However, insecticide should
not be sprayed on food grain directly
Deltamethrin 2.5% WP - 40 gms / L - 3 L
per 100 m2 - 90 days (3 months)
Deltamethrin
Malathion (withdrawn from March 2023)
DDVP (Withdrawn)
CHEMICAL
Last resort
Curative treatment
Mixing of chemicals is only
recommended for the grains meant for
seed purpose only. Normally pyrethrum
dust is used as seed protectant
Fumigation is the best method for
controlling stored insects
Aluminium phosphide @ 3 tablets of 3g
each i.e., 9g/tonne of grains

29. Fumigants : Regd. In India
Fumigant Formulations
Phosphine (Aluminium
phosphide)
56% & 6%
Tablets,
56% & 77.5%
Granules
Phosphine (Magnesium
phosphide)
56%
Methyl bromide 99% L, 98%
(+2% CPN)
EDCT 3:1 mixture
Formulation Gross weight
(g)
PH
3 released
(g)
AlP tablets, 56%3 1
AlP powder,
56%
10
34
3
11
AlP powder,
77.5%
125-4400 56-2000
MgP plates, 56%117 33
AlP : Regd. In India

30. Leak checkers /
personal monitors

31. Residue limits (ppm)
Fumigant Codex alimentarius FSSA, 2006
Whole Milled Whole Milled
Phosphine 0.1 0.01 0 0
MBr 50 50 25 25
AlP brands in India
Brand Company
Celphos Sumitomo chemical india ltd
Quickphos UPL ltd
Sanphos Sandhya organic chemicals
Fieldphos Sarthi chem tech pvt ltd
Pestphos Intech organics lts
Synfume Agrosynth chemicals ltd

32. Phosphine is flammable at
24.9 g/m
3
or 17900 ppm or 1.8% v/v
Flash point

33. Alternative fumigants to MB, and their
principal strengths and weaknesses
StrengthsWeaknessesFumigants
Registration;
Acceptance
Ozone depletor;
Residues
Methyl Bromide
Naturally occurringRegistrationCarbon bisulphide
Rapid actionSorption; RegistrationEthyl formate
SterilantCarcinogenic; Residues;
Flammable; Infrastructure
Ethylene oxide
Very rapid Sorption; Unstable;
Registration
Hydrogen cyanide
Low sorption; penetrationRegistration; ineffective for
eggs
Sulfuryl fluoride
SterilantFlammable; Infrastructure;
Registration; Sorption
Propylene oxide
Registration; Cheep;
Penetration
Flammable; Corrosive; Slow
action; Resistance
Phosphine
Prof. Shlomo
Navarro

34. Traditional practices followed by farmers of Karnataka for
storage of food grains and seeds
Prakash et al., 2016
Sl.
No.
Storage practice Per
cent
1 Sun drying of grains 92
2 Use of ash 78
3 Sand application method 60
4 Plastering of storage bins with
clay and cow dung
76.67
5 Storage of pulses with
common salt
61.33
6 Turmeric application method 50
7 Use of garlic cloves 42
8 Mixing of leaves 50.67
9 Stepping method or Stamping
method
34
10Use of salt and chilli powder 28.67
11Use of Neem leaves 50
12Use of Neem leaves and dry
chillies
70
Sl.
No.
Storage practice Per
cent
13 Use of Neem Oil 58
14 Use of camphor 16
15 Use of castor powder 14
16 Sand mixture method 20
17 Use of dried red chillies 43.33
18 Use of lime powder 15.33
19 Use of matchbox 9.33
20 Fumigation of the godown 10
21 Use of Neem seed powder 7.33
22 Use of ginger rhizome 8.67
23 Use of custard apple seed
powder
5.33
24 Use of Tulsi seeds 2.67

35. CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF POST-HARVEST ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CIPHET)
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR), GOI, INDIA
Dr. Guru P. N., Ph.D.
Scientist (Agricultural Entomology), ICAR-CIPHET, Punjab (India)
Email: [email protected], Ph: 8073129511