Substance abuse

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1. SUBSTANCE ABUSE

2. Substance abuse INTRODUCTION substance use refer to condition arising from the abuse of alcohol, psychoactive drugs and other chemicals such as volatile solvents . SUBSTANCE SUBSTANCE is used in reference to any drugs, medication or toxic that shares the potential for abuse.

3. ADDICTION Addiction is a physiologic and psychologic dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse. ABUSE It refer to maladaptive pattern of substance use that impairs health in a broad sense.

4. DEPENDENCE It refer to certain physiological and psychological phenomena induced by the repeated taking of a substance. TOLERANCE It is state in which after repeated administration, a drug produce decreased effect, or increasing doses are required to produce the same effect.

5. DEFINITION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE ACCORDING TO R SREEVANI ‘’Maladaptive recurring use of a substance accompanied by repeated detrimental effect as a result of continued use’’ ACCORDING TO DSIM 2000 Substance abuse is define as excessive maladaptive pattern use of any substance like alcohol, drugs.

6. TYPES OF SUBTANCE ABUSE Alcohol dependence. Opioids . Cannabies . Sedative and hypnotics. Cocaine. Caffeine and other stimulants. Hallucinogen. Volatile solvant . Anaesthetics.

7. ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME Alcoholism refers to the use of alcoholic beverages to the point of causing damage to the individual, society or both. According to this report, around 30% of total population of India consumed alcohol in the year 2010.

8. OPIOID USE DISORDER The commonly abused opioids (narcotics) in our country are heroin (brown sugar) and synthetic preparation like pethidine . The drugs that are injected through needle are heroin.

9. CANNABIS USE DISORDER Cannabis is derived from the plant cannabissative , which grows in the wild all around the world. It is used in various form such as Bhang Ganja

10. COCAINE USE DISORDER Common street name is ‘crack’ it can be administered orally, intranasally by smoking or prenterally . BARBITURATES These are sedatives and are used for the sedation of aggevated patients to relief pain.

11. VOLATILE SOLVENTS These are central nervous system depressants, c ether, c ommon used solvents are spirit, petrol, chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide, thinner and cleaning fluids. They may cause initial euphoria and is followed by confusion, disorientation, ataxia, delusion and hallucinations. High concentration may cause convulsion, coma and death.

12. INCIDENCE RATE Women who use any kind of tobacco (6.8%) Men who use any kind of tobacco(44.5%) Women who consume alcohol(1.2%) Men who consume alcohol(29.2)

13. CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE BIOLOGICAL FACTOR B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR C. SOCIAL FACTOR

14. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR GENETIC FACTOR= Family history of substance use disorder. BIOCHEMICAL FACTOR= for example role of dopamine and non epinephrine have been implicated in cocaine, ethanol and opioids dependence

15. B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR Sense of inferiority. Poor impulse control. Low self esteem. Desire of escape from reality. Pleasure seeking. Sexual immaturity.

16. C. SOCIAL FACTOR Religious reasons. Peer pressure. Urbanization. Unemployment. Over crowding. Poor social support.

17. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Cannabis is used in several ways. Orally as a , milk based drink called thandai in commonly use in north india b, Sweet . Smoking as a ,in cigratte b, clay pipes c, water pipes .

18. CLINICAL FEATURE Alcohol- Malaise. Dyspepsia. Depression. Increase incidence of infection. Deniar of problem. Anger.

19. OPIOID - Apathy. Bradycardia . Hypotension. Subnormal temperature. Insomnia. AMPHETAMINE - Cardiac failure. panic. insomnia. paranoid hallunatory syndrome.

20. COCAINE - pupillary dilatation. trachycardia . sweating. nausea. hypertension. anorexia. seizure.

21. ALLUCINOGHEN - derealization . illusion. automatic hyperactivity. impairement of judgement. depersonalization. marked anxiety.

22. TREATMENT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT DELIRIUM TREMENS TREATING SEIZURE. TREATMENT OF OPIOIDS. MAINTENANCDETOXIFIXCATION TREATING E OF THERAPY.

23. PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE PRIMARY PREVENTION. SECONDARY PREVENTION. TERTIARY PREVENTION.

24. COMPLICATION A. CARDIOPULMONARY COMPLICARTION arrythmias cardiomyopathy . pneumonia. Increase risk of tuberculosis. B. GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATION chronic diarrhea . esophagitis . gastric ulcer.

25. C. HEPATIC COMPLICATION alcoholic hepatitis. cirrosis of liver. fatty liver. D. PSYCHIATRIC COMPLICATION Depression. Suicide. Multiple substance abuse.