Structure, uses and qualitative test of carbonyl compound

THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE

1. QUALITATIVE TEST, Structure and uses of carbonyl compound By- Vishal Singh Solanki Corporate Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal VISIT MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI OR PHARMARISING BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

2. CONTENT QUALITATIVE TESTS STRUCTURE AND USES OF FORMALDEHYDE PARALDEHYDE ACETONE CHLORAL HYDRATE HEXAMINE BENZALDEHYDE VANILIN CINNAMALDEHYDE BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

3. QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR KETONE AND ALDEHYDE CHAPTOR - 1 BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

4. 1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) Test (Test for both Aldehydes and Ketones) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl group functionality of an aldehyde or ketone functional group. A positive test is signaled by a yellow/red precipitate, known as a dinitrophenyl hydrazone BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

5. PROCEDURE Add a solution of 1 or 2 drops or 30 mg of unknown in 2 mL of 95% ethanol to 3 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent. Shake vigorously, and, if no precipitate forms immediately, allow the solution to stand for 15 minutes. Complications – Some ketones give oils which will not solidify. Some allylic alcohols are oxidized by the reagent to aldehydes and give a positive test. Some alcohols, if not purified, may contain aldehyde or ketone impurities. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

6. 2. Chromic Acid Test (Tests for Aldehydes) These reactions are usually referred to as nucleophilic additions. Aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid, ketones are not. When an aldehyde is oxidized by orange brown chromic acid the chromic acid is reduced to Cr3+ , which is green. Consequently, chromic acid can distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. It is also true those other functional groups; primary and secondary alcohols for example, can be oxidized by chromic acid, causing the formation of a green color. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

7. PROCEDURE Dissolve 10 mg or 2 drops of the unknown in 1 mL of pure acetone in a test tube and add to the solution 1 small drop of Jones reagent (chronic acid in sulfuric acid). A positive test is marked by the formation of a green color within 5 seconds BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

8. 3. Tollen’s ’ Test (Tests for Aldehydes) Aldehydes are also oxidized by Tollen’s ’ reagent, a substance that contains Ag+. The silver ion is, concomitantly, reduced to metallic silver. Silver ion is a weak oxidizing agent; aldehydes are very easily oxidized and are essentially unique in being able to reduce silver ion to silver metal. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

9. 4. Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, are oxidized by iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ketone is oxidized to a carboxylic acid; yellow iodoform also forms. It is the yellow iodoform that is indication of a positive test. Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, gives this test owing to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It is also true that ethanol (oxidized to acetaldehyde) and secondary alcohols that can be oxidized to methyl ketones give this test. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

10. PROCEDURE If the substance to be tested is water soluble, dissolve 4 drops of a liquid or an estimated 50 mg of a solid in 2 mL of water in a large test tube. Add 2 mL of 3 M sodium hydroxide and then slowly add 3 mL of the iodine solution. Stopper the test tube and shake vigorously. A positive test will result in the brown color of the reagent disappearing and the yellow iodoform solid precipitating out of solution. If the substance to be tested is insoluble in water, dissolve it in 2 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, proceed as above, and at the end dilute with 10 mL of water. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

11. STRUCTURE AND USES OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS CHAPTAR - 2 BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

12. 1. FORMALDEHYDE Formaldehyde uses in medicine: It kills many bacteria, fungi etc so used as an antiseptic. Some parasites and warts are treated by formaldehyde. It helps to produce some vaccines and also sterilizes them. It can be used in the treatment of infections like urinary tract infection. Bacterial growth can be prevented. MOLECULAR WEIGHT - 30.031 g/mol BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

13. USES Formaldehyde uses in industry: Used in car manufacture, explosives, plastic, resins, chemicals and other artificial materials. It is also used in sanitary products like paper towels, napkins and tissues. Formalin is used as a disinfectant in industries. Formaldehyde uses in building and construction: Formaldehyde resins are used to manufacture wooden products used widely in furniture, cabinetry, mouldings , flooring, shelving, counter tops and other household furnishings. Wood panels are made from the wood which will be either disposed or burned hence minimizing wood wastage. Formaldehyde uses in food and others: It is used as preservative in food, paints and cosmetics. Used as an antiseptic in medicine, disinfectant in funeral home, used in making RDX. To improve the yield of fuels it is used in petroleum and natural gas industries. It is also used in the manufacture of ink. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

14. 2. PARALDEHYDE Uses of paraldehyde It also has been used in the treatment of alcoholism and in the treatment of nervous and mental conditions to calm or relax patients who are nervous or tense and to produce sleep. It is a central nervous system depressant and was soon found to be an effective convulsant, hypnotics and sedative. It was include in some cough medicine as an expectorant. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI Appearance:  Colourless liquid Chemical formula:  C 6 H 12 O 3 Molecular Weight - 132.16 g/mol

15. 3. ACETONE Uses of acetone in industry – Medicine/ Pharmaceutical Acetone is an  organic solvent  which is most commonly used in Pharmaceuticals. It is used in producing pills and liquid medicines to have proper density. It is mandatory for the efficacy of the medicine. It is also used as an antiseptic. Chemical formula - C 3 H 6 O Molar mass - 58.080 g·mol −1 Appearance - Colourless liquid Odor - Pungent, irritating, floral, cucumber like BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

16. USES Uses of acetone in cosmetics: Acetone denatures certain alcohol and is used as an additive in makeup and skin creams. One of the primary ingredients of nail paint remover is acetone. By using a cotton swab or cloth nail paint can be easily removed from nails and leaves it dry. Sometimes it can cause eye irritation or skin irritation. Uses of acetone in electronics: It is used in cleaning electronic devices. Many electronic gadgets and appliances cleaners use acetone as a solvent. Therefore, is used in the cleaning of electronic gadgets and devices. Uses of acetone in domestic purpose: It is used to remove oil stains from the walls. Also, stubborn ink stains can be removed using acetone. It is used as a paint thinner for oil paints and resins and also can be used to clean brush and other equipment that was used while painting. Uses of acetone in laboratory: The important solvent in the laboratory. It is used to rinse the glass apparatus and makes the drying process faster. Its freezing point is -80 degree Celsius and is widely used to conduct chemical reactions at low temperatures. The vapours of acetone can be used as tracers because it appears fluorescent under UV light. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

17. 4. CHLORAL HYDRATE Chemical formula C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 Molar mass 165.39 g·mol −1 Appearance Colorless solid Odor Aromatic, slightly acrid Uses of chloral hydrate This  medication  is used to calm you just before surgery or other procedures. It belongs to a class of drugs known as hypnotics. It works by affecting certain parts of the  brain  to cause calmness. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

18. 5. HEXAMINE BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI Chemical formula C 6 H 12 N 4 Molar mass 140.186 g/mol Appearance White crystalline solid Odor Fishy, ammonia like

19. USES OF HEXAMINE Hexamine is used in the production of liquid or powdery preparations of phenolic resins. Used as binders in clutch and brake linings. Used in the form of spray and cream to treat concomitant odour and excessive sweating. Used in Grocott’s methenamine silver stain. Used as a solid fuel. Used as a food preservative. Used as a primary ingredient in making RDX. Used to prevent vulcanized rubber. Used as a  corrosion inhibitor  for steel. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

20. 6. BENZALDEHYDE Uses of Benzaldehyde The most common use of benzaldehyde is to confer almond flavor to foods and scented products. In industry, benzaldehyde is used as a precursor to other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives. It is used as a bee repellant. it is often used in the manufacture of cosmetic personal care products. Chemical formula C 7 H 6 O Molar mass 106.124 g·mol −1 Appearance colorless liquid strongly refractive Odor almond-like BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

21. 6. VANILIN Chemical formula C 8 H 8 O 3 Molar mass 152.149 g·mol −1 Appearance White crystals Odor Vanilla, sweet, balsamic, pleasant BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

22. USES OF VANILINE The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in  sweet  foods. Vanillin is also used in the fragrance industry, in  perfumes , and to mask unpleasant odors or tastes in medicines, livestock  fodder , and cleaning products. It is also used in the flavor industry, as a very important key note for many different flavors, especially creamy profiles such as  cream soda . Additionally, vanillin can be used as a general-purpose stain for visualizing spots on  thin-layer chromatography  plates. Vanillin has been used as a chemical intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and other fine chemicals. In 1970, more than half the world's vanillin production was used in the synthesis of other chemicals. As of 2016, vanillin uses have expanded to include  perfumes , flavoring and aromatic masking in medicines, various consumer and cleaning products, and other lifestock food. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

23. 7. CINNAMALDEHYDE Chemical formula C 9 H 8 O Molar mass 132.16 g/mol Appearance Yellow oil Odor Pungent,  cinnamon -like BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

24. USES OF CINNAMALDEHYDE Cinnamaldehyde is used as flavoring agent in chewing gum ,  ice cream, candy, eliquid  and  beverages. Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against  mosquito   larvae . Cinnamaldehyde is a  corrosion inhibitor  for  steel  and other  alloys . It is believed to form a protective film on the metal surface  It has  antibacterial  and  antifungal  properties. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

25. TRANK YOU FOR WATCHING BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI