STRAND 2-Design and Enterprising(2).pptx

design process

1. APPLIED TECHNOLOGY YEAR 11 STRAND 2 DESIGN AND ENTERPRISING SUBJECT TEACHER: MR. Salmendra ram

2. Design is a methodological process which involves the solution of a human problem whereby an idea from one’s brain is changed into reality.

3. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Point- is the first and simplest element of visual design. Line- is the basic element of design. The element of line is used to produce a sense of movement within an object or to produce a greater sense of length or height. i) Vertical line – creates the illusion of an increase in height. ii) Horizontal line – creates the illusion of an increase in width iii) Diagonal line – create a feeling of transition (change)

4. 3. Shape - lines are joined together to produce a shape (2-dimensional). Shapes can be geometrical or informal. 4. Form - lines joined together produce form (3 dimensional) and create the shape of an area. Straight lines joined together produce rectangles, squares, and other geometric shapes. Curved lines form circles, ovals and ellipses. The form of the object, however, should always be determined by its function. 5. Space - space surrounds form and is enclosed within it. The design can create a feeling of space.

5. 6. Materials - materials are the raw substance with which designers create. Materials have their own colour, form, dimension, degree of hardness and texture. Texture refers to the surface finish of an object – its roughness, smoothness, coarseness and fineness. 7. Value - is the relative degree of lightness and darkness in a design element.

6. 8. Texture- is defined as the surface characteristics of a material that can be experienced through the sense of touch or the illusion of touch. In visual images, actual textures can be used, such as cloth, boxes, small objects, and natural items. Texture can be used to accent an area so that it becomes more dominant than another.

7. 9. Colour -colour comes from a material or must be added in design to create the desired effect. It distinguishes items, strengthens interest and reduces eye contact. i) Primary colour – cannot be made from any other colour, i.e., Red, yellow and blue ii) Secondary colour – made from equal mixtures of 2 primary colours iii) Tertiary colour – a combination of a primary and a neighbouring secondary colour. iv) Neutral colour – white, grey and black. v) If the 3 primary colours are mixed in equal strengths, the colour black is made.

8. 10. Light and shadow – light reflects from the surfaces of forms and shadows appear in the area that light cannot reach. Light and shadow both give a sense of depth to any structure or object.

9. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN The Principles are concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements of design. Again, the way in which these principles are applied affects the expressive content, or the message of the work.

10. Balance Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that results in visual stability. Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of two ways: symmetrically or asymmetrically.

11. Contrast As a principle of design, contrast refers to the arrangement of opposite elements and effects. For example, light and dark colors, smooth and rough textures, large and small shapes. Contrast can be used to create variety, visual interest, and drama in an artwork.

12. Rhythm Rhythm is a principle of design that suggests movement or action. Rhythm is usually achieved through repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and more. It creates a visual tempo in artworks and provides a path for the viewer’s eye to follow.

13. Proportion Proportion is the size relationship between the various parts of an artwork. Artists can use the scale and proportion to create sensations such as depth, realism, disorientation, and drama.

14. Scale Scale in art describes the size of one object in relation to another and also refers to our perception of perspective and proportion. Artworks that look realistic are scaled similarly to real world objects. Scale in art can also refer to the overall size of the work.

15. Unity/ Harmony Unity, also known as harmony, is a design principle that refers to the cohesiveness of an artwork—how whole, consistent, and complete it appears. Unity in art is not necessarily just a repetition of the same element over and over again, but it is the pleasing combination of elements to create a harmonious composition.

16. Movement Movement can be thought of in two ways – the first refers to how an artist depicts movement using the elements and principles of art. The second way refers to the visual flow of an artwork, indicated by the path a viewer’s eyes take as they look at the artwork. Emphasis As a principle of art, emphasis refers to the area of an artwork that dominates attention or draws interest. It is often the place a viewer looks first. Artists create emphasis by contrasting the elements of art, such as color or shape.

17. 9. Verity Variety refers to the elements of a composition that differ from one another. Variety creates visual interest and energy. A lot of variety can make an artwork look busy or overwhelming. When paired with unity, variety offers the viewer points of interest.

18. Other DESIGN terms 10. Function - the object performs or does its job or intended task.   11. Aesthetics - the beauty aspects of an object which make it appealing or pleasing to the viewer such as colour , shape, texture and appearance.   12. Anthropometrics – the study of human body and its movement. This involves research into measurements relating to people. It also involves collecting statistics or measurements relevant to the human body.   13. Ergonomics - the study of people and their relationship with the environment around them. When anthropometrics data (measurement/ statistics) is applied to a product, e.g. measurement of the hand are used to design the shape and size of a handle, this is ergonomics

19. Enterprising Enterprise  is the ability to notice opportunities wherever they may present themselves, together with the willingness to take the chance so that the opportunity will not be missed, but will be exploited to the full –  See and Seize the opportunity . Enterprise is when an individual (or a group of people) takes the initiative to start something new. For example, enrolling in a night class (Personal Enterprise), organising a weekly lotto for a GAA club (Social Enterprise), and developing new types of taxes (Government Enterprise).

20. Entrepreneurship (Business Enterprise) is a particular type of Enterprise; it involves taking the risk of organising all the resources necessary to provide a product or service while exploiting the opportunity for a possible reward called profit. For example, developing new products, diversification into new markets: Facebook-Mark Zuckerberg; Xbox-Microsoft and iPhone-Apple. An  Intrapreneur  engages in entrepreneurial activity/comes up with new ideas  within  the business in which s/he is employed. Intrapreneurs need the freedom and resources (human and capital) to pursue their ideas.

21. Characteristics  associated with enterprising people include being decisive, being creative, being prepared to take risks and being persistent. Being Decisive  they have the ability to make quick and clear decisions so as not to miss opportunities, the issue of timing maybe crucial  ( e.g. decisiveness when dealing with suppliers and contractors). Being Creative  they are good at coming up with new ideas or new ways of doing things, thinking outside the box and they are prepared not only to be different but tend to have a vision of the future. Being prepared to Take Risks  they take measured/calculated risks which provide a reasonable chance of success and they take chances when opportunity strikes. Being Persistent  they are not afraid of failing, they embrace failure as a learning experience and do not give up because of obstacles.

22. Enterprise in action Home : Enterprise is shown when people do something creative and innovative to improve family life e.g. DIY( Do It Yourself), budgeting or buying your own house. School : Enterprise can be shown by teachers and students when they do something to improve school life e.g. school tours, drama productions or Young Scientist Exhibition. Local Community : Clubs and associations throughout the community are run by people who use their initiative for the benefit of the local community e.g. Credit Union, Sports (GAA) clubs or Tidy Towns committees. Government Departments : Employees and politicians can show intrapreneurship by coming up with new ideas for the benefit of the State e.g. new taxes, Lotto or lower speed limits. Business Start-up : Entrepreneurs have the ability to identify an opportunity and a willingness to take risks to capitalise on it e.g. produce a good or provide a service.  

23. Market survey definition Market survey is the  survey research  and analysis of the market for a particular product/service which includes the investigation into customer inclinations. A study of various customer capabilities such as investment attributes and buying potential. Market surveys are tools to directly collect feedback from the target  audience  to understand their characteristics, expectations, and requirements.

24. Purpose of market survey  Gain critical customer feedback:  The main purpose of the market  survey  is to offer marketing and business managers a platform to obtain critical information about their consumers so that existing customers can be retained and new ones can be got onboard. Understand customer inclination towards purchasing products:  Details such as whether the customers will spend a certain amount of money for their products/services, inclination levels among customers about upcoming features or products, what are their thoughts about the competitor products etc. Enhance existing products and services:  A market survey can also be implemented with the purpose of improving existing products, analyze customer satisfaction levels along with getting data about their perception of the market and build a buyer persona using information from existing clientele database. Make well-informed business decisions:  Data gathered using market surveys is instrumental in making major changes in the business which reduces the degree of risks involved in taking important business decisions.

25. How to estimate costs Estimating the total cost of a project is one of the first puzzling challenges you'll face when turning your project work into a business. There are so many things to consider, it's easy to get bogged down in the details before you really get started. But, there's no avoiding it. You can't even price your work without knowing the cost . In fact, many workers figure their final price by adding a profit margin onto their cost estimate. And, even if you price your work based on market factors, you'll still want to check that price against your cost. If you don't, you could be losing money without knowing it. Fortunately, there are a few tricks and tools to make estimating easier.

26. Cost = Materials + Labour + Overhead MATERIALS Anything you purchase to build the project goes into the "Materials" category. Start with the obvious type of material and hardware. This is the only piece of the puzzle you can calculate almost exactly. LABOUR The labour estimate is the least exact piece of the puzzle. There are two approaches you can use. The easiest technique is to figure your labour cost as a percent of your materials cost . OVERHEAD The overhead category includes all the other things you spend money on, even if you don't build anything. Things like utilities (electricity, water, telephone, etc.), rent, insurance, office expenses, software, advertising and anything else not directly part of the project cost .

27. Profit margin If you're basing your price directly on the cost estimate, you'll want to include a profit. Remember, you've already built in labour costs (even if the labour is your own), so the profit is the extra amount you deserve for taking the entrepreneurial risks. This is usually calculated as a percent of other costs.

28. Cutting list An example of a cutting list is given below which you can use to work out the required materials for a particular project. Proper planning is needed before commencing with the cutting list.

29. Cutting list example

30. Quality assurance and quality control Attributes  QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL DEFINITION QA is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which products are developed. QC is a set of activities for ensuring quality in products. The activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced. FOCUS ON QA aims to prevent defects with a focus on the process used to make the product. It is a proactive quality process. QC aims to identify (and correct) defects in the finished product. Quality control, therefore, is a reactive process. GOAL The goal of QA is to improve development and test processes so that defects do not arise when the product is being developed. The goal of QC is to identify defects after a product is developed and before it's released. HOW Establish a good quality management system and the assessment of its adequacy. Periodic conformance audits of the operations of the system. Finding & eliminating sources of quality problems through tools & equipment so that customer's requirements are continually met.

31. Quality assurance and quality control (cont’d) WHAT Prevention of quality problems through planned and systematic activities including documentation. The activities or techniques used to achieve and maintain the product quality, process and service. RESPONSIBILITY Everyone on the team involved in developing the product is responsible for quality assurance. Quality control is usually the [Accountability vs Responsibility] responsibility of a specific team that tests the product for defects. EXAMPLE Verification is an example of QA Validation/Software Testing is an example of QC STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES Statistical Tools & Techniques can be applied in both QA & QC. When they are applied to processes (process inputs & operational parameters), they are called Statistical Process Control (SPC); & it becomes the part of QA. When statistical tools & techniques are applied to finished products (process outputs), they are called as Statistical Quality Control (SQC) & comes under QC. AS A TOOL QA is a managerial tool QC is a corrective tool ORIENTATION QA is process oriented QC is product oriented

32. There are two principles included in QA : " Fit for purpose " - the product should be suitable for the intended purpose; and " Right first time " - mistakes should be eliminated. QA for your project work will basically include the assurance of quality of raw materials, assemblies, production and inspection processes. The basic goal of quality control for you would be to ensure that the projects made meet specific requirements and are satisfactory, and fiscally sound. Inspections for quality can be conducted at any point throughout the production process.

33. 1. Refer to the two diagrams showing samples of the desk tidy and answer the questions that follow. REVIEW QUESTIONS

34. Design a folder cover for a desk tidy that includes your name, the title ‘ desk tidy ’ and the subject. If you were to make a desk tidy what equipment would you like to store in it? Sketch in some details showing three different ways of arranging six colouring pens or pencils that are often used. Sketch in detail then colour two ideas (possible solutions) suitable for a desk tidy that a person keen on sport, computers or animals may like as a present. ( theme base design -refer to page 18 for concepts on colouring)

35. e) Draw a desk tidy that is to be made from four separate parts . Each art must be capable of being made by itself before being assembled. Show these parts using good sketching techniques. f) Make a Cutting List together with a Cost Estimate for the desk tidy based on question five above. (See page 32 for reference) g) Discuss the cost of the desk tidy before it goes into production. Are the materials used cheap and readily available? Will you be able the make a good profit. Have you considered the overhead cost? h) List a few tests that can be carried out on the desk tidy to successfully evaluate the final idea. List at least three evaluating tools you can use to evaluate the desk tidy . Why is testing and evaluation an important part of the design process.

36. 2. What is a design specification ? What are the three factors you should consider when selecting a material for design work? Why are availability , properties and price of material important while doing design work? Why are experiments useful in design work? What is anthropometric data and how is it collected? Why is the collection of this data important before starting any design work? What is aesthetics and why it is important in design solution? Why do you need more than one possible solution to a problem? Why are written notes on sketch sheets important? What is the function of a parts list in a design folder?

37. Why should you check your progress against your plan while designing? How could an evaluation improve your future design work? What are working drawings used for? Which three views are usually sufficient in providing the needed information? Why would you use a detail drawing and what sort of scale would you use? What is the difference between shape and form ? What is proportion ? Why does a white object appear white? What are the primary colours ? How do natural and neutral colours differ?

38. 20. The diagram on the right represents the section through a tomato. A piece of costume jewellery is required, the design of which is to be influenced by this natural form. Explore this form through a range of sketches developing ideas by making 3 possible solutions. Make your final solution from the 3 possible solutions stating its purpose and explain the main process you would use in making it, paying particular attention to any methods of linking and fixing used. Name all the materials you would require for the piece of jewellery, indicating why you would choose them.

39. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIIONS

40. THE END !!!