Symbiotic associations of bryophytes.pptx

Symbiotic assciations of bryophytes with invertebrates, cyanobacteria, fungi, molluscs etc.

1. Symbiotic Associations of Bryophytes

2. Symbiosis Living together in close association of two dissimilar organisms especially when mutually beneficial.

3. Association with Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic prokaryotes CO2 and N2 fixation Bryophytes form epiphytic and endophytic associations

4. Cynobacteria occupy water-filled, hyaline cells which are thought to provide some protection from the acidic bog environment Similar protection- on the moss leaf surface is provided by the secretion of alkaline substances. Cynobacterial association supply most of the combined nitrogen in local ecosystem in the Artic, the Antartic and boreal forest region.

5. Liver worts and Horn worts exists as flattened gametophyte thallus. A few centimeters in length. Symbiotic colonies visible as small dark spots. Liver worts : Blasia Horn worts : Anthoceros, Phaeoceros

6. Association with Fungus Exclusively intracellular endophytes enter the host through rhizoids. Mainly mycorrhizal associations. Glomeromycete fungi is commonly seen.

7. Colonization of Marchantia paleacea with glomus promotes photosynthetic carbon uptake, growth and asexual reproduction . Stimulated co2 rich atmosphere- paleozoic period – amplifies net benefits of association. Fungal symbioses – crucial role in planned terrestrialization in early paleozoic land ecosystem. Example : Lepidoziaceae , cephaloziaceae and cephaloziellaceae .

8. Fungal colonization in the arnelliaceae causes rapid breakdown of oil bodies in infected cells as hyphae proliferate Pointing that these contents may be a nutrient source for the endophytes.

9. Association with Molluscs 2 major molluscan classes Gastropoda (snails and slugs) and Bivalvea (Mussels and clams) associate with bryo . Octodicerus uses molluscs as a subtrate . It grows on dead as well as live mussels like Anodonta cygnea . They help in dispersal of Bryophytes. Leptodictyum riparium also grow on mussels.

10. Association with invertebrates Adults of coprophilous and dung loving flies like sarcophaga and Scatophaga are attracted to the capsule of certain Splachnaceae and disperse their spores. Beetle - cryptogam association apparently benefits both the partners. Epizoic symbiosis - the animal providing a suitable environment for the plants and the latter camouflaging the insects.

11. Certain Brophytes Grows on back of New Guinean weevils.Mostly of Gymnopholus are often structurally modified to promote plant growth. They have dorsal pits surrounded by ridges,stiff setae & produce a sticky secretion which encourage cryptogam establish there.