synthesisofnewelementsinthelaboratory-.ppt

Power point presentation about Synthesis of New Elements in the laboratory

1. SYNTHESIS OF
NEW ELEMENTS
IN THE
LABORATORY

2. OBJECTIVES:
•Explain how the concept of
atomic numbers led to the
synthesis of the new elements
in the laboratory
•Write the nuclear reactions
involved in the synthesis of
new elements

3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
•Shows the tabular arrangement of tabular
elements

4. GROUP (FAMILY)
•Exhibit related
physical and chemical
properties
PERIOD
•Order elements in
increasing atomic number

5. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
•NUCLIDE
- atomic species characterized by the specific
constitution of its nucleus

6. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
•Discovered or synthesized
•94 natural occurring elements
•24 synthetic elements

7. SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
• a
 chemical element that does not occur
naturally on
 Earth
•can only be created artificially
•radioactive
 and decay rapidly into lighter
elements
•only occur on Earth as the product of atomic
bombs or experiments

11. NUCLEAR
REACTOR
PARTICLE
ACCELERATOR

12. NUCLEAR REACTION
•Term implied that causes a
nuclide to change by
bombarding it with energetic
particle
•Involves a heavy target
nucleus and a light
bombarding particle
•Produces a heavier product
nucleus
•Emits a very high
electromagnetic energy

13. NUCLEAR REACTION INVOLVED IN
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENT IN
THE LABARATORY
1.Capture Reaction
2.Fission Reaction
3.Fusion reaction

14. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
•Uses extremely
high temperature
•Temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of a
particle

15. AMERICIUM
•analogy was named after
the
 Americas
•first produced in 1944 by
the group of
 Glenn T.
Seaborg
•uranium
 or plutonium 
being bombarded
with
 neutrons in nuclear
reactors

16. CURIUM
•was named
after
 Marie and Pierre Curie –
both were known for their
research on
 radioactivity
•first intentionally produced and
identified in July 1944 by the
group of
 Glenn T. Seaborg
•produced by
bombarding
 uranium 
or
 plutonium with neutrons in nu
clear reactors

17. BERKELIUM
•named after the city
of
 Berkeley, California where
it was discovered in
December 1949
•produced by bombarding
lighter
actinides
 uranium (
238
U)
or
 plutonium (
239
Pu)
with
 neutrons in a nuclea
reactor

18. CALIFORNIUM
• first synthesized on or
about February 9, 1950
•Most of these applications
exploit the property of
certain
 isotopes of
californium
 to emit neutrons
•made by bombarding
berkelium-249 with
neutrons

19. EINSTEINIUM
•discovered as a
component of the debris
of the
 first hydrogen
bomb
 explosion in 1952
•named after
 Albert
Einstein
•produced in minute
quantities by bombarding
lighter actinides with
neutrons

20. FERMIUM
•the heaviest element that can be
formed by
 neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
•discovered in the debris of
the
 first hydrogen
bomb
 explosion in 1952
•named after
 Enrico Fermi
•produced by the bombardment
of lighter
 actinides
with
 neutrons in a nuclear
reactor

21. MENDELEVIUM
•first element that currently
cannot be produced in
macroscopic quantities
through
 neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
•discovered by
bombarding
 einsteinium with al
pha particles
 in 1955
•bombarding
 plutonium and am
ericium
 targets with lighter ions
of
 carbon and nitrogen

22. NOBELIUM
•named in honor of
 Alfred Nobel,
the inventor of
 dynamite and
benefactor of science
•can only be produced in
 particle
accelerators
 by bombarding
lighter elements with charged
particles
•produced by bombarding
actinide targets to neutron
•
255
No, can be produced from
bombarding
 curium-248 or
californium-249 with carbon-12

23. LAWRENCIUM
•named in honor of
 Ernest
Lawrence, inventor of
the
 cyclotron
•
266
Lr isotopes are produced only
as alpha decay products
of
 dubnium 
•
255
Lr to
 
262
Lr can all be produced
by bombarding actinide
(americium to
 einsteinium)
targets with light ions
(from
 boron to neon)

24. RUTHERFORDIUM
•Produced in the 1960s
•Synthesized the element
by bombarding
a
 californium-249 target
with
 carbon-12 ion
•correlated with the
daughter decay
of
 nobelium-253

25. DUBNIUM
•element was officially
named
 in 1997 after the
town of
 Dubna
•
243
Am
 was bombarded by
a beam of
 
22
Ne
 ions
•synthesized the element
by bombarding
a
 californium-249 target
with
 nitrogen-15 ions

26. SEABORGIUM
•named after the
American
 nuclear
chemist
 Glenn T. Seaborg
•produced in laboratories
in
 1974
•targets of
 lead-208 and lead-
207
 were bombarded with
accelerated ions
of
 chromium-54

27. Bohrium
•named after Danish physicist
 Niels
Bohr
•was first reported in 1976 by a
Russian research team led by
 
Yuri Oganessian
• targets of
 bismuth-209 and lead-
208 were bombarded with
accelerated nuclei of
 chromium-54
and
 manganese-55 respectively

28. HASSIUM
•named after the German
state of
 Hesse
•bombarded a target of
 
lead-208 with
accelerated nuclei of
iron-58 to produce
3
 atoms of the 
isotope
 
hassium-265

29. •The most stable known
isotope, meitnerium-278, has
a
 half-life of 7.6 seconds
•named for
 Lise Meitner
•bombarded a target
of
 bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of
 iron-58
and detected a single atom
of the
 isotope meitnerium-
266
MEITNERIUM

30. DARMSTADTIUM
•An extremely
 radioactive synthetic
element
•has a
 half-life of approximately
10
 seconds
•bombarded a
 lead-208 target with
accelerated nuclei of
 nickel-62 in a
heavy ion accelerator and
detected a single atom of the
isotope darmstadtium-269

31. ROENTGENIUM
•named after the
physicist
 Wilhelm Röntgen
•bombarded a target
of
 bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of
 nickel-64
and detected a single atom of
the
 isotope roentgenium-272

32. COPERNICIUM
•was created by firing
accelerated
 zinc-70
nuclei at a target made
of
 lead-208 nuclei in a
heavy
 ion accelerator

33. NIHONIUM
•name comes from the common Japanese
name for
 Japan
• half-life
 of about 8 seconds
•was identified as an
 alpha decay product of
element 115,
 moscovium in August 2003\
•Synthesized via cold fusion reactions
(bombarding
 closed-
shell
 lead and bismuth targets with
3d
 transition metal ions, creating fused
nuclei with low excitation energies due to
the magic shells of the targets)

34. FLEROVIUM
•bombarded a target
of
 plutonium-244 with
accelerated nuclei
of
 calcium-48

35. MOSCOVIUM
• bombarded
 americium-
243 with calcium-48 ions
to produce four atoms of
moscovium. These atoms
decayed by emission of
alpha-particles
to
 nihonium in about
100
 milliseconds

36. LIVERMORIUM
•bombarded a
 curium-248 target
with accelerated
 calcium-48
ions. A single atom was
detected, decaying by
 alpha
emission with
 decay
energy
 10.54 MeV to an
isotope of
 flerovium. The
results were published in
December 2000.

37. TENNESSINE
•involved
 fusing
a
 berkelium (element 97)
target and
a
 calcium (element 20)
beam, conducted via
bombardment of the
berkelium target with
calcium nuclei

38. OGANESSON
•synthesized in 2002 by a
joint team of Russian and
American scientists
headed by Russian
nuclear physicist
 Yuri
Oganessian
•produced via collisions
of
 californium-249 atoms
and
 calcium-48 ions

39. EXTENDED PERIODIC TABLE
•theorizes about elements
beyond
 oganesson (beyond period 7, or row 7)
•An
 
eight-period table 
containing this block was
suggested by
 Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969
•elements with atomic number 119(Ununennium)-
127(Unbiseptium)

40. “The science of
today is technology
of tomorrow”
-Edward Teller

41. THANK YOU!