Summer internship at bharat sanchar nigam limited

This document provide the internship

1. Summer Internship - BSNL Summer Training and Internship Program MOHD AZIM SIDDIQUI (2200270310110) B.Tech – Electronics and Communication Engineering Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College DURATION : 4 Weeks [ 30TH JULY – 01 ST SEPTEMBER] ORGANIZATION: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL)

2. INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

3. INTRODUCTION Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was incorporated on 15 th september 2000. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is the world’s seventh largest telecommunication company. Its responsibilities includes improvement of the quality of already installed telecom services, expansion of telecom services in rural areas and acquiring confidence among its customers. It provides a comprehensive range of services in India, which include wireless connections, CDMA mobile, GSM lines, Internet, broadband, MPLS-VPN (multi protocol label switching-virtual private network), VSAT (very small aperture terminal) WIMAX, FTTHand VOIP (voice over Internet protocol). Within this short span of time, it has also become one of the largest public sector companies in India. During the 2015-16 , turnover of BSNL is around Rs 32,919 crores . Recently, BSNL entered into aagreement with US-based networking solutions coriant to chart the path to 5G and IOT in india .

4. WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa. CALL SETUP: When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC (Base Station Controller) then call setup is completed. If subscriber is not in the same BSC then call transfer to MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is completed. If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO( Mobile Telephone Switching Office) now call transfer is done on BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.      

5. Parts of a Telecommunication network The main parts of a Telecommunication network are: 1.Telephone Exchange 2.Main Distribution Frame (MDF) 3. Switch Room

6. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE Equipment which effects interconnection of telephones is known as switching equipment. The switching centre, which houses the terminating and switching equipment is called telephone exchange. A telephone exchange is a telecommunication system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises. An exchange consists of electronic components that interconnect (switch) telephone subscriber lines or virtual circuits of digital systems to establish telephone calls between subscribers.

7. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME(MDF) M.D.F . is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires. FUNCTIONS OF MDF :   All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and distributed through MDF. The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire. It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange area. The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and functions as a test point between a line and the office. It provides testing of calls. It checks whether fault is indoor or external. All lines terminate individually

8. Structure Of MDF

9. ORGANIZATION OF MDF Vertical side Horizontal side Vertical side Rack:- On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The counting is done from up (0) to down (7). Tags:- Each rack consists of eight tags 1 tag = 4 core 1 core = 4 bunch 1 bunch = 2 line N.E:- The word NE stands for the ‘ NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT’ . It is used for testing number. Wedge:- Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is placed in jack strips, which is connected to telephone for checking.

10. Horizontal side The horizontal side connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair are distributed when company allot the telephone number to the subscriber. Horizontal side is again subdivided in two parts: One part is connected with the vertical side. Another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.

11. POWER PLANT As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. The main part of power room are:- 1. Batteries for providing -48V supply 2. UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 3. Charging - Discharging Unit 4. Inverter and Converter Unit

12. Switch Room Switch room consists of BM(Base module ) and CM (centre module) cabinets mounted in standard switch. These cabinets are fastened to a switch Room and interconnected by cables

13. FIBER OPTICS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FIBER OPTICS : The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs. ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS : Fiber Optics has the following advantages : • SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits • BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity • DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened. • RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.

14. OPTICAL FIBER CABLE(OFC) Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted on the principle of Total Internal Reflection through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light. In the following sequence. 1.Information is encoded into Electrical Signals. 2.Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals. 3.Light Travels down the Fiber. 4.A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals. 5.Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.

15. In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. Global System For Mobile Communication

16. 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 125 RF channels (channel numbers 0 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. GSM Frequencies

17. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications that other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built. CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space     CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) ADVANTAGE Of CDMA: Increased cellular communications security Simultaneous conversations Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators. Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

18. MS refers to the physical phone itself uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) is small smart card that is inserted into the phone and carries information specific to the subscriber identified by International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number. Mobile Station

19. It carry out radio communications between the network and the MS. It has handles speech encoding, encryption, multiplexing ( TDMA ), and responsible for modulation and demodulation. Installed between 1 and 16 Transceivers (TRX) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

20. It is responsible for allocation of radio channels. Operates frequency administration Power and signal measurements from the Mobile station. Handovers from one BTS to another. Base station controller

21.   It is responsible for call routing, call setup, and basic switching functions. Different BSCs are connected to the MSC. . MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER(MSC)

22. 1. Data Communication And Networking- Behrouz A. Foruzan 2. Wireless Communication and Networks-William Stallings 3. Computer Networking – Kurose & Ross 4. www.bsnl.co.in 5. www.newbsnl.co.in 6. Wikipedia REFERENCES

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