Sustainable Development Goal 10 - Key Indicators and Importance

Sustainable Development Goal 10 is about reduced inequality and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015.

1. Sustainable Development Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities Promoting Equality for a Better Future

2. Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to reduce inequality within and among countries. It emphasizes the importance of social, economic, and political inclusion for all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or any status.

3. Income inequality Educational inequality Gender inequality Access to healthcare Social protection measures Key Indicators of Inequality

4. Income Inequality Global inequality has been declining fast since 1990s . During the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, global inequality increased dramatically, reflecting widening disparities between countries per capita income as advanced economies took off sharply compared with the rest of the world. The Gini coefficient of international inequality, calculated using population- weighted national income per capita (United Nation 2013). Strong economic growth in Asia has been the main driver of this decline. Million of households were lifted out of poverty . Reduction of global income inequality are likely to be reversed as a result of the COVID-19 crisis.

5. Within-country Inequality Some factors behind the increase in within- country income inequality noted in the literature which includes technological progress, globalization commodity price cycle . And domestic economic policies such as redistributive fiscal policies, labor and product market policies .

6. How to reduced income inequalities? Program providing income support, such as social assistance or unemployment benefits, help alleviate poverty and reduce income inequalities. A study by the International Labour Organization (ILO) found that “ Social protection floors can reduce income inequality by as much as 20 -30%.” (ILO, 2016).

7. Gender Inequality Gender inequality has been prevalent in all societies for centuries and continues to exist today. Gender roles and norms have been deeply ingrained in societies throughout history, perpetuating inequalities between men and women. Gender disparities in education, such as lower enrollment rates or limited access to higher education for girls and women, contribute to broader inequalities by limiting their ability to pursue careers or participate fully in society.

8. Educational inequality Inequality in education means a system under which all the sections of society are not given equal opportunity to get education . In India changes in political, economic and social life are a result of educational inequality. Those who are educated take the maximum benefit out of the system and take maximum concessions from those authority. Inequality leads to major differences in the educational success social and economic mobility. Causes of Inequality in Education: Socioeconomic Factors Difference of home environment Students with special needs

9. Access to healthcare The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has attributed health disparities among varying groups to inequalities of gender, age, social status, ethnicity and race. Equal access to quality healthcare is crucial to social protection and enjoyment of rights. It must be crafted concurrently with other effective public policies, including those relating to employment and social well being.

10. Social protection measures Considered key indicators of inequalities because they directly address disparities in access to essential services and resources. Social protection measures such as universal healthcare coverage reduce inequalities by ensuring that everyone has access to essential healthcare services regardless of their socioeconomic status. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “ Universal health coverage is a means to promote equity, with the poorest benefiting disproportionately.”

11. Why we should reduced inequalities matter? Promotes social cohesion and stability Fosters economic growth and prosperity Enhances overall human development

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