Sustainable Development

Project on Sustainable Development

1. NARAYANA SCHOOL, HALDIA
Sustainable Development
SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT
─
NAME- Purbesh Mondal
CLASS- X
ADMISSION NO.- 5313076
SESSION- 2020-2021

2. Acknowledgement
Iamoverwhelmedinallhumblenessandgratefulnessto
acknowledgemydepthtoallthosewhohavehelpedmetoputthese
ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete.
IwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthanksgivinggratitudetoourSST
teacherMrs.DebolinaMandal,whohelpedmeoutinvariouswaysin
makingthisprojectaswellasourPrincipaloftheschoolwhogaveme
thegoldenopportunitytodothiswonderfulproject,whichalsohelped
meindoingalotofresearchandIcametoknowaboutsomanynew
things.
Anyattemptatanylevelcan’tbesatisfactorilycompletedwithoutthe
supportandguidanceofmyparentsandfriends.Iwouldliketothank
themforhelpingmealotingatheringdifferentinformation,collecting
data,andguidingmefromtimetotimeinmakingthisproject,despite
their busy schedules.

3. Overview
Throughthecolumnoftheproject,Iwouldliketodraw
outtheroleofSustainabledevelopment,inthepresentscenarioof
human activities.
Inthisproject,wewilldiscussseveralpointsrelatedtosustainable
developmentwhichwereadoptedbyUnitedStatesinSeptember2015
toaddressmajorglobalproblemsuchasglobalwarming,growing
inequalities,poverty,genderdiscrimination,violenceandconflicts,
global economic crisis, epidemics, ozone layer depletion, etc.
Thisstudywillincludesustainability,definition,concepts,principle,
pillars,importance,indicators,goals,outcomes,examplesandbarriers
of Sustainable Development.

4. Content
Sl. no. Topic Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Sustainability 2
3 Sustainable development 3
4 Concepts 5
5 Evolution of the concept 7
6 Principle 9
7 Pillars 12
8 Importance 14
9 Indicators 15
10Goals 19
11Outcomes 21
12Examples 22
13Barriers 24
14Conclusion 25

5. 1
Introduction
Fromtheverybeginningof
Humanhistory,wegottoseethat
humansalwaystriedtomakethiseartha
morecomfortableplacetolive.They
developedthemselvesgraduallyand
becamestrongerandmoreadvanced.
Thisprocessofdevelopmentbroughtout
thedifferencebetweengoodandbad
and unfolded the human potential.
Butthisprocessofdevelopmentalsohadmanybadeffects.Inthegoal
ofmakingtheearthmorecomfortable,peoplestarteddestroyingthe
naturalresourcesofearthandstartedtodisbalanceitsecosystem.The
resourcesoftheearthstartedgettingexhausted.Thisgrowingproblem
brought us to a new concept ofSustainability.

6. 2
Sustainability
Sustainabilityistheprocessof
maintainingchangesinabalancedway,in
whichtheexploitationofresources,the
directionofinvestments,theorientation
oftechnologicaldevelopmentand
institutionalchangeareallinharmonyand
enhancebothcurrentandfuturepotential
to meet human needs and aspirations.

7. 3
Sustainable Development
Sustainabledevelopmentis
thedevelopmentthatmeetsthe
needsofthepresentwithout
compromisingtheabilityoffuture
generationstomeettheirownneeds.
Sustainable development has
continuedtoevolveasthatof
protectingtheworld’sresources
whileitstrueagendaistocontrolthe
world’s resources.
SoEnvironmentallysustainableeconomicgrowthreferstoeconomic
developmentthatmeetstheneedsofallwithoutleavingfuture
generations with fewer natural resources than those we enjoy today.
Theterm"sustainabledevelopment"firstcametoprominenceinthe
world Conservation Strategy (WCS) in1980.
Itachievedanewstatuswiththepublicationoftwosignificantreports
byBrundtalndon:NorthandSouth:aprogrammeforsurvivaland
commoncrisis(1985)andOurCommonFuture(1983)andhasgained
evengreaterattentionsincetheUnitedNationsConferenceon
EnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)heldinRiodeJaneiroin
June 1992.
GroHarlemBrundtlandfirstintroducedthe
conceptofsustainabledevelopmentin1987.
ShewasthenthePrimeMinisterofNorway
andchairmanoftheWorldCommissionon
Environment and Development.

8. 4
Shedescribes“Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthatmeetsthe
needsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuture
generations to meet their own needs.”.
Sustainabledevelopmentaimstobalanceoureconomic,
environmental,andsocialneeds,allowingprosperityfornowand
futuregenerations.Sustainabledevelopmentconsistsofalong-term,
integratedapproachtodevelopingandachievingahealthycommunity
byjointlyaddressingeconomic,environmental,andsocialissues,whilst
avoiding the overconsumption of key natural resources.

9. 5
Concepts of Sustainable Development
The concept of sustainability consist of two main keys concepts-
➔Theconceptof'needs,'inparticulartheessentialneedsofthe
world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given.
➔"Theideaoflimitationsimposedbythestateoftechnologyand
socialorganizationontheenvironment'sabilitytomeetpresent
and future needs.
Thusthegoalsofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentmustbedefinedin
termsofsustainabilityinallcountries-developedordeveloping,
market-orientedorcentrallyplanned.Interpretationswillvary,but
mustsharecertaingeneralfeaturesandmustflowfromaconsensus
onthebasicconceptofsustainabledevelopmentandonabroad
strategic framework for achieving it.
Developmentinvolvesaprogressivetransformationofeconomyand
society.Adevelopmentpaththatissustainableinaphysicalsense
couldtheoreticallybepursuedeveninarigidsocialandthepolitical
setting.Butphysicalsustainabilitycannotbesecuredunless
developmentpoliciespayattentiontosuchconsiderationsaschanges
in access to resources and in the distribution of costs and benefits.
Eventhenarrownotionofphysicalsustainabilityimpliesaconcernfor
socialequitybetweengenerations,aconcernthatmustlogicallybe
extended to equity within each generation.
Sustainabilitybroadlyincludesthesethreeparametersforsustainable
development.

10. 6
1.Environment
2.Social
3.Economic
Four Major components:-
●The climatic change.
●Nutrient cycles.
●Hydrological cycle.
●Biodiversity.
Aim:-
➔Maximizing the development in a sustainable way.
➔Minimizing the chances of environmental degradation.

11. 7
Evolution of the Sustainable Development Concept
➔Thelandmarkeventintheevolutionoftheconceptof
sustainabledevelopmenthadbeenthe1972'Stockholm
ConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentconvenedbytheUnited
Nations,thereportoftheWorldCommissiononEnvironment
and Development (WCED).
➔OurCommonFutureandthe1992UnitedNationsConferenceon
EnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)orRioEarthSummitas
itiscommonlyreferredto.Themanyactivitiesbetween
successivelandmarkeventssoughttobuildontheoutcomeof
thepreviousevent,toclarifyissues,andtoprovideinputsinto
the preparatory process of the following events.
➔TheUNestablishedtheCommissiononSustainable
Development(CSD)inDecember1992toensureaneffective
follow-upofUNCEDandtomonitorandreportonthe
implementationoftheEarthSummitagreementsatthelocal,
national, regional, and international levels.
➔A(Rio+5)SpecialSessionoftheGeneralAssembly,heldinJune
1997,adoptedacomprehensiveprogramforfurther
implementationofAgenda21aswellastheworkprogrammeof
the CSD for 1997- 2002.

12. 8
➔TheKyotoProtocoladoptedinDecember1997andthe
ConferencesoftheParties(COPs),heldovertheyears,have
madesomeadvancesrelatingtoclarificationofvariousaspects
of financing and implementing sustainable development globally.

13. 9
Principle of Sustainable Development
Sustainabledevelopment
meanstotakeeconomicbenefitwhich
canhelptoraisethelivingstandardof
thepresentgenerationwithout
affectingtheneedforfuture
generations.Itmeanstoconserve
resourceswithoutaffectingitsquantity
andquality.Themainaimof
sustainabledevelopmentistobalance
amongthepopulation,various
resources,variousaspectsof
environment and development.
1.Conservation of Ecosystem
Theultimateaimofsustainabledevelopmentistoconservetheearth.
Itistomaketheecologicalsystemdurable.Preservationofterrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems is necessary for this purpose.
2.Sustainable Development of Society
Sustainabilityofsocietydependsontheavailabilityofhealthy
residence,balanceddiet,adequatehealthservice,employmentand
qualityeducation.Iftheseelementsaredevelopedandbecome
availabletothepeopleinsociety,itbecomesasustainablesociety.It
assistsindevelopingtheirpositiveattitudetowardsnatureandliving
beings. The society is driven towards conserving the environment.

14. 10
3.Conservation of Biodiversity
Itisnecessarytoconserveallthelivingbeingsintheworld.People
shouldlearntoconservenaturalresourcesinordertoprotectthe
livingbeings.Sustainabledevelopmentfocusesonit.Nationaland
internationalprogramsfortheconservationofbiodiversityshouldbe
conducted. There must be the coordination among the programmes.
4.Population Control
Peoplemaintaintheirlifebyutilizingthelimitedmeansandresources
foundontheearth.Duetopopulationgrowth,humanneedslikefood,
clothing,housingetc.increases,themeansandresourcesavailablein
theworldcannotbeincreasedtomeettherequirements.So,
populationcontrolandmanagementareessentialforsustainable
development. It will support the environmental balance.
5.Conservation of Human Resource
Peoplecanplayavitalroleintheutilizationandconservationofthe
environment.Theknowledgeandskillofcaringfortheearthshouldbe
developed.Humanresourcesaretobedevelopedbyproviding
education,healthcareandtraining.Humanresourcecontributesto
adopt the principles of sustainable development.
6.Increase in Peoples' Participation
Sustainabledevelopmentcannotbemaintainedpersonally.Ajoint
effortofeveryindividualisindispensable.Inordertotranslatethe
conceptofsustainabledevelopmentintoaction,publicparticipation
shouldbeincreased.Therefore,positiveattitudesofpublicshouldbe
developed in every programme of sustainable development.

15. 11
7.Conservation of Cultural heritage
Sustainabledevelopmenthasemphasizedtheconservationofsocial
traditions,customs,religiousplacesandculturalaspectsofpeople.
Diverseculturalheritageistheinvaluablecontributiontosociety,but
superstitionshouldbeavoided.Conservationofculturalheritageisour
duty . Its conservation supports sustainable development.
8.Included within Carrying Capacity of Earth
Developmentworkmustbewithinthecarryingcapacityoftheearth.
Peoplecannotgetthoseentirethingsthattheyrequirefromtheearth
immediately.Theearthhaslimitedresources.Thelimitedmeansand
resourcesontheearthcannotbeenoughfortheunlimitedmeansof
people.Over-exploitationoftheresourceshasnegativeeffectsonthe
environment.

16. 12
Pillars of Sustainability
Thethreepillarsofsustainabilityareapowerfultoolfor
definingtheSustainableDevelopmentproblem.Thisconsistsofthree
parameters:Economic,Social,andEnvironmentalpillars.Ifanyone
pillar is weak then the system as a whole is unsustainable.
EconomicDevelopment:-Thisistheissuethatprovesthemost
problematicasmostpeopledisagreeonpoliticalideology,whatisand
isnoteconomicallysound,andhowitwillaffectbusinessesandby
extension,jobs,andemployability.Itisalsoaboutprovidingincentives
forbusinessesandotherorganizationstoadheretosustainability
guidelines beyond their normal legislative requirements.
SocialDevelopment:-Therearemanyfacetstothispillar.Most
importantlyisawarenessofandlegislationprotectionofthehealthof
peoplefrompollutionandotherharmfulactivitiesofthebusinessand
otherorganizations.Itisalsoaboutmaintainingaccesstobasic
resourceswithoutcompromisingthequalityoflife.Thebiggesthot
topicformanypeoplerightnowissustainablehousingandhowwe
canbetterbuildthehomesweliveinfromsustainablematerial.The
finalelementiseducation-encouragingpeopletoparticipatein
environmentalsustainabilityandteachingthemabouttheeffectsof
environmentalprotectionaswellaswarningofthedangersifwe
cannot achieve our goals.
EnvironmentalProtection:-Weallknowwhatweneedtodoto
protecttheenvironment,whetherthatisrecycling,reducingourpower
consumptionbyswitchingelectronicdevicesoffratherthanusing
standby,bywalkingshortjourneysinsteadoftakingthebus.
Businessesareregulatedtopreventpollutionandtokeeptheircarbon
emissionslow.Thereareincentivestoinstallrenewablepowersources

17. 13
inourhomesandbusinesses.Environmentalprotectionisthethird
pillarandtomany,theprimaryconcernofthefutureofhumanity.It
defineshowweshouldstudyandprotectecosystems,airquality,
integrity,andsustainabilityofourresourcesandfocusontheelements
that place stress on the environment.

18. 14
Importance of Sustainable Development
Fromthelasttwoorthreedecades,wehaveseenthat
forthesakeofeconomicgrowth,thehealthoftheenvironmenthas
takenatoll.Asaresult,therehasbeenanimpactontheenvironment
suchasdeclineinairqualityandclimatechangeduetogreenhouse
gases.
Allthesefactorsledtotheneedforsustainabledevelopment,asifleft
unchecked it can cause irreversible damage to the environment.
Following are the importance of sustainable development:
1.Usingtheavailableresourcesjudiciouslyandworkingtowards
maintaining the ecological balance.
2.Topreventdegradationoftheenvironmentandlayemphasison
protecting the environment.
3. To prevent overexploitation of resources.

19. 15
Indicators of Sustainable Development
Poverty
1. Proportion of population living below national poverty line
2. Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest percentile
3. Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities
4. Proportion of population using an improved water source
5.Shareofhouseholdswithoutelectricityorothermodernenergy
services
6. Proportion of urban population living in slums
Governance
1. Percentage of population having paid bribes
2. Number of intentional killing of person per 100,000 population
Health
1. Under-five death rate
2. Life expectancy at birth
3. Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities
4. Immunization against infectious childhood diseases
5. Nutritional status of children
6. the rate of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria etc.
Education

20. 16
1. Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education
2. Net enrolment rate in primary education
3. Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level
4. Adult literacy rate
Demographics
1. Population growth rate
2. Dependency ratio
Natural Hazards
Percentage of population living in hazard prone areas
Atmosphere
1. Carbon dioxide emissions
2. Consumption of ozone depleting substances
3. Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas
Land
1. Arable and permanent cropland area
2. Proportion of land area covered by forests
Oceans, seas and coasts
1. Percentage of total population living coastal areas
2. Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
3. Proportion of marine area protected
Freshwater

21. 17
1. Proportion of total water resources used
2. Water use intensity by economic activity
3. Presence of fecal coliforms in freshwater
Biodiversity
1.Proportionofterrestrialareaprotected,totalandbyecological
region
2. Change in threat status of species
Economic development
1. GDP per capita
2. Investment share in GDP
3. Debt to Gross national income ratio
4. Employment-population ratio
5. Labor productivity and unit labor costs
6. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
7. Internet users per 100,000 population
8. Tourism contribution to GDP
Global Economic Partnership
1.Currentaccountdeficit(negativenetsalesabroadi.eimportsof
goods is more than exports of goods) as percentage of GDP
2.NetOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)likeLoangivenor
received as a percentage of GNI
Consumption and Production Patterns
1. Material intensity of the economy

22. 18
2. Annual energy consumption, total and by main user category
3. Intensity of energy use, total and by economic activity
4. Generation of hazardous waste
5. Waste treatment and disposal
6. Modal split of passenger transportation

23. 19
Goals of Sustainable Development
TheGlobalChallengeforGovernmentTransparency:The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030 Agenda
In2015,195nationsagreedwiththeUnitedNationthat
theycanchangetheworldforthebetter.Thiswillbeaccomplishedby
bringingtogethertheirrespectivegovernments,businesses,media,
institutionsofhighereducation,andlocalNGOstoimprovethelivesof
the people in their country by the year 2030.
Here’s the 2030 Agenda:
●Eliminate Poverty
●Erase Hunger
●Establish Good Health and
Well-Being
●Provide Quality Education
●Enforce Gender Equality
●Improve Clean Water and
Sanitation
●Grow Affordable and Clean
Energy
●Create Decent Work and
Economic Growth
●Increase Industry, Innovation,
and Infrastructure
●Reduce Inequality
●Mobilize Sustainable Cities and Communities

24. 20
●Influence Responsible Consumption and Production
●Organize Climate Action
●Develop Life Below Water
●Advance Life On Land
●Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
●Build Partnerships for the Goals
Sustainable strategies-
●Low-Carbon Models
●Adaptation to Climate Change as a Social Cause
●Economically Profitable Approach
●Technology Transfer

25. 21
Outcomes
●Clean water & air
●Fertile soil and good food
●A livelihood and a healthy economy
●An optimum population size
●Halting global warming
●Safety from poverty and disease
●Social contact & a sense of community
●Work, rest and celebration
●Opportunities to learn

26. 22
Examples
Solar Energy
Thegreatestadvantagesofsolarenergyarethatitiscompletelyfree
andisavailableinalimitlesssupply.Bothofthesefactorsprovidea
hugebenefittoconsumersandhelpreducepollution.Replacing
non-renewableenergywiththistypeofenergyisbothenvironmentally
and financially effective.
Wind Energy
ItisanotherreadilyavailableWindEnergysource.Harnessingthe
powerofwindenergynecessitatestheuseofwindmills;however,due
toconstructioncostandfindingasuitablelocation,thiskindofenergy
ismeanttoservicemorethanjusttheindividual.Windenergycan
supplementorevenreplacethecostofgridpower,andthereforemay
beagoodinvestmentandremainsagreatexampleofsustainable
development.
Crop Rotation
Thisfarmingpracticeisbeneficialinseveralways,mostnotably
becauseitischemical-free.Croprotationhasbeenproventomaximize
thegrowthpotentialofland,whilealsopreventingdiseaseandinsects
inthesoil.Notonlycanthisformofdevelopmentbenefitcommercial
farmers, but it can also aid those who garden at home.

27. 23
Efficient Water Fixtures
AccordingtotheEPA,ittakesalotofenergytoproduceandtransport
waterandtoprocesswastewater,andsincelessthanonepercentof
theEarth'savailablewatersupplyisfreshwater,itisimportantthat
sustainable water use is employed at the individual and societal level.
Green Space
AccordingtotheUW-MadisonDepartmentofUrbanandRegional
Planning,advantagesofgreenspacesinclude,helpingregulateair
qualityandclimate...reducingenergyconsumptionbycounteringthe
warmingeffectsofpavedsurfaces..recharginggroundwatersupplies
and protecting lakes and streams from polluted runoff.

28. 24
Barriers to sustainability
Common barriers to change toward sustainability include:
●Competing priorities of managers – profit and growth prioritised over
environment and human capital
●Organisational systems not up to managing the task
●Lack of capital to invest in new ways of design and managing
operations
●Organisational culture not open to new ideas and innovation
●Failure to enable employees to be autonomous
●High staff turnover and cynicism as to whether the organisation really
wants to change
●Senior leadership group not leading the change or not committed to
change
●Little acknowledgement of the sustainability issues in the business
global supply chains (up to 80% of corporate carbon footprint is
located in supply chain)
●Failure to acknowledge the human rights and social issues linked to
global supply chains (human rights and social issues will affect
corporate reputation and negatively impact human sustainability in the
organisation)
●Inadequate systems to manage information
●Failure to keep up with technological innovations
●Not being able to form partnerships with civil society to address
ethical, social and environmental issues.
●Economic and financial priorities of business overshadow human
sustainability issues.

29. 25
Conclusion
Economicdevelopmentachievedsofarhasadopted
varioustechniqueswhichhaveprovedharmfulfortheenvironmentin
whichwereside.Thecryingneedisforsustainabledevelopmentwhich
aimsatthedevelopmentwhichdoesnothaveanegativeimpactonthe
environment.Atthecoreoftheideaofsustainabilityisthematterof
meetingpeople’sneedsforhome,job,etc.Ifwedon’ttakecareofthe
environmentinwhichwelivenow,wewon’thaveanythingtoleave
behindusforfuturegenerations.Weneedtospreadsocialawareness
tobringmassivechangeinsocialattitude.Actionmustbetakenagainst
thebackdropofseriousinequitiesandtheirimpactonthe
environment.Environmentmistakesofthepastneednottobe
repeated, as past patterns of degradation are not inevitable.
Let's come together, and make this earth a better place to live!

30. 26
Bibliography
Links used:-
●Sustainable development (slideshare.net)
●Introduction to sustainable development (slideshare.net)
●"Thebarrierstosustainabledevelopment"|Insight
(insightweb.it)
●OurcontributiontoUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals-
Borregaard
●Importance of Sustainable Development (byjus.com)
●Sustainable development - Wikipedia
Books used:-
●UnderstandingEconomicDevelopment-Socialsciencetextbook
for class-10
●Contemporary India- Textbook in Geography for class-10
IwouldalsoliketothankDebankaSabudforhisimmensehelp
throughouttheproject,which,theprojectwouldbesodifficultto
complete.
THANK YOU