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1. Development of Science CHAPTER II LESSON 1 Development of Science

2. Development of Science “To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in scien ce” CHAPTER II LESSON 1 Development of Science

3. Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to: CHAPTER II LESSON 1 Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. Enumerate the development of science from different parts of the world. Explain the scientific revolution that caused the paradigm shift

4. In prehistoric times, people moved over a particular territory searching for whatever food happened to be available. This lifestyle involved large amounts of movement, walking, and carrying heavy objects. Knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater exactness. Consequent advancement in agriculture resulted to surplus of food and made it possible for early civilizations to develop and more time to be devoted to tasks other than survival, such as the search for knowledge. MIDDLE EAST

5. MIDDLE EAST

6. Agriculture was crucial to Mesopotamians in ancient Sumer (Iraq) due to their arid climate. They relied on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers' annual floods to irrigate their crops, using silt for fertility. They were inventive, creating bronze tools and inventing the wheel, plow, and plow seeder by 3000 BCE. They had crop planting manuals, a lunar calendar, and traded surplus grain for various resources, achieved through irrigation by building canals, ditches, and dikes from the rivers. MIDDLE EAST

7. MIDDLE EAST The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire as the basis of great agricultural wealth, Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus The Nile River

8. MIDDLE EAST The Nile River MESOAMERICA

9. MESOAMERICA The Nile River

10. MESOAMERICA

11. MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica is a historical and geographical region located in the Americas, specifically in what is now parts of Mexico and Central America. It encompasses a vast and culturally diverse area that played a crucial role in the development of pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas. The term "Mesoamerica" is often used by archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians to describe this region and its shared cultural and historical characteristics.

12. MESOAMERICA Ancient Civilizations: Mesoamerica was home to several advanced and sophisticated pre-Columbian civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Zapotec civilizations. These cultures developed complex societies with advanced architecture, mathematics, writing systems, and art.

13. MESOAMERICA Agriculture: The Mesoamerican region was one of the world's primary centers for the domestication of important crops like maize (corn), beans, and squash. This agricultural innovation allowed for the growth of large, settled societies.

14. MESOAMERICA Cultural Achievements: Mesoamerican civilizations made significant contributions to art, architecture, astronomy, and mathematics. The Maya, for example, had a highly developed hieroglyphic writing system and created elaborate calendars. Religion and Rituals: Mesoamerican societies were often characterized by complex religious beliefs and rituals. Temples and pyramids were constructed for religious purposes, and human sacrifices were practiced in some cultures.

15. MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica is a historically significant region that has left a lasting impact on the cultural, artistic, and historical heritage of the Americas. It is a subject of ongoing archaeological research and continues to be of great interest to scholars and historians. CHINA

16. CHINA MESOAMERICA

17. China Ancient Chinese and Engineers were known to make significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances in Scientific principles.

18. Earliest Inventions Abacus Shadow Clock Kongming Lantern (first item) Four Great Inventions

19. Four Great Inventions Compass Gunpowder Papermaking Printing Was known only to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 100 years later Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906): time of Great Inventions.  Earliest Inventions

20. Four Great Inventions INDIA

21. INDIA Indian Civilization

22. Indian Civilization Oldest Civilization, has a strong tradition of science and technology. India was actively contributing to the field of science and technology. INDIA Mathematician Aryabhata

23. Mathematician Aryabhata First person to create a symbol for zero. Indian Civilization Ingenious Method

24. Ingenious Method Decimal System - expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols. India devised symbols from 1 to 9. This was adapted by the Arabs (The Hindu Numerals). 500 BCE Mathematician Aryabhata First person to create a symbol for zero. AFRICA

25. AFRICA Ingenious Method

26. Ancient Africans living on the western shore of Lake Victoria, the Haya, had started producing carbon steel in a preheated forced-draft furnaces 2000 years ago. This was more sophisticated than those developed in Europe until the mid-nineteenth century. They created a process for the formation of carbon steel. AFRICA The Dogon of Mali in West Africa

27. The Dogon of Mali in West Africa The Dogon of Mali in West Africa have a complex and detailed knowledge of the Sirius star system. They mapped the orbits of stars around Sirius, uncovering the remarkable properties of Sirius B, one of the galaxy's densest stars. Their drawings of Sirius B's orbit align with modern astronomy. The Dogon also observed the moon's rotation around Earth and understood the rotations of Jupiter's four moons, demonstrating their extensive celestial knowledge. AFRICA Findings

28. Findings Sirius Star System : The orbits of the stars circling Sirius.  Sirius B : one of the densest of the stars in the galaxy. Dogon's Drawing matches the modern astronomical image of the Orbit of Sirius. The rotation of the moon around the Earth. Rotation of Jupiter's four moons. The Dogon of Mali in West Africa KEY CONCEPTS

29. The development of writing enables knowledge to be stored, communicated and passed on across generations. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers were important for Mesopotamia for it enabled the civilization of the area to flourish. The River Nile created the fertile green valley across the desert in Egypt. It was in the banks of the river that one of the oldest civilizations began. The Olmec were considered the first civilization in Mesoamerica and known for their colossal heads. The Mayas created the most accurate calendar in the ancient world. The Aztecs had a highly developed bureaucracy and built pyramids and temples. The Incas most important contribution in civilization is in architecture. The Machu Picchu gives an insight into their awesome engineering. Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines. They created four of the greatest inventions: compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. India gave the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols - the decimal system. The ancient Africans created a process to the formation of carbon steel. KEY CONCEPTS Findings

30. Scientific Revolution CHAPTER II LESSON 2 Objectives:

31. Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to acknowledge: CHAPTER II LESSON 2 The Emerge of Modern Science The Enlightenment The driving force behind scientific revolution The history of humanity Scientific Revolution

32. The Scientific Revolution was a transformative period in history that reshaped society's understanding of nature through developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. It encompassed changes in thoughts, beliefs, social structures, and institutions. The Scientific Revolution began in Europe at the end of the Renaissance (around 1280-1400) and lasted until the late 18th century, shaping the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. Man's curiosity, creativity and critical thinking are the driving forces behind the scientific revolution. Humans' curiosity and eagerness to explore the world led to new ways of thinking about and studying nature. The Scientific Revolution stands as a pivotal moment in human history, marked by significant inventions and the contributions of brilliant thinkers. These individuals played a crucial role in bringing about change, and their work continues to influence our lives today.

33. Nicolaus Copernicus Copernican Revolution

34. Nicolaus Copernicus “There may be babblers, wholly ignorant of mathematics, who dare to condemn my hypothesis, upon the authority of some part of the Bible twisted to suit their purpose. I value them not and scorn their unfounded judgement” Copernican Revolution Real name: Mikolaj Kopernik , from Warmia, North Poland.  1491: Enrolled at University of Krakow, he was known as Nicolaus Copernicus (Latin name) At the age of 18, Copernicus enrolled at the University of K rakow

35. Nicolaus Copernicus Real name: Mikolaj Kopernik , from Warmia, North Poland.  1491: Enrolled at University of Krakow, he was known as Nicolaus Copernicus (Latin name) At the age of 18, Copernicus enrolled at the University of K rakow Copernican Revolution “There may be babblers, wholly ignorant of mathematics, who dare to condemn my hypothesis, upon the authority of some part of the Bible twisted to suit their purpose. I value them not and scorn their unfounded judgement” Heliocentric ( sun- centered ) cosmos

36. Copernicus in Italy Heliocentric ( sun- centered ) cosmos The Sun was positioned at the center of the universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. Copernicus in Italy

37. Copernicus in Italy Copernicus was not able to attain a degree in his four years in the university.  Copernicus was meant to spend three years in I taly studying the laws and regulations of the catholic church Heliocentric ( sun- centered ) cosmos Strong Interest in Astronomy

38. Strong Interest in Astronomy Nicolas preferred to spend his time studying astronomy, mathematic, and learning Ancient Greek since many of the astronomy works were Greek  He failed to graduate with a degree In 1501, at the age of 28, he studied medicine and successfully gained the doctor of law .  Copernicus in Italy Copernicus the Astronomer

39. Copernicus the Astronomer D iscovered that there are many errors in the geocentric doctrine of Ptolemy. Strong Interest in Astronomy Domenico Maria Novara An Italian astronomer. Copernicus' friend and informal apprentice.

40. Domenico Maria Novara An Italian astronomer. Copernicus' friend and informal apprentice. Copernicus the Astronomer D iscovered that there are many errors in the geocentric doctrine of Ptolemy. Copernicus’ view of the Universe based on his heliocentric universe theory The Earth is not the center of the universe The center of the universe is near the sun. The Earth-Sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars. The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is seen because the earth is orbiting it. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the fact that we observe them from a moving location, because the earth is orbiting the sun.

41. Copernicus’ view of the Universe The Earth is not the center of the universe The center of the universe is near the sun. The Earth-Sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars. The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is seen because the earth is orbiting it. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the fact that we observe them from a moving location, because the earth is orbiting the sun. based on his heliocentric universe theory Domenico Maria Novara An Italian astronomer. Copernicus' friend and informal apprentice. Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium 1532: Copernicus identified the Earth's place in the universe. The Revolutions of the Celestial Sphere. Was officially out to the public in 1543, before his death. Triggers the Copernican Revolution. Important contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

42. Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium 1532: Copernicus identified the Earth's place in the universe. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium The Revolutions of the Celestial Sphere. Was officially out to the public in 1543, before his death. Triggers the Copernican Revolution. Important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. Copernicus’ view of the Universe Charles Robert Darwin Darwinian Revolution

43. Charles Robert Darwin Darwinian Revolution Darwinian Revolution ( 1809 – 1884 )

44. Charles Robert Darwin “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than do knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science” Darwinian Revolution ( 1809 – 1884 ) Darwinian Revolution

45. Charles Robert Darwin Born in the merchant town of Shrewsbury in England. He came from a line of wealthy scientists. His father was a medical doctor and his grandfather, a botanist. He was a naturalist and biologist known for his theory of evolution and the process of natural selection. Darwinian Revolution ( 1809 – 1884 ) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

46. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor. He stated that each species has its own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from the common ancestor, which have accumulated gradually over very long time periods. Charles Robert Darwin Darwinian Revolution ( 1809 – 1884 ) Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

47. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The Theory of Evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Charles Darwin's book " On the Origin of Species " published in 1859 . In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or +behavioral traits. The theory starts with the premise that within a population, there is variation in traits, such as beak shape in one of the Galapagos finches Darwin studied.  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Natural selection explains how genetic traits of a species may change over time. This may lead to speciation, the formation of a distinct new species. Darwin chose the name natural selection to contrast with “artificial selection,” or selective breeding that is controlled by humans. Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways.  Darwin's theory of evolution and the process of natural selection later became known simply as "Darwinism." Survival of the fittest means that organisms that are better adapted to their environment are best suited to survive and successfully reproduce. "Survival of the fittest" is an expression, developed from Darwin's theory of evolution. Natural Selection

48. Natural selection explains how genetic traits of a species may change over time. This may lead to speciation, the formation of a distinct new species. Darwin chose the name natural selection to contrast with “artificial selection,” or selective breeding that is controlled by humans. Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways.  Darwin's theory of evolution and the process of natural selection later became known simply as "Darwinism." Survival of the fittest means that organisms that are better adapted to their environment are best suited to survive and successfully reproduce. "Survival of the fittest" is an expression, developed from Darwin's theory of evolution. Natural Selection Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The Theory of Evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Charles Darwin's book " On the Origin of Species " published in 1859 . In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or +behavioral traits. The theory starts with the premise that within a population, there is variation in traits, such as beak shape in one of the Galapagos finches Darwin studied. 

49. Natural Selection SIGMUND FREUD Freudian Revolution

50. SIGMUND FREUD Freudian Revolution Natural Selection “From error to error, one discovers the truth”

51. “From error to error, one discovers the truth” Sigmund Freud Freudian Revolution B orn on May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [ Czech Republic ] D ied September 23, 1939, London, England Austrian neurologist and the founder of Psychoanalysis. He is the Father of Psychoanalysis He was not successful in the field of medicine According to F reud P sychoanalytic T heory there are 3 types of personality the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO

52. “From error to error, one discovers the truth” Sigmund Freud Freudian Revolution B orn on May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [ Czech Republic ] D ied September 23, 1939, London, England Austrian neurologist and the founder of Psychoanalysis. He is the Father of Psychoanalysis He was not successful in the field of medicine According to F reud P sychoanalytic T heory there are 3 types of personality the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO Studies in Hysteria

53. Studies in Hysteria Freud and B reuer published their theories and findings in this book Sigmund Freud Freudian Revolution B orn on May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [ Czech Republic ] D ied September 23, 1939, London, England Austrian neurologist and the founder of Psychoanalysis. He is the Father of Psychoanalysis He was not successful in the field of medicine According to F reud P sychoanalytic T heory there are 3 types of personality the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO Studies in Hysteria (1895) describes the birthplace of Psychoanalysis; two doctors trying to understand the causes of this debilitating condition. Freud’s recognition that hysteria stemmed from traumas in the patient’s past transformed how we think about the mind and sexuality. Anna O real name is Bertha Pappenheim Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches derived from the work and theories of Sigmund Freud.

54. Studies in Hysteria Studies in Hysteria (1895) describes the birthplace of Psychoanalysis; two doctors trying to understand the causes of this debilitating condition. Freud’s recognition that hysteria stemmed from traumas in the patient’s past transformed how we think about the mind and sexuality. Anna O real name is Bertha Pappenheim Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches derived from the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams was one of the most important books of the 20th century

55. The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams was one of the most important books of the 20th century Studies in Hysteria Psychopathology of Everyday Life Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis. Freudan Slip

56. Psychopathology of Everyday Life Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis. Freudan Slip The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams was one of the most important books of the 20th century Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) begins by exploring the varying ways in which individuals derive sexual pleasure apart from genital sex. The Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality

57. The Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) begins by exploring the varying ways in which individuals derive sexual pleasure apart from genital sex. Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis. Freudan Slip Psychopathology of Everyday Life KEY CONCEPTS The study of science is the history of its development. Technology is the application of science. Scientific progress and technological innovations shape the way of life of a society and, social forces also influence the direction and emphasis of scientific and technological development. STS is an interdisciplinary course which engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Science is a body of knowledge and a process in the context of personal and societal perspectives. Man's curiosity, creativity and critical thinking are the driving forces behind the scientific revolution. The Scientific Revolution marked the emergence of Modern Science and paved the way for historical changes in thoughts and beliefs, to changes in social and institutional organizations. Nicolas Copernicus heliocentric cosmos shifted the way people conceptualized the natural world. Darwin's revolutionary theory offered a powerful means of understanding on how living things are all netted together. Sigmund Freud's investigation of human behavior and scientific inquiries on the human mind intensely influenced the science of psychology.

58. The study of science is the history of its development. Technology is the application of science. Scientific progress and technological innovations shape the way of life of a society and, social forces also influence the direction and emphasis of scientific and technological development. STS is an interdisciplinary course which engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Science is a body of knowledge and a process in the context of personal and societal perspectives. Man's curiosity, creativity and critical thinking are the driving forces behind the scientific revolution. The Scientific Revolution marked the emergence of Modern Science and paved the way for historical changes in thoughts and beliefs, to changes in social and institutional organizations. Nicolas Copernicus heliocentric cosmos shifted the way people conceptualized the natural world. Darwin's revolutionary theory offered a powerful means of understanding on how living things are all netted together. Sigmund Freud's investigation of human behavior and scientific inquiries on the human mind intensely influenced the science of psychology. KEY CONCEPTS The Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) begins by exploring the varying ways in which individuals derive sexual pleasure apart from genital sex.

59. The Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) begins by exploring the varying ways in which individuals derive sexual pleasure apart from genital sex.

60. QUIZ TIME!