Systematics of chilli (Capscicum annuum) - Horticulture

Systematics study of crop is very much important in knowing its evolution

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2. CLASSIFICATION 2 Kingdom : Plantae Divison : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae Genus : Capsicum Species : Capsicum annum, frutescence, dacatum , pubascence , chinense

3. Introduction Botanical name - Capsicum annum L. Family - Solanaceae Chromosome number - 2n=24, 26 Pungency - Capsaicin C 18 H 27 NO 3, Red color - Capsanthin 3

4. Origin Mexico is the center of diversity for C. annuum Introduce Spain 1493 by Columbus – spread Mediterranean region to England in 1548 - central Europe in the 16 th century Brazil to India in 1885 by Portuguese In china it came under cultivation during the late 1700s Five cultivated species in world wide 4

5. Domesticated around 5000 BC Carried by Columbus to Spain, 1493 Brought by Portuguese from Brazil to India, 1584 Evolved as a wild crop 7500 BC origin 5

6. Cultivated species are:- C. annuum - Mexico C. frutescens - Amazonia C. chinense - Amazonia C. pendulum - Peru and Bolivia C. pubescens - Peru and Bolivia (Extinct) C. pendulum becomes C. baccatum var. pendulum , C. microcarpum becomes C. baccatum var. baccatum 6

7. Capsicum annuum complex C. annuum var . annuum C. annuum var . avicular C. frutescens C. chinense C. chacoense Capsicum baccatum group C. baccatum var . praetermissum C. baccatum var . pendulum C. baccatum var . baccatum Capsicum eximium complex C. pubescens C. eximium C. cardenasii white flowers white flowers with yellow spots purple flowers X=13 species C. ciliatum C. buforum C. campylopodium C. cornutum C. schottianum C. villosum C. pereirae C. friburguense 3 unnamed Capsicum 7

8. Capsicum annuum Capsicum frutescens 8

9. Capsicum pubescens C. chinense 9

10. Capsicum baccatum 10

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12. 12 Morphology of fruit Fruit type is berry Capsicin glands – between placenta and endocarp - produce capsaicin Calyx – Persistent calyx Seeds – Contain a very low amount of water but rich in lecithin.contrary to popular belief, the seeds do not contain capsaicin,although since they are accanti to capsaiciniche glands,can absorb a little. Placenta – metabolic exchange fruit to seed

13. Flower biology Flower -Actinomorphic, Bisexual, Pedicellate , Hypogynous Gynoecium - Superior ovary, Androecium - Stamens 5-6, Epipetalous Pollination - Self pollination (cross 16% bees, Ants & Thrips ) Flower opening -5am to 6am – cool days cloudy delay Anther dehiscence -8am to 11am Receptivity - 24 hours after flower opening. 13

14. Hotness in pepper Chilli hotness measured by SHU ( Scoville Heat Unit ) Bhut Jolokia – 1,001,304 SHU Naga Morich – 1,598,227 SHU 14

15. Reference Zhigila , D. A., Fruit Morphology as Taxonomic Features in Five Varieties of Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae . 2014 Mark J. Bassett., Breeding of vegetable crops, 67-137 Sigh, H. R., 1997. Vegetable Breeding - Principles and practices:381-406 Reddy, M.K ., Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.) breeding in india : an overview. 15

16. 16 Thank you…..