Surface active agents

this PPT is a detailed study of surfactants which a B.pharma student requires.
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1. Presented by: Sharanjeet Kaur Surface Active Agents

2. Hydrophilic: A liquid/surface that has a high affinity to water. Hydrophobic: A liquid/surface that has very low affinity to water Lipophilic : A liquid/surface that has a high affinity to oil. Lipophobic : A liquid/surface that has a very low affinity to oil. BASIC TERMINOLOGY

3. A molecule that contains a polar portion and a non polar portion is called surface active agent/ surfactant. A surfactant can interact with both polar and non polar molecules. A surfactant increases the solubility of the otherwise insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules tend to cluster into a spherical geometry non polar ends on the inside of the sphere polar ends on the outside .These clusters are called micelles Surface active agents?

4. Surfactants have amphipathic structure tail or hydrophobic group little affinity for bulk solvent. Usually hydrocarbon (alkyl/aryl) chain in aqueous solvents. Can be linear or branched. Head or hydrophilic group strong affinity for bulk solvent. Can be neutral or charged .

5. Structure of a surfactant

6. Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by adsorbing  at the liquid-gas interface. Many surfactants can also assemble in the bulk solution into aggregates. Examples of such aggregates are vesicles and micelles.  Thermodynamics of the surfactant systems are of great importance, theoretically and practically. Surfactants play an important role as cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming  and  anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products Properties

7. 1. Anionic 2. Cationic 3. Non- Ionic 4. Amphoteric or Zwitterionic Classification of Surfactants

8. Based on permanent anions or pH-dependent anions . These are categorised as: 1. Sulfates : Alkyl sulfates , Alkyl ether sulfates 2. Sulfonates : Sulfonate fluorosurfactants , Alkyl benzene sulfonates 3. Phosphates : Alkyl aryl ether phosphate, Alkyl ether phosphate 4. Carboxylates: Alkyl carboxylates , Carboxylate fluorosurfactants (~ 60% of industrial surfactants) Anionic Surfactants

9. Based on pH-dependent primary, secondary or tertiary amines i.e. primary amines become positively charged at pH < 10, secondary amines become charged at pH < 4. Examples: Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) Benzethonium chloride (BZT) 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane Dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride Cationic Surfactants

10. Amphoteric surfactants are characterized by the fact that these surfactants can carry a positive charge on a cationic site and a negative charge on an anionic site. The use of amphoteric terminology is still restrictive: The charge of the molecule must change with pH, showing a zwitterionic form at an intermediate pH Examples : Amino acids Imino acids Betaines  lecithin Amphoteric or Zwitterionic

11. They doesnt include any charged head . These are categorised as: 1. Fatty Alcohols 2. Polyoxyethylene glycol 3. Polyoxypropylene gylcol 4. Glucoside 5. Polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers 6. Sorbitan alkyl esters 7. Polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl esters Non Ionic

12. The hydrophilic- lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant reflects its partitioning behavior between a polar and non-polar medium. HLB number, ranging from 0-40, can be assigned to a surfactant, based on emulsification data. Semi-empirical only.  What is HLB Scale ?

13. No dispersibility in water 0 antifoaming agents 2 Water –in- oil emulsifier 6 Wetting agent 8 Milky dispersion 10 Oil-in-water emulsifier 12 Clear solution 14 Detergent 16 Solubilizer 18 A value of 10 represents a “mid-point” of HLB. Cont ..

14. For non ionic surfactants HLB = E/5 HLB = 20(1-S/A) Where ; E= percentage by weight of ethylene oxide S= saponification number of ester A= Acid number of the fatty acid Calculation of HLB ‘s

15. Micelles are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. The formation of a micelle is a response to the amphipathic nature of fatty acids, meaning that they contain both hydrophilic regions (polar head groups) as well as hydrophobic regions.  Micelles contain polar head groups that usually form the outside as the surface of micelles. They face to the water because they are polar. The hydrophobic tails are inside and away from the water since they are nonpolar . Micelles Formation

16.  Micelles contain polar head groups that usually form the outside as the surface of micelles. They face to the water because they are polar. The hydrophobic tails are inside and away from the water since they are nonpolar . Micelles form spontaneously in water, as stated above this spontaneous arrangement is due to the amphipatic nature of the molecule.  when the lipids form micelles the hydrophobic tails interact with each other, and this interaction releases water form the hydrophobic tail and this increases the disorder of the system, and this is increase in entropy is favorable . Cont ..

17. The polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil).

18. Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).   The CMC is the concentration above surfactant when micelles will form spontaneously. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. This temperature is when surfactants will form micelles.  As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state.

19. Detergents Fabric softeners Emulsifying agents in Emulsions Paints Adhesives Inks Anti-fogs Suspending agents in suspensions Laxatives Uses of Surface active agents