Structuralism in linguistics

SAUSSRE'S CONCEPT

1. THE 6 ROYAL’s TASADUQ ABBAS 2k16-enge-125 SADAQAT HUSSAIN 2k16-enge-107 SALMAN SOOMRO 2k16-enge-110 SHAHID ALI 2k16-enge-118 JUWAN KHAN 2k16-enge- 61 M AYOOB MA PRE 07

2. Structuralism in Linguistics SAUSSURE’s CONCEPT

3. Defination Structuralism • Flourishing in the 1960s, structuralism is an approach to literary analysis grounded in structural linguistic, the science of language. By utilizing the techniques, methods and vocabulary of linguistic, structuralism offers a scientific view of how we achieve meaning not only in literary works but also in every form of communication and social behavior.

4. Historical Development Pre-Saussure’s Linguistics philology, not linguistics, was the science of language. While  Wundt  is often listed as the founder of structuralism, he never actually used the term. Instead,  Wundt  referred to his ideas as voluntarism. It was his student, Edward B. Titchener , who invented the term structuralism.

5. Characteristics of Structural Systems Wholeness Transformation Self-regulation

6. Wholeness The system functions as a whole, not just as a collection of independent parts.

7. T ransformation This means that the system is not static, but capable of change. New units can enter the system, but when they do they're governed by the rules of the system.

8. Self-regulation Self-regulation (related to transformation) You can add elements to the system. but you can’t change its basic structure. Transformations never lead to anything outside the system.

9. Saussure’s ideas on linguistics THE NATURE OF THE LINGUISTIC SIGN Language is based on a NAMING process, by which things get associated with a word or name. The linguistic SIGN (a key word) is made of the union of a concept and a sound image. A more common way to define a linguistic SIGN is that a SIGN is the combination of a SIGNIFIER and a SIGNIFIED. Saussure says the sound image is the SIGNIFIER and the concept the SIGNIFIED.

10. Saussure’s concept of SIGN

11. Characteristics of SIGN The SIGN, as union of a SIGNIFIER and a SIGNIFIED, has two main characteristics. This principle dominates all ideas about the STRUCTURE of language. It makes it possible to separate the signifier and signified, or to change the relation between them. The second characteristic of the SIGN is that the signifier exists in TIME, and that time can be measured as LINEAR.

12. The Structure of Language According to Saussure, all the languages are governed by their own internal rules that do not mirrored or imitate the structure of the world.

13. EXAMPLE Phoneme Speech sound that distinguishes one word from another. Grapheme The written symbol that represents the phoneme´s sound. Phonology The study of the rules governing the meaningful units of sounds in a linguistic system .

14. EXAMPLE In Middle English (1100-1500) LAMB /m/and /b/ were both pronounced Modern American English (1775-present ) LAMB no English word can end with the two phonemes /m/ and /b/

15. SAUSSURE’s concept about PAROLE and LANGUE

16. Four basic principles of Saussure 1 Saussure stated that the meanings we give to words are arbitrary. The physicality, or structure of a word, holds no bearing to its connotation or denotation. (The only exceptions may be onomatopoeia; however, because even these vary by language, it is not necessarily correct.)

17. 2 Saussure stated that the meanings of words are relational. "No word can be defined in isolation from other words" (Barry). It is necessary to have other words frame a context to understand one word.

18. 3 According to Saussure, there are no intrinsic, or fixed meanings in words. If a group of people were asked to think of "dog," some people may mentally conjure a border collie, others a beagle, and others a Labrador, etc. While these are all dogs, and would correctly fit under the category of "dog," this word would not accomplish simultaneous thought, or a fixed meaning.

19. 4 The fourth principle according to Saussure is that language constitutes our world. Because language exists, thought exists (think 1984 and the removal of words from the dictionary). Because the word "freedom" exists, we understand the concept; however, if no such word existed, the thought would be vague or unclear, at the very least.

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