suborder heteroptera taxonomiy

Introduction of Hemiptera and Taxonomic Characters Of important families of Suborder Heteroptera

1. HEMIPTERA Scientific content: Order Hemiptera Suborder: Sternorrhyncha (Aphids and Scale insects) Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadas) Suborder: Heteroptera (True bugs) HEMIPTERA Hemi = Half (Half thickened or basally thickened) Ptera = Wings Sub order- HETEROPTERA Minute to large insects primaril y terrestrial , some are adopted secondarily to acquatic , or semi acquatic H ead opisthognathous ( homopterans ) or Prognathous ( heteropterans ). compound eyes usually well developed. Antennae fairly filiform , 4 or 5 segmented. Ocelli when present are two in number.

2. Head: In Homoptera all maxillary plates fuse ventrally to form gula where as this region is s mall and membranous in Homoptera Tentorium absent in Heteroptera Present in Homoptera but sometimes reduced. Abdominal ganglia fused with thoracic ganglia. Ocelli : Two ( Heteoptera and in Auchenorrhyncha ) Three in Cicadellidae and stenorrhyncha . Absent in Phyrrocoridae , Cimicidae , Cicadellidae and Apterous sps . In addition to the compound eyes occular tuberceles or supplementary eyes are present close to them in Aphids .

3. Mouthparts: Majority of them are sap feeders but some are predators are ectoparasites eg : Cimicidae , Polyctenidae and Reduviids such as Triatoma sps suck the blood of mammals Piercing and sucking type and with slender segmented beak (modified labium) that arises from the front part of the head and usually extends back along the ventral side, some times as far as the bases of hind coxae . The beak or rostrum serves as a sheath for the four piercing stylets, two outer mandibular and two inner maxillary stylets.

4. The inner maxillary stylets fit very close together with central ridge in the groove and form dorsal food channel and ventral salivary channel . There are no palpi . (Labial and maxillary) Hypopharynx is highly specialized part of it and is visible as a small well sclerotized structure lying between the bases of the stylets, where its median portion sitophore forms the portion of the floor of the cibarial sucking pump. Extra-oral digestion is apparently widespread. Beneath the hypopharynx lies the salivarium which is modified into a powerful salivary pump into which the salivary duct opens.

5. Thorax Pronotum large. T he mesonotum exhibits five fold division , among which scutellum is very prominent. Winged and wingless. When winged, the fore wings are basally thickened and membranous apically and are known as Hemelytra . In Penatomidae scutellum extends posteriorly to cover the wings entirely looks as if it is apterous Metanotum is concealed beneath meso scutellum and is never conspicuous Penatomidae scutellum

6. WINGS Two pairs of wings usually present. In Heteroptera there is a marked difference in the consistence of the two pairs of wings. The forewings are termed hemi elytra (hemi-elytra) and their proximal area. Well sclerotized resembling an elytron, with only the smaller distal portion remaining membranous . The hind wings are always membranous and are folded beneath the hemielytra at rest.

7. The hemelytron is composed mainly of regions (corium, clavus , Cuneus and Embolium ). In Lygaeidae ( 1 ) Corium is separated by a concave vein cu 2 called clavus . In Miridae ( 2 )a triangular apical sclerite is separated – cuneus . In Anthocoridae ( 3 ) a narrow strip of corium boardering costal margin is known as embolium . Alary polymorphism is also seen.

8. Legs: Coxae articulate with the thorax by a rotatory or a hinge joint in Heteroptera . Number of tarsal segments 2 to 3 Odoriferous glands or repugnatorial glands or stink glands are present which open near hind coxae on the sides by ventral pores giving out unplesant odour. Ovipositor small with three pairs of valves or well developed for inserting their eggs in plant tissues. Anal cerci absent. Metamorphosis simple. Ten pairs of spiracles are normally present in the Heteroptera.

9. CHARACTER HETEROPTERA HOMOPTERA Head prognathous opisthognathous Gular region All maxillary plates fuse ventrally & form gular region small & membranous Tentorium Absent Present or absent in some cases Ocelli 2 in number Auchenorrhycnha – 2 ocelli Cicadoidea – 3 ocelli Sternorrhycha – many in no Antennae 4-5 segmented 3-10 segmented Pronotum Pronotum is usually greatly enlarged. Small & collar like except in membracidae Forewings Hemielytra Uniform in consistency Scutellum Triangular plate between the wing well developed Not well developed Glands Scent glands / odoriferous glands Wax glands are present Ovipositor with 2 pairs of walls 3 pairs of walls- Auchennorhychan Absent- Aphidoidea & coccoidea Habitat Both terrestrial and aquatic Terrestrial Honey Dew Honey dew secretion is uncommon It is common

10. Sub order Heteroptera is divided into two series/ Divisions 1)Terrestrial Geocorisae / Gymnocerata 2)Aquatic Hydrocorisae / Cryptocerata Character Gymnocerata Cryptocerata Antennae Longer than head not concealed in grooves on ventral side of head Shorter than head and concealed on grooves of the Head Habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Plastron Hairs Absent Present Gula With Rostral groove Without rostral groove Legs Walking type Swimming type Hemelytra With corium Never divided into such areas Pentatomidae Coreidae Lygaeidae Nepidae - Water scorpion. Belostomatidae

11. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: H emiptera Suborder: Heteroptera Infraorder : Cimicomorpha Superfamily: Reduvioidea Family: Reduviidae Subfamily: Harpactorinae Tribe: Harpactorini Genus: Harpactor Species: costalis REDUVIIADE : (Assassin bugs, Kissing bugs or cone nose bugs)

12. a Lopodytes sp Platymeris biguttatus Psytalla horrida Pselliopus barberi Reduvius personatus Zelus renardii

13. REDUVIIADE : (Assassin bugs, Kissing bugs or cone nose bugs ): One of the largest families . Predaceous blood sucking families. Antennae geniculate/long up to 20 segments. Head is narrow and elongate, constricted behind the eye(large) forming a neck . Beak(Rostrum) is short, three segmented and fits into a groove in the pro-sternum . Phymata crassipes Rostrum fitting in prosternum

14. Abdomen is widened in the middle . Lateral margins of the abdominal segments are exposed beyond the wing. Tibiae has fossula spongiosa for adhesion to prey the body . ( Adheseive pads on tibiae) Tarsi 3 Segmented . Eg : Platymeris leavicollis is a predator on coconut Rhinoceros beetle. Triatoma sp and Rhodnius prolixus are the vectors of chagas disease caused by Trypanasoma cruzi which causes human trypanasomiasis . Rhynocoris rubricus

15. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Heteroptera Super family: Cimicoidea Family: Cimicidae Genus: Cimex Species: lectularis CIMICIDAE (Bed bugs)

16. CIMICIDAE (Bed bugs ): Body is dorso ventrally flattened so that they can hide in cracks and crevices. Body is oval in outline . It is dull reddish brown in colour. Thorax is deeply notched in front to receive the short head upto bulging eyes . Hemelytra short and reduced to scale like pads . Hindwings are completely atrophied. Stink glands are located in the dorsal surface of first three abdominal segments . Cimex lectularis

17. Beg bugs hide in crevices of beds , furniture, etc., during the day and emerge at night to seek a blood meal . Male bed bugs pierce the integument of the female and inject the sperm into the haemocoel during copulation ( Haemocoelic or traumatic insemination ). They are blood sucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals. They are known for their irritating bite. Cimex lectularis and Cimex hemipterus are two important species affecting man in temperate and tropical conditions respectively. Before meal of bloo d and After meal of blood Haemocoelic or traumatic insemination

18. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infraorder : Cimicomorpha Superfamily: Miroidea Family: Tingidae Genus: Stephanitis Species: typicus TINGIDAE (Lacewing bugs)

19. TINGIDAE (Lacewing bugs) : All are sap feeders. Chest like pronotum covers the scutellum and clavus . Ocelli absent. Antennae 4 segmented. Rostrum 4 segmented Body is margined with spines . Pronotum has lateral expansions with lace like sculpturing. Scutellum is concealed by pronotum . Pronotum with lateral expansions, Scutellum concealed

20. Forewings have elaborate lace like markings due to densely reticulate, raised wing venation. Nymphs differ considerably from adults. They are usually spiny and lack lace like markings. Tarsi are 1 or 2 segmented. Both nymphs and adults are found on the undersurface of the leaves in groups , suck the sap and produce white spotted appearance on the leaf . They secrete honey dew . e.g. Banana lecewing bug Stephanitis typicus . Adult lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides Nymphs of the lace bug, Stephanitis , with several cast skins

21. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Cimicoorpha Superfamily : Miroidea Family : Miridae Genus : Helopeltis Species: antonii Miridae (Plant bugs or Leaf bugs ):

22. Adelphocoris lineolatus Atractotomus magnicornis Brachycoleus decolor . Field Scabious C losterotomus , flavomarginatus Closterotomus biclavatus Deraeocoris nebulosus Dionconotus neglectus Globiceps fulvicollis Grypocoris sexguttatus . Helopeltis antonii

23. MIRIDAE : (Plant bugs or Leaf bugs ): Short bodied, slender insects, small to medium sized. Ocelli absent . Beak and antennae are four segmented . Pretarsus without empodium . Hemelytra with distinct corium, clavus and cuneus (a triangular apical piece of the basal part of forewing). Orthotylus ericetorum

24. Forewings are tilted at the distinct angle posterior to abdomen. Loop veins are found in membrane . Wings are tilted downwards . Ovipositors are well developed . Nymphs and adults feed on plant juice and some species cause phytotoxemia due to the injection of toxic saliva. A few are also predaceous . E.g :- Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii causes cankerous wart like growth on guava fruits. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Predator on BPH Phytotoxemia Ant - mimic Miridae nymph

25. LYGAEIDAE (Seed bugs or Chinch bugs) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Pentatomorpha Superfamily: Lygaeoidea Family: Lygaeidae Genus: Oxycarenus Species: hyalinipennis

26. LYGAEIDAE (Seed bugs or Chinch bugs) : Hard bodied small bugs .strongly sclerotized cuticle. 4 segmented antennae. Antennae inserted well down on the sides of the head with apical segment triangular, Larger Rostrum 4 segmented Compound eyes ocelli present and well developed. Membrane of Hemelytra with 4 to 5 unbranched simple veins. Oxycarenus laetus

27. Cuneus is absent in hemelytra. Clavus elongate . Front femur is moderately swollen with two rows of teeth beneath . Coxae rotatory. Tarsi are 3 segmented pulvilli present. Membrane has a few irregular veins (4-5 veins) arising from a transverse basal vein . e.g. Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis nymphs and adults suck the sap from seeds of injured or already opened bolls and reduce the seed quality. S wollen Front Femur Of Lygaeidae

28. Cluster of Spanish firebugs Pyrrhocoris apterus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Superfamily: Phyrrocoroidea Family: Phyrrocoridae Genus : Phyrrocorus Species: apterus PYRRHOCORIDAE (Red bugs or Stainers / Cotton stainers )

29. PYRRHOCORIDAE (Red bugs or Stainers / Cotton stainers ) They are elongate oval bugs. They show warning colouration . B rightly marked with red and black spots / stripes. Ocelli are absent . Membrane is with more branched veins and cells. Members of this family are often confused, but can be quickly separated from, Lygaeidae by the lack of ocelli (simple eyes) on the top of the head. Dysdercus cingulatus

30. Coxa rotatory and tarsi 3 segmented with pulvilli . Feeding injury caused by these bugs leads to the contamination by the fungus Nematospora resulting in yellowish brown discoloration of the lint. e.g. Cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus . Feeding injury caused by these bugs

31. COREIDAE (Squash bugs or leaf footed bugs ) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Pentamomorpha Superfamily: Coreoidea Family: Coreidae Genus: Riptortus Species: pedestris

32. COREIDAE (Squash bugs or leaf footed bugs) Long and narrow bugs Antennae 4 segmented situated well upon the sides of the head Head narrower, shorter than pronotum Scutellum smaller Membrane with many branching veins arising from a transverse basal vein . The edge of the abdomen is raised and wings lie in a distinct depression. Riptortus pedestris

33. They emit a bad odour . Hind femur and tibia are expanded and leaf like . Tarsi 3 segmented , pulvili is present . Stink glands are found inside the metathorax and glands openings are found on the sides of the thorax between middle and hind coxae . E .g . Pod bug, Riptortus pedestris nymphs and adults suck the sap from pods of pulses.

34. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Pentamomorpha Superfamily: P entatomoidea Family: Pentatomidae Genus: Nezara Species: viridula PENTATOMIDAE (Stink bugs or Shield bugs ):

35. PENTATOMIDAE ( Stink bugs or Shield bugs ): Medium to large sized, Broad shield shaped bugs . Lateral margins of the head conceal the bases of the antennae. Antenna is five segmented. Pronotum broad and shield shaped. Scutellum is prominent and shield like. some times extending posteriorly to the extent of covering the wings. Cantheconidia furcellata

36. Membrane with many longitudinal veins arising from a vein which is nearly parallel to the apical margin of the corium . Adults and nymphs produce a disagreeable odour from stink glands located in metathorax and abdomen respectively. Some are phytophagous and some are predaceous . e.g. Green stink bug Nezara viridula is a pest on millets. Cantheconidia furcellata predator on Red hairy caterpillar

37. Anthocoridae (Flower bugs or minute pirate bugs ): Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: cimicomorpha Superfamily: P entatomoidea Family: Anthocoridae Genus: Orius Species: Insidiosus

38. Anthocoridae (Flower bugs or minute pirate bugs): Small elongate, oval flattened insects Ocelli present. Rostrum 3 segmented. Meta thorax has openings for scent glands. Forewings posses a well developed area, embolium . Anthocoris sp

39. Tarsi are 3 segmented. Most species are black with markings are found on flowers , but some species occur under loose bark, leaf litter and in decaying fungi . Eg :- Few species like Orius are predacious on small insects and insect eggs . Lyctocoris campestris,Anthocoris kingi seen at granaries and thatched rooms. Orius insidiosus as a predator

40. NEPIDAE (Water scorpions ): Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Nepomorpha Family: Nepidae Genus: Nepa Species: cinerea

41. NEPIDAE (Water scorpions ): Forelegs are raptorial and suited for prey catching. Middle and hindlegs are suited for walking . A long caudal breathing tube formed by the cerci is present at the apex of the abdomen. They inflict a painful bite when handled. Nepa cinerea

42. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euarthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Sub order: Heteroptera Infra order: Nepomorpha Family: Belostomatidae Sub family: Belostomatinae Genus: Abedus Species: immaculatus BELOSTOMATIDAE (Giant water bugs or electric light bugs)

43. BELOSTOMATIDAE ( Giant water bugs or electric light bugs ): They are large sized insects. Eyes are bead like. Antennae are concealed in ear-like pockets . Forelegs are and suited for capturing prey. Raptorial Posterior legs are adapted for swimming . Tibia and tarsus are flattened and fringed with hairs. Abdomen with two short retractile apical appendages forming a terminal breathing tube . The largest Hemiptera in the world are Lethocerus

44. Dorsum of the abdomen is concave forming an air reservoir under the wings. They are positively phototropic. They are excellent fliers and swimmers. In some species eggs are laid on the back of the male . They suck the blood from toads, frogs, fishes and even human beings. Male Abedus herberti with eggs on its back

45. David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan , T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. Imms General test book of Entomology(Tenth edition) vol 2 Classification and Biology. Hand book of Entomology T.V Prasad