14 Strategic Science in the Public Interest
Related science activities (RSA) is defined as ‘activities that comple-
ment and extend R&D by contributing to the generation, dissemina-
tion, and application of scientific and technological knowledge’ (ibid.,
26). Federal documents then go on to define the subgroupings of RSA
by field of science – namely, ‘natural sciences: scientific data collection,
information services, special services and studies, and education sup-
port: and social sciences: general purpose data collection, information,
services, special services and studies, education support’ (ibid., 26).
RSA is often crucially embodied in the education, training, and experi-
ence of scientific and technical personnel working on the front lines of
monitoring activity and of various kinds of regulatory product
approvals (Doern 2004). In the government of Canada, S&T invest-
ments consist of the sum total of investment in R&D and RSA.
Innovation policies or strategies refer to government policies aimed at
fostering the use of the best S&T to produce new and competitive
‘first-to-market’ products and new production processes, and the inno-
vative organizational approaches and management practices that sup-
port these activities. In Canada and elsewhere there is an increasing
tendency for governments to subsume S&T policies under broader
innovation policies in their efforts to maximize the contributions of
S&T to competitiveness in the global, knowledge-based economy. We
will be exploring the implications of this tendency for government
S&T labs and agencies.
National systems of innovation (NSIs) and the related concepts of local/
regional systems of innovation and clusters refer to an idea or paradigm
for conceptualizing national and local S&T and innovation activities
and effectiveness as the products of complex, non-linear interactions
among a range of institutions in any national or regional/spatial polit-
ical economy, including interactions among universities, corporations,
governments, capital markets, systems of regulation, and informed
consumerism (Nelson 1993; Wolfe 2002, 2003).
Policies on commercialization refer to targeted efforts to ensure that
new innovative products, processes, and patented inventions are
financed, produced, marketed, and sold successfully in Canadian and
global markets. As we discuss later, such policies can be seen as partic-
ular extensions of innovation policies (indeed, of S&T policies), or as
policy fields and focuses in their own right. As many have pointed out,
the boundaries of commercialization policies are not always easily dif-
ferentiated from those of other policy categories (Lougheed 2004; Enz-
ing et al. 2004; Kilcrease 2004).