Strategies of Biodiversity Conservation.pptx

Discussion about In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation Strategies in Detailed

1. Topic – Strategies of Biodiversity conservation.In -situ and Ex-Situ conservation. By- Santharam S.R Roll.No.12 2 nd Msc Zoology

2. Biodiversity Biodiversity means the variety of all living things on Earth.It includes diversity in genes, species, and ecosystems.It also includes the interactions between them.Biodiversity covers all plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.It also includes land, sea, and water ecosystems where they live. Biodiversity conservation Biodiversity conservation means protecting, saving, managing, or restoring wildlife and natural resources like forests and water.

3. Types of biodiversity conservation can be mainly classified into two types . In-Situ conservation. Ex-Situ conservation. In-Situ conservation In situ conservation is the “on-site” preservation of endangered species and their habitats in their natural environments. This approach protects entire ecosystems, maintaining biodiversity and natural ecological processes by safeguarding species within their native areas through measures like creating national parks and biosphere reserves. Examples of In-situ conservation including National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves etc.

4. In India following three types of Natural habitat are maintained. National park Wildlife sanctuary Biosphere reserves National park Government protection: The government creates and manages national parks. Natural preservation: The aim is to protect plants, animals, land, and habitats. Biodiversity conservation: They give safe homes to many species, including endangered ones. Science and education: National parks are used for research and learning about nature. Public recreation: People can visit for learning, fun, and relaxation under rules.

5. The activities like forestry and grazing are not permitted. Boundaries are well marked ,they are usually having a small area of 100-500sq-km.

6. List of some National parks In India. Sl.No National park State Year of Establishment Area 1 Periyar National park Kerala 1950 925Km sq 2 Silent valley National park Kerala 1984 89.52 km sq 3 Eravikulam National park Kerala 1978 97 Km sq 4 Mathikettan Shola National park Kerala 2003 12.82Km Sq 5 Jim corbett National park Uttarakhand 1936 1318.5Km Sq 6 Ranthambore National park Rajasthan 1980 1334Km Sq 7 Gir National park Gujarat 1965 1412 Km Sq

7. 2.Wildlife sanctuaries Protection: Sanctuaries shield animals and plants from harm, particularly from illegal activities such as hunting, trapping, and trafficking. Habitat Conservation: They maintain and protect the natural environment where wildlife lives, ensuring the long-term survival of species and their associated ecosystems. Species Focus: Sanctuaries often focus on the protection of particular wildlife, such as endangered or vulnerable species, and their natural habitats. Restricted Human Activities: Human interference is strictly controlled or prohibited within sanctuary boundaries to allow wildlife to thrive with minimal disturbance.

8. List of some wildlife Sanctuaries. Sl.No Name State Year of Establishment Area 1 Madumalai Sanctuary Tamil nadu 1940 321.55 Km Sq 2 Chinnar wildlife sanctuary Kerala 1984 90.44 Km sq 3 Mount Abu wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan 2012 216 Km Sq 4 Ghana Bird sanctuary Rajasthan 1982 28.73 Km Sq 5 Hazaribag wildlife sanctuary Jharkhand 1954 183.89 Km Sq 6 Govind wildlife sanctuary Uttarakhand 1955 958 Km Sq 7 Bharatpur Bird sanctuary Rajasthan 1982 29 km Sq

9. 3.Biosphere Reserves. It is a special category of protected areas, where human population also forms a part of the system. They are large protected area of land or coastal ecosystem.usually it has more than 5000 sq.km . A biosphere reserves has 3 parts, viz. Core zone, buffer zone and transition zone Core Area : A strictly protected zone for biodiversity conservation, often containing national parks or wildlife sanctuaries. Buffer Zone : Surrounds or adjoins the core area, used for activities compatible with ecological practices such as scientific research, education, and monitoring. Transition Area : The outermost zone where sustainable economic and human development activities are promoted and regulated, allowing for community involvement. Main functions of Biosphere reserves Conserve Biodiversity: They protect diverse plant and animal life and the integrity of ecosystems.

10. Promote Sustainable Development: They act as living laboratories for sustainable development, allowing human beings and nature to coexist and respect each other’s needs. Support Local Communities: They focus on protecting and restoring the traditional ways of life of local and tribal communities living within their boundaries. Facilitate Research and Education: They serve as sites for integrated monitoring, research, and education, contributing to the knowledge of human-environment relationships.

11. List of some major Biosphere reserves. Sl No Name State Year of Establishment Area 1 Nilgiri TN,KL,KA 1986 5520 KmSq 2 Sunderbans West bengal 1989 9630 Km Sq 3 Nanda Devi Uttarakand 1928 5860.69 Km Sq 4 Manas Assam 1990 2837 Km Sq 5 Gulf of mannar Tamil Nadu 1980 10,500 Km Sq

12. Uses of In-situ conservation The flora and fauna live in natural habitats without human interference. The life cycles of the organisms and their evolution progresses in a natural way. In-situ conservation provides the required green cover and its associated benefits to our environment. It is less expensive and easy to manage. The interests of the indigenous people are also protected.

13. Ex-Situ conservation Ex situ conservation is the preservation of components of biodiversity outside their natural habitats, using facilities like zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture to conserve genetic resources, wild, and cultivated species. This approach provides a safety net, especially for endangered species, by enabling protection, research, captive breeding for reintroduction, and long-term genetic storage. Methods of Ex-Situ conservation. Seed gene banks Seed gene banks are crucial facilities that conserve the genetic diversity of plant species by storing seeds under controlled conditions ( Temperature and humidity) to preserve their long-term viability. This is the easiest way to store Germplasm of Plants at low temperature.( Minus temperature) remains viable for long duration of time.

14. 2.Gene bank A gene bank is a facility that preserves genetic material, such as seeds, pollen, plant tissue, sperm, or eggs, to safeguard species from extinction and maintain biodiversity for future generations. They are preserved under controlled temperature and humidity. These repositories are crucial for crop breeding, scientific research.

15. 3 .Cryopreservation. Cryopreservation is a process that involves preserving cells, tissues, organs, or entire organisms at extremely low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen at −196°C, to prevent biological activity and damage, thereby extending their viability for long-term storage. Cryopreservation is widely used in fertility preservation (sperm, eggs, embryos), plant conservation, and research.

16. 4.Aquarium. An aquarium is an artificial habitat for water-dwelling animals. It can also be used to house amphibians or large marine mammals and plant species for tourist attractions It is usually found in zoos or marine parks with different size.

17. 5.Zoological park A zoological park, or zoo, is a facility where animals are kept in enclosures for public display, conservation, education, and scientific research They play a crucial role in wildlife conservation by protecting endangered species and participating in breeding programs. Zoos display animals for the public to view, learn. Zoos educate the public about animal habitats, food, behavior , and the importance of wildlife conservation.

18. 5.Botanical gardens. Botanical gardens consist of living plants, grown out of doors or under glass in greenhouses and conservatories. They are used to grow and display plants primarily for scientific and educational purposes. They also include herbarium, lecture rooms, laboratories, libraries, museum and experimental or research plantings. It can be taxonomic collection of a particular family, genus or group of cultivars, native plants, wild relatives, medicinal, aromatic, or textile plants. Plants are meticulously labeled with their scientific names, origin, and other relevant information. Botanical gardens play a crucial role in ex-situ conservation, protecting rare and endangered plant species by maintaining them in living collections and seed banks.

19. Botanical garden

20. Uses of Ex- situ conservation Preventing Extinction: Zoos and aquariums give safe places for endangered animals to live and breed. This helps stop them from disappearing completely. Facilitating Reintroduction: Animals born in breeding centers can be released back into the wild to increase their numbers. Scientific Research: Zoos and other centers allow scientists to study how animals live, behave, and stay healthy. This helps protect them better. Public Awareness: Zoos and gardens teach people about endangered animals and the need to protect nature.

21. Habitat conservation Captive public awarness and other relavent measures Relavent measures Poaching and hunting of wild animals should be prevented. The reserves and protected areas should be developed carefully. The levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment. Deforestation should be strictly prohibited.

22. Awareness Education: Educating people about the importance of biodiversity conservation and the benefits it brings is one of the most effective ways to spread awareness. This can be done through school curriculums, public awareness campaigns, and community outreach programs Social media: Social media platforms are powerful tools for spreading awareness about important issues. Events and campaigns: Hosting events and campaigns focused on biodiversity conservation can help create awareness and mobilize resources for conservation efforts. Examples include World Environment Day, Earth Day, and International Day for Biodiversity.